STRESS- is the body’s response to anything that GENOTYPE- refers to the specific information

requires attention or action (stressors) imbedded within our genes; not all genotypes
translate to an observed physical characteristic
TYPE OF STRESS
 can only be determined through blood
1. EUSTRESS- stress that is positive, helpful
testing.
and motivating
2. DISTRESS- stress that is negative, it is PHENOTYPE- the physical expression of a
associated with feeling “ stressed out” particular trait.
CAUSES OF DISTRESS  can be directly observed.
6. FINANCES 1. MAJOR LIFE EVENTS Dominant and recessive genes are dependent on
7. WORK 2. DAILY HASSLES ALLELES, which are alternate versions of a
8. STUDIES 3. HEALTH particular gene.
9. PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP 4. PERSONALITY Each individual carries 23 pairs of chromosomes,
10. SUDDEN LIFE CHANGES 5. SOCIAL MEDIA threadlike bodies in the nucleus of the cell and the
storage unit of genes.
PHYSIOLOGICAL- mabilis na pagkabog ng
dibdib 23RD PAIR (SEX CHROMOSOME)- determine
the sex of an individual.
PSYCHOLOGICAL- di makapag-isp ng maayos
XX - is for males
THE PHYSICAL SELF: THE BIOLOGICAL
BLUEPRINT XY is for females

PHYSICAL SELF- which embodies our physical
appearance, what we see in the mirror, and what
often triggers people’s first impressions of others.
 not only limited to what we can directly see
by the naked eye; underneath our skin is a
dynamic system of biological and chemical
processes that contribute to our physical
features.
“WHAT IS ESSENTIAL IS INVISIBLE TO THE
EYE”- also refer to underlying physiological
processes that trigger bodily changes and
eventually sustain our survival.
The shape of our bodies, our height, weight, skin
color, hair color, and other physical characteristics
do not just develop at random; these are triggered
by genetic transformations and biological
development and biological development, which
are embodied in the CONCEPT OF HEREDITY.
HEREDITY - defined as “the transformation of
traits from parents to offspring.”
TRAITS- made up of specific information
imbedded within one’s gene
GENE- basic unit of heredity
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)- which is a
nucleus acid that contains the genetic instructions
specifying the unique blueprint of an individual’s
physical features; thus, NO two individuals have
the same DNA.
 the most crucial genetic information to be
gathered.
MATURATION- known as the completion of
genetic character within an organism or the
unfolding of an individual’s inherent traits or
potential.
 enables us to walk, run, talk, and
eventually, result in physical changes that
are evident in the adolescent stage.
THE PHYSICAL SELF: ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONING
GENETIC INFORMATION - determines the extent
of our physical features, it is not the only factor
that influences our physical self.
FAMILY- being our first social group, forms a
crucial foundation of our development, including
that of our physical self.
 is also primarily responsible for how we
take care of our bodies
THE PHYSICAL SELF: ACHIEVING PHYSICAL
WELL BEING
1. HEALTHY EATING.
 right combination of food to ensure our
health and sustenance.
 right diet will result in healthy skin, ideal
weight, and better stamina.
2. EMBRACING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE.
 Avoiding unhealthy habits would reduce
the risk of illness and diseases and make
your immune system stronger. Physical
activities would also contribute to a
healthier body.
3. HAVING THE RIGHT HYGIENE.
 maintaining a hygiene regimen can also
help in making us feel good about
ourselves.
4. CONFIDENCE IN OURSELVES IS OUR
BEST MAKE-UP.
 Being secure in ourselves, embracing a
positive outlook toward various situations
and problems, and loving and accepting
who we are will surely result in an optimal
physical well-being
THE SEXUAL: SELF SEXUALITY
Sexual Concepts:
1. Gender identity – in the mind
2. Sexual Orientation – to whom are you
sexually attracted
3. Gender expression – how you move and what
you wear
4. Biological sex – depends on hormones and
genetalia
SEXUAL ORIENTATION- dynamic spectrum and
may change through time. For instance, as time
goes by, a person may: stay as heterosexual,
predominantly heterosexual, occasionally
homosexual, bisexual or predominantly
heterosexual, occasionally heterosexual always
homosexual. They go through a process of
discovery, as they are uncertain.
VARIOUS EXPERIENCES
 Clothing and gestures may not show the
gender of a person.
EVERYBODY DESIRES TO BE HAPPY
HAPPINESS IN- relationship (good relations,
loving each other).
- physical/ sexual relationship (there’s lust,
satisfaction, orgasm).
- Free from diseases (e.g. sexually
transmitted diseases, HIV-AIDS),
acceptance and respect from the society,
and productive lives (industry, life’s
direction, contribution to the society).
(4) AREAS OF SEXUALITY: (1) physical, (2)
emotional, (3) psychological, and (4) spiritual, and
these are all interconnected.
There are DIFFERENT FORMS OF
DISCRIMINATION and ABUSE according to
gender (e.g. demeaning behavior, ignoring the
existence, slurs and jokes, whistling, green jokes),
discrimination in the workplace, insults, causing
physical injury, rape, and molestation.
THE BODY, SEXUALITY AND THE SELF:
FOCUS ON THE BODY
SEXUAL- A vital aspect of one’s identity
- encompassing biological, physical,
emotional and social domains. While it is
initially rooted in the distinguishing physical
attributes found in men (penis) and women
(vagina), bodily transformations and
development of secondary sexual
characteristics during adolescence would
eventually trigger physiological response,
lading to beliefs and behavior associated
with sex.
ADOLESCENCE STAGE- sexual curiosity is often
at its peak, with adolescents engaging in sexual
activity as a result of biological and socio-cultural
forces at work. Further, this stage sets the tone for
the gender of one’s sexuality, his/her thoughts
and behavior, in order to make responsible
choices concerning one’s sexual self
SEXUAL SELF: THE BIOLOGY OF SEX
SEX - biological feature that distinguishes males
from females.
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS-
Aside from the external genitals (penis for male
and vagina for females), there are observable
changes in the human body that begin during
puberty and adolescence.
CIRCUMCISION - considered a rite of passage to
adulthood among young men.
MALES- testosterone
- capable of producing sperm
FEMALES- estrogen
- begin producing eggs.
SEXUAL SELF: SEXUAL IDENTITY AND
GENDER ORIENTATION
 one’s sexuality is dependent on hi physical
features and genitals
 one’s sexuality and gender orientation are
generally the same
BIOLOGICAL SEX- one’s assignment upon birth
and is dependent of physical features the person
has.
GENDER- identity that is learned and embraced
by the individual.
- As a social construct, it is known to be the
socially created roles, personality traits,
attitudes, behaviors, and values attributed
for men and women.
- is relational and refers not simply to
women or men but to the relationship
between them.
- is anchored on societal beliefs and norms.
GENDER ROLES- are societal expectations of
how men and women should act.
HOMOSEXUAL- attracted to the same sex.
HETEROSEXUAL- A guy who is attracted to girls
is considered.
SEXUAL SELF: THE CONSEQUENCES OF
SEXUAL CHOICE
SEXUAL INTERCOURSE (copulation) - is the
reproductive act wherein the male organ (penis)
enters the female’s reproductive tract (vagina).
THE “GOLDEN RATIO” – THE PERFECT FACE
It’s rather impossible to achieve the Golden Ratio,
but people still vie for it. Some are not satisfied
with the way their parents look like, and are
attracted to more beautiful people (contrast
effect).
SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES
 can be treated and cured
 have long-term consequences to one’s
health.
 passed on by means of exchange of body
fluids or genital contact.
 Symptoms include a burning sensation
during urination, warts and sores in the
genital and mouth area, abnormal and
smelly discharge, genital irritation, and
painful bowel movements.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
 virus that can be transmitted by anal, oral,
or vaginal sex with and infected person, as
well as through breast milk, during
childbirth, and by coming into contact with
the blood of an HIV positive person.
 can lead to AIDS, which comprises the
immune system and puts the person at risk
of illness and death
“Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder”
Body Art and Status Symbol
Then and Now, practice tattooing, scarification,
piercing, and body painting.
1. ALLOSEXUAL - who experience sexual
attraction.
- Use of this term helps to normalize the
experience of being asexual and provides
a more specific label to describe those
who aren’t part of the asexual community.
o Allosexism- refers to norms,
stereotypes, and practices in
society that operate under the
assumption that all human beings
experience, or should experience,
sexual attraction. - - grants
privilege to those who experience
attraction and leads to prejudice
against and erasure of asexual
people.
2. ANDROSEXUAL used to communicate
sexual or romantic attraction to men,
males, or masculinity.
- includes attraction to those who identify as
men, male, or masculine, regardless of
biology, anatomy, or sex assigned at birth.
3. ASEXUAL (ACES)- individuals who don’t
experience sexual attraction to others of
any gender.
- experience romantic attraction to people of
one or multiple genders.
4. AROMANTIC- describes people who
experience little or no romantic attraction,
regardless of sex or gender.
5. AUTOSEXUAL- sexually attracted to
themselves.
6. AUTOROMANTIC - romantically attracted
to themselves.
- experiencing the relationship they have
with themselves as romantic.
7. BICURIOUS- questioning or exploring
bisexuality, which typically includes
curiosity about one’s romantic or sexual
attraction to people of the same or
different genders.
8. BISEXUAL (BI) - those who experience
sexual, romantic, or emotional attractions
to people of more than one gender.
- typically includes individuals who are
attracted to a variety of people, with
genders that are similar to and different
than their own.
9. BIROMANTIC Those who experience
romantic attraction, but not sexual
attraction, to individuals of more than one
gender.
10. CLOSETED (in the closet)- describes
people in the LGBTQIA+ community who
don’t publicly or openly share their sexual
identity, etc.
- understood as the opposite of “out,” and
refers to the metaphorical hidden or private
place a LBGTQIA+ person comes from in
the process of making decisions about
disclosing gender and sexuality.
11. COMING OUT - process of being open
about one’s sexuality and gender.
- a process and series of moments and
conversations. individuals. However, it’s
important to remember that each person’s
coming out experience is different, and the
act of coming out can be hard and
emotional.
12. CUPIOSEXUAL - asexual people who
don’t experience sexual attraction but still
have the desire to engage in sexual
behavior or a sexual relationship.
13. DEMISEXUAL - who experience sexual
attraction only under specific
circumstances, such as after building a
romantic or emotional relationship with a
person.
14. DEMIROMANTIC- individuals who
experience romantic attraction only under
specific circumstances, such as after
building an emotional relationship with a
person.
15. FLUID- refers to the fact that sexuality,
sexual attraction, and sexual behavior can
change over time and be dependent on
the situation.
- who experience shifts in their sexuality,
sexual attraction, or sexual behavior in
different situations or throughout the
course of their lifetime.
16. GAY- who experience sexual, romantic, or
emotional attraction to people of the same
or a similar gender.
17. GRAYSEXUAL - used to acknowledge the
gray area on the sexuality spectrum for
people who don’t explicitly and exclusively
identify as asexual or aromantic.
- do experience some sexual attraction or
desire.
18. GRAYROMANTIC- describes individuals
whose romantic attraction exists in the
gray area between romantic and
aromantic.
19. GYNESEXUAL - used to communicate
sexual or romantic attraction to women,
females, or femininity.
- includes attraction to those who identify as
women, female, or feminine, regardless of
biology, anatomy, or the sex assigned at
birth.
20. HETEROSEXUAL (STRAIGHT) -
describes people who experience sexual,
romantic, or emotional attraction to people
of the “opposite” gender. Both cisgender
and transgender identified people can be
heterosexual.
21. HOMOSEXUAL - who experience sexual,
romantic, or emotional attraction to people
of the same or a similar gender.
22. LESBIAN- A woman who experiences
sexual, romantic, or emotional attraction to
people of the same or a similar gender.
23. LGBTQIA+ The acronym that often
describes individuals who don’t identify as
exclusively heterosexual or exclusively
cisgender.
- lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer
or questioning, intersex, and asexual.
- + symbol in LGBTQIA+ refers to the fact
that there are many sexual orientations
and gender identities.
24. LIBIDOIST ASEXUAL - describe an
asexual person who experiences sexual
feelings that are satisfied through self-
stimulation or masturbation.
25. MONOSEXUAL - who experience
romantic or sexual attraction to people of
one sex or gender. Monosexuality typically
includes those who are exclusively
heterosexual, gay, or lesbian.
26. NON-LIBIDOIST ASEXUAL- doesn’t
experience any sexual feelings or have an
active sex drive.
27. OMNISEXUAL- similar to pansexual and
can be used to describe individuals whose
sexuality isn’t limited to people of a
particular gender.
28. PANSEXUAL- A term that describes
individuals who can experience sexual,
romantic, or emotional attraction to any
person, regardless of that person’s gender,
sex, or sexuality.
29. PANROMANTIC A term that describes
individuals who can experience romantic,
or emotional (but not sexual) attraction to
any person, regardless of that person’s
gender.
30. POLYSEXUAL - individuals with a sexual
orientation that involves sexual or romantic
attraction to people with varying genders.
31. POMOSEXUAL(not necessarily an
identity) used to refer to those who reject
sexuality labels or don’t identify with any of
them.
32. PASSING- refers to society’s perceptions
and assumptions of someone’s sexuality
or gender.
33. QUEER An umbrella term that describes
individuals who aren’t exclusively
heterosexual. The term queer (the Q in
LBGTQIA+), acknowledges that sexuality
is a spectrum as opposed to a collection of
independent and mutually exclusive
categories.
34. QUESTIONING The process of being
curious about or exploring some aspect of
sexuality or gender.
- used as an adjective to describe someone
who’s currently exploring their sexuality or
gender.
35. ROMANTIC ATTRACTION- having an
emotional response that results in the
desire for a romantic, but not necessarily
sexual, relationship or interaction with
another person or oneself.
36. ROMANTIC ORIENTATION - an aspect of
self and identity that involves: how you
identify, the way you experience romantic
desire
37. SAPIOSEXUAL- who experience
attraction based on intelligence, rather
than sex or gender.
38. SEXUAL ATTRACTION- refers to
experiencing sexual desire or arousal in
relation to another person or group of
people.
39. SEX-AVERSE - who are asexual and are
averse to or extremely disinterested in sex
or sexual behavior.
40. SEX-FAVORABLE - viewed as the
“opposite” of sex-repulsed and describes
those who are asexual, and in certain
situations can have favorable or positive
feelings toward sex.
41. SEX-INDIFFERENT- who are asexual and
feel indifferent or neutral about sex or
sexual behavior.
42. SEXUAL ORIENTATION(SEXUALITY) -
is an aspect of self that involves: how you
identify the way you experience sexual or
romantic desire.
- can change over the course of someone’s
life and in different situations.
43. SEX-REPULSED- is on the spectrum of
asexuality and describes those who are
asexual and are repulsed by or extremely
disinterested in sex or sexual behavior.
44. SKOLIOSEXUAL- who are sexually
attracted to people with non-cisgender
gender identities, such as people who are
nonbinary, genderqueer, or trans.
 45. SPECTRASEXUAL- who are sexually or • To justify things
romantically attracted to multiple or varied
• To provide support
sexes.
• Socializes people
• Vehicle for passage into a different domain
THE MATERIAL/ ECONOMIC SELF
Commitment to Self-Defining Goals.- binibigyan
ng too much attention ang isang bagay dahil may Theories on Religion:
maibibigay ito na benefits.
• Cognitive – imparts meaning and value to the
"SELF-DEFINING" means that people predicate world
of themselves some quality that corresponds to a
sense of control and capability, such as "parent," • Psychological – how people adapt to extreme
"athlete," or "artist”. fatigue and tension (stress)

- is that these goals are defined by
interacting with others (Mead, 1934) and
that the sense of progress toward the goal
requires social recognition.
Symbols of Completeness.
defined generally as indicators of one's standing
with respect to a self-defining goal that are
potentially recognizable by others.
Social reality factor
Thus, the sense of progress toward a self-defining
goal is dependent on the acknowledgment of
others.
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
• Social Function – looks at the relationships of
people, unity and conformity to the majority
Religion - Organized
• Organized belief in the supernatural.
• Fulfills numerous social and psychological
needs.
• In the last 10,000 years, no group of people
have gone/existed within religion.
Religion – Symbols
• use of many symbols
• Norms, words, ideas and objects that point to
other objects.

Religion- organized system of ideas about the • When put together, these symbols become a
spiritual or supernatural realm that is system of knowledge. (System of Knowledge)
accompanied by rituals. Through rituals, people
Religion – Myths
attempt to influence things that they think are
beyond their control. • These are stories that have explanations about
the divine and the supernatural. Within a
Spirituality - aspect of the divine and
culturally, myths are considered real. This is
supernatural but is oftentimes limited to the
accompanied by ideology and a worldview.
individual, with no need for any formal
organization. Modern “major” religions have their myths
- search for meaning and direction in life • Brahma, Krishna, Vishnu, many more
and the ways by which one may preserve (Hinduism)
these.
• Muhammad and the Angel Gabriel (Islam)
- much more profound than religion.
• Adam & Eve (Judaism & Christianity)
Religion – Its Role in Society:
• The Jade Emperor/Heavenly Grandfather
• To explain things
(Taosim)
• To establish order
Myth
• Religious, sacred, stories that provide basis for
beliefs/practices.
• Origins of humanity, creation of the universe,
nature of death/illness.
• Lay the founding for values/morals.
• Can be passed down verbally or in writing.
• Myths help to shape a culture’s worldview.
Worldview
• The collective body of ideas that members of a
culture generally share concerning the ultimate
shape and substance of their reality.
• Myths help to shape a culture’s worldview, the
way they look at reality (e.g. Judeo-Christian vs.
Navaho worldview). Question: What do these
myths say about each religion’s worldview?
What Functions Do Religion and Spirituality
Serve?
All religions serve a number of important
functions: –
 They reduce anxiety by explaining the
unknown and offer comfort in times of
crisis.
 They provide notions of right and wrong,
setting precedents for acceptable
behavior.
 Through ritual, religion may be used to
enhance the learning of oral traditions.
2 Types of Ritual
1. According to the Calendar (Calendric)
2. Based on crisis
Religion –Rites of Passage
• Rites of separation – rites that involve the
separation of the individual from society
• Rites of transition – rites on the temporary
separation of an individual before inclusion in a
big group
• Rites of incorporation – in the new
state/condition, the individual is returned to the big
group.
• Rites of intensification – rituals used in
7 WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR SPIRITUAL
HEALTH
1. Explore your spiritual core. By exploring
your spiritual core, you are simply asking
yourself questions
2. Look for deeper meanings. help you see
that you have control over your destiny.
Being aware of this can help you achieve a
happy and healthy life.
3. Get it out. Expressing what is on your
mind will help you to maintain a focused
mind.
4. Try yoga. help improve your spiritual
wellness by reducing emotional and
physical strains on your mind and body.
5. Travel. Taking time for yourself to travel to
a comforting place or somewhere new
can-do wonders for your mind.
6. Think positively. Once you start viewing
things in your life in a positive manner, you
will find yourself thinking differently and
refocusing your mind to a happy, healthy
place.
7. Take time to meditate. it is crucial to
devote time to connecting with yourself.
DIGITAL SELF
Adolescence
• It is the period of physical, cognitive and
emotional changes the individuals undergo as
they navigate from childhood to adulthood.
• The transition period of individuation for identity
construction of an autonomous self
• They need for personal space
• Their Social Networking Sites provide the
needed personal space and avenue for identity
construction through anonymity, connectivity, and
interactivity.
(3) Types of Adolescent self-esteem:
1. Self-concept
2. Personal Self-esteem
3. Collective self-esteem
Adolescents’ self-esteem - affected by their
perceived evaluation of other people about them.
 - overestimate the extent to which other
people evaluate them, as a consequence,
they become preoccupied with how they
present themselves.
- Social affiliation and communication are
essential factors
Identity Construction in Facebook
• Personal online identity construction
• Social online identity construction
Personal Identity- refers personality attributes of
an individual which are not shared with other
people.
Social Identity- this aspect of individuals’ self-
concept that stems from their knowledge of their
membership with a certain social group.
Mark Zuckerberg (2004) - the founder of
Facebook, originally designed Facebook only for
Harvard University students.
Facebook as a platform to:
• It creates a space for self-revelation and
assertion
• Project needs and preferences
• Create virtual surrogate group
• Experiment on different identity
• Manage impressions through positive self-
presentation
What’s wrong with using social networking
sites?
• It’s not the use per se, but how it is used.
• It becomes unhealthy when it replaces
REALITY.
• When it replaces on-ground social interaction.
When virtual reality becomes the basis of social
gratification, self-esteem, and identity.
• When the person is in constant monitoring of the
self (e.g., likes, photos, status, activity posts, etc.)
and how one fares in comparison to others.
• When personal identity becomes dependent on
virtual social identity.
• When these happen, one can have very weak or
diffused identity, can be very insecure, and/or self-
absorbed, and with very poor socio-emotional
skills.
The Social Self
Human development- largely influenced by
membership in crucial social groups that shape
various aspects of the self; from belief systems,
values orientation, and behavior.
Family. - most pervading influential social group
that impacts the self in its entire course of
development.
Culture - is the complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, law, art moral, custom, and
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society. (Tylor, 1871)
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY
- Urie Bronfenbenner’s (1935) Biological
Systems of Development explains an
individual’s social development, using
biological, environmental, and ecological
lenses.
1. MICROSYSTEM – immediate environment
2. MESOSYTEM – connections
3. EXOSYSTEM – indirect environment
4. MACROSYSTEM – social and cultural
values
5. CHRONOSYSTEM – changes over time
Individualism-Collectivism Model
- Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama
(1991)
- INDIVIDUALISM - an orientation focuses
on one’s individual attributes and personal
distinctiveness.
o are observed to be competitive and
self-reliant.
- COLLECTIVIST ORIENTATION values
relationships and harmony.
- prioritize interests to maintain healthy
relationships.
I vs. Me (Herbert Mead (1934)
I (unsocialized self), is manifested when one acts
naturally for his/her own motivations and not
because of others.
Me (socialized self) is the awareness of how
others expect one to behave.