DAMPED

VIBRATION
Critically Damped Vibration
Overdamped Vibration

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

College o f E n g i n e e r i n g
Mechanical Engineering Department
After the lesson, the students must be able to:

I. Identify, explain, and understand what is vibration and the

different types of vibration
II. To learn the difference in critically damped vibration and
overdamped vibration
III. To be able to identify the formula of overdamped vibration
and critically damped vibration
IV. To solve sample problems using the formula of overdamp
vibration and critically damped vibration
Pythagoreans initiated vibration theory in the fifth century BC, in association
with the theory of music and the theory of acoustics. They observed the
natural frequency of vibrating systems and proved that it is a system
property and that it does not depend on the excitation. Pythagoreans
determined the fundamental natural frequencies of several simple systems,
such as vibrating strings, pipes, vessels and circular plates.
 It is the restraining of vibratory motion, such as mechanical
oscillations, noise, and alternating electric currents, by
dissipation of energy. Unless a child keeps pumping a swing, its
motion dies down because of damping.
Vibration is the mechanical oscillations of an object about an equilibrium
point. The oscillations may be regular such as the motion of a pendulum
or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road. A vibratory
motion is produced when elastic bodies, such as a spring, a beam, or a
shaft, are displaced from their equilibrium position by external forces and
subsequently released.
D A
M
I P
S L
I
P T
U
L D
A E
C TIME
E
M
E
N
T
1 CYCLE
Frequency
A vibrating object moves back and forth from its normal stationary
position

Amplitude
A vibrating object moves to a certain maximum distance on either side
of its stationary position.

Acceleration (measure of vibration intensity)

The speed of a vibrating object varies from zero to a maximum during
each cycle of vibration. It moves fastest as it passes through its
natural stationary position to an extreme position. Acceleration is a
measure of how quickly speed changes with time. The measure of
acceleration is expressed in units of (meters per second) per second
or meters per second squared (m/s2).
Vibration enters the body from the part of the body or organ in contact
with vibrating equipment. We can feel vibrations and know that people
might be exposed to it. But we cannot determine if what we feel is going
to be harmful. For that, we must measure vibration exposure.

The risk of vibration induced injury depends on the average daily

exposure. An evaluation of the risk takes into account the intensity and
frequency of the vibration, the duration (years) of exposure and the part of
the body which receives the vibration energy.
An exposure affects an organ, part or "segment" of the body. The most
widely studied and most common type of segmental vibration exposure is
hand-arm vibration exposure which affects the hands and arms
An energy enters the body through a seat or the floor, and it affects the
entire body or a number of organs in the body. The health effect of whole-
body vibration (WBV) is poorly understood. Studies of drivers of heavy
vehicles have revealed an increased incidence of the disorders of bowel
and the circulatory, musculoskeletal and neurological systems.
 Table 1
Examples of Occupational Vibration Exposure
Industry Type of Vibration Common Source of Vibration
Agriculture Whole body Tractors
Boiler Making Hand-arm Pneumatic tools
Construction Whole body Heavy equipment
Hand-arm vehiclesPneumatic tools,
Jackhammers
Diamond Cutting Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Forestry Whole body Tractors
Hand-arm Chain saws
Foundries Hand-arm Vibrating cleavers
Furniture Manufacture Hand-arm Pneumatic chisels
Iron and Steel Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Lumber Hand-arm Chain saws
Machine Tools Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Mining Whole body Vehicle operation
Hand-arm Rock drills
Rivetting Hand-arm Hand tools
Sheet Metal Hand-arm Stamping Equipment
Shipyards Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools
Shoe-making Hand-arm Pounding machine
Stone dressing Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools
Textile Hand-arm Sewing machines, Looms
Transportation Whole body Vehicles
Vibrations are considered to be
damped when the energy of a
vibrating system is progressively
absorbed by friction and other
resistances. The vibrations
progressively decrease in frequency or
intensity or stop altogether, and the
system returns to balance.
Undamped Vibration Damped Vibration
Motion Motion
Newton’s Second Law → 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑚𝑥′′
Hooke’s Law → 𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Friction Force → 𝐹𝑓 = −𝑐𝑥′
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
𝑚𝑥 ′′ = −𝑘𝑥 − 𝑐𝑥′ 2𝑎
′′ ′
→ 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 = 0 −𝑐 ± 𝑐 2 − 4𝑚𝑘
→ 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 =
2𝑚
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑟𝑡
→ 𝑚𝑟 2 + 𝑐𝑟 + 𝑘 = 0
Damping Ratio: Angular Frequency:
𝑐 𝑘
ζ= ω=
𝐶𝐶 𝑚
Overdamping occurs when
oscillations come to a halt after a
significant period of time has
passed since the resistive force was
applied. The condition in which
damping of an oscillator causes it to
return to equilibrium without
oscillating; oscillator moves more
slowly toward equilibrium than in
the critically damped system
 −𝑐 ± 𝑐 2 − 4𝑚𝑘
→ 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 =
2𝑚
Over Damped Vibration happens when:

𝑐 2 − 4𝑚𝑘 > 0

Formula:
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑡 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑟𝑡
→ 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟1𝑡 +𝐵𝑒 𝑟2𝑡

Both negative
Critical damping occurs when a
system is designed to return an
oscillator to its equilibrium position
in the least time possible. It is the
condition in which the damping of
an oscillator causes it to return as
quickly as possible to its
equilibrium position without
oscillating back and forth about
this position
 −𝑐 ± 𝑐 2 − 4𝑚𝑘
→ 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 =
2𝑚
Critically Damped Vibration happens
when:
𝑐 2 − 4𝑚𝑘 = 0

Formula:
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑡 + 𝐵𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑡
→ 𝑥 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡)𝑒 −𝑟𝑡
A mass of 1 kg is attached to the end of a spring with a stiffness of 0.7
N/mm. Determine the critical damping coefficient.
Given: 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
m = 1 kg 𝐶𝑐 = 2 𝑚𝜔
𝑘
𝑁 𝜔= 𝐶𝑐 = (2)(1)(26.46)
K= 0.7 𝑚
𝑚𝑚

Required: 𝑁𝑚
0.7 × 103 → 𝐶𝑐 = 52.92
C=? 𝜔= 𝑠
1

𝜔 = 26.46 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
 A mass weighing 56 lbs. stretches a spring of 8 inches. The mass is in a
medium that exerts a viscous resistance of A lbs. when the mass has a
velocity of 6 ft/sec. This system will be overdamped if:
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
Given:
W = 56 lbs. 𝛾 2 − 4𝑚𝑘 > 0
2
L = 8 inch → ft 𝐴
2
7
3
− 4 (84) > 0
Fd = A lbs. when → u’ (t) = 6 ft/sec 6 4

𝐴2
= − 588 > 0
56 𝑙𝑏𝑠 7 36
𝑚= → 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 = 1.75 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4 𝐴2
= > 588
36
𝐹𝑑 𝐴 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝛾= ′ → = 𝐴2 > 21168
𝑢 (𝑡) 6 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝐴2 > 21168
56 𝑙𝑏𝑠 3
𝑘= → 56 = 84 lbs-ft
2 2 → 𝐴 ≈ 145.49
3 𝑓𝑡
Thank You!
Presented By:
Marquez, John Niel Quito, Jay Prince
Naag, Mark Elly Saripa, Janz Chester
Nagar, Neil Christian Tan, Deo Angelo
Orig, Real Alexander Villaseñor, Dale
Perez, Crimson Jay Yanela, Joshua Philip
Perlas, Jim Hadji