Solid Waste

Management
 What is a Solid Waste?

BEST FOR You 2

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 INTRODUCTION

Solid Waste refers to the range of garbage arising

from animal and human activities that are
discarded as unwanted and useless.

Generated from industrial, residential and

commercial activities in a given area, and may be
handled in a variety of ways.

BEST FOR You 3

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Waste can be categorized

based on Materials based on Hazard Potential

Papers
Plastics

Radioactive Flammable Infectious

Glass Metals

Toxic Non Toxic

Organic Waste BEST FOR You 4
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Introduction

Objectives:
The primary goal of solid waste management is
reducing and eliminating adverse impacts of
waste materials on human health and
environment to support economic development
and superior quality of life.

What is Solid Waste Management?

Solid Waste Management is defined as the discipline
associated with control of generation, storage,
collection, transport or transfer, processing and
disposal of solid waste materials in a way that best
addresses the range of public health, conservation,
economics, aesthetic, engineering and other
BEST FOR You
environmental considerations. 5
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Solid waste management can be divided into six key components:

1. Generation
Is the stage at which materials become valueless to the owner
and since they have no use for them and require them no
longer, they wish to get rid of them

2. Storage
Is a system for keeping materials after they have been
discarded and prior to collection and final disposal.

Small containers: household containers, plastic bins, etc.

Large containers: communal bins, oil drums, etc.
Shallow pits
Communal depots: walled or fenced-in areas

3. Collection

6 Functional Elements of the Waste Simply refers to how waste is collected for transportation to
the final disposal site
Management System BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
6
 Solid waste management can be divided into six key components:

4. Transportation
Stage when solid waste is transported to the final disposal site.
Human-powered: open hand-cart with bins, wheelbarrow, tricycle
Animal-powered: donkey-drawn cart
Motorized: tractor and trailer, standard truck, tipper-truck

5. Processing and Recovery

If plausible to apply treatment processes and / or harness energy in
order to reduce the materials that is in need of throwing away.

6. Disposal
The final stage of solid waste management is safe disposal where
associated risks are minimized.
Land application: burial or landfilling
Composting
Burning or incineration
Recycling (resource recovery)

BEST FOR You 7

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Republic Act 9003

Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000

BEST FOR You 8

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
ECOLOGICAL SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
refers to the systematic
administration of activities which
provide for segregation at source,
segregated transportation,
storage, transfer, processing,
treatment, and disposal of solid
waste and all other waste
management activities which do
not harm the environment.
Passed by the congress and senate
in year 2000 and signed by the
president on January 26, 2001.

BEST FOR You 9

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Major Provisions of RA 9003

BEST FOR You 10

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
What are the examples
of Solid Wastes?

BEST FOR You 11

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes
Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles,
leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes,
special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous wastes.).

Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes,
sites, power and chemical plants. construction and demolition materials, hazardous
wastes, ashes, special wastes.

Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass,
metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes.

Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. Same as commercial.

Construction and demolition
Municipal services
New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
demolition of buildings
Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings;
recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants. general wastes from parks, beaches, and other
recreational areas; sludge.

Process (manufacturing, etc.) Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-
power plants, mineral extraction and processing. specification products, slay, tailings.

Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms. Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous
wastes (e.g., pesticides).
BEST FOR You 12
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Waste Reduction
is the practice of using less material and energy
to minimize waste generation and preserve
natural resources.

Segregation
refers to the separation of wet waste and
dry waste, the purpose is to recycle dry
waste easily and to use wet waste as
compost. Waste segregation shall primarily be
conducted at the source including household,
commercial, industrial and agricultural sources.

22
 Composting
involves collecting organic waste, such as food
scraps and yard trimmings, and storing it under
conditions designed to help it break down
naturally. This resulting compost can then be
used as a natural fertilizer.

Recycling
is the recovery of useful materials, such as
paper, glass, plastic, and metals, from the trash
to use to make new products, reducing the
amount of virgin raw materials needed.
23

Transfer Station
is a light industrial facility
where municipal solid waste is
temporarily staged in the course
of its eventual journey to the
landfill or waste-to-
energy facility.
Waste
Landfills
are engineered areas where
Disposal
waste is placed into the land. the collection,
Landfills usually have liner processing, and
systems and other recycling
safeguards to prevent or deposition of the
polluting the groundwater. waste materials of
human society.

24
 Waste Characteristics
In order to identify the exact characteristics of municipal
wastes, it is necessary that we analyze them using
physical and chemical parameters.

» Physical Characteristics
» Chemical Characteristics
» Biological Characteristics

BEST FOR You 25

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Physical Characteristics

Major Physical Characteristics Other Physical Characteristics

» Density » Colour
» Moisture Content » Shape of components
» Waste Particle Size » Optical property
» Magnetic Properties

BEST FOR You 26

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Density
Density of waste, i.e. its mass per unit volume (kg/m³)

» It is a critical factor in the design of a MSW system i.e.

the design of sanitary landfills, storage, types of
collection and transport vehicles etc.
» For an efficient operation of land fill, compaction of
wastes to optimum density is essential.

BEST FOR You 27

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Moisture Content
Defined as the ratio of the weight of water to the total
weight of the wet waste.

» Moisture increases the weight of solid wastes and

thereby, the cost of collection and transport.
» It is a critical determinant in the economic feasibility of
waste treatment by incineration because wet waste
consumes energy for evaporation of water and in
raising the temperature of water vapour.

BEST FOR You 28

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Particle Size
The size distribution of solid wastes are important in the
recovery of materials especially with mechanical means
such as trommel screens and magnetic separators.

» It plays a significant role in the design of mechanical

separators and shredders.
» Shredding increases homogeneity, increases the
surface area/volume ratio and reduces the potential of
liquid flow paths through the waste.
» Reduction could increase biogas production through
the increased surface area available to degradation by
bacteria.

BEST FOR You 29

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A TYPICAL MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

» Carbon-to-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio

» Carbon is the energy source of the microorganisms and a small fraction of this is incorporated to their cells.
» Nitrogen is critical for microbial population growth since it is a constituent of protein which forms over 50
percent of dry bacterial cell mass.
» It is used in Composting.
» The recommended C/N Ratio at the start of composting process is 30:1.
BEST FOR You 33
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio
Decomposition of organic materials in your compost
pile is greatly increased when you create the proper
balance between the carbonaceous materials
(called BROWN because they are dry) and the
nitrogen-rich materials (called GREEN because they
are more fresh and moist).

For best performance, the compost pile, or more to

the point the composting microorganisms, require the
correct proportion of Carbon for energy and Nitrogen
for protein production. Compost scientists have
determined that the fastest way to produce fertile,
sweet-smelling compost is to maintain a C:N ratio
somewhere around 25 to 30 parts Carbon to 1 part
Nitrogen, or 25-30:1. If the C:N ratio is too high
(excess Carbon), decomposition slows down. If the
C:N ratio is too low (excess nitrogen) you will end up
with a stinky pile.
BEST FOR You 34
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 35

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 36

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 37

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 38

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 39

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 40

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 41

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 42

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 43

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 44

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
 Chemical Properties

BEST FOR You 45

O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
CONSERVE. PRESERVE.
RECYCLE

Thank You