6 Solid and Hazardous Waste

Solid and
Hazardous Waste
Learning Objectives:
q Determine the type of waste

that is produced in a
particular area.
q Differentiate solid waste from
hazardous waste.
Solid Waste
q Any unwanted or discarded material we
produce that is not liquid or gas
Sources of Waste
q Households
q Commerce and Industry
q Agriculture
q Fisheries
Classifications of Solid Waste
q Municipal solid waste or MSW
§ Municipal solid waste or MSW – often called
garbage or trash; combined solid waste
produced by homes and workplaces other
than factories —less than 2% of total waste
Paper and paperboard, yard waste, plastics, food
waste, metals, rubber, leather, textiles, wood and glass
Types of Solid Waste
Sources and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste—2008-2013
https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/3-Solid-Waste-1.8.pdf
q Industrial solid waste or Nonmunicipal solid
waste
§ Industrial solid waste – produced by mines,
farms, and industries that supply people
with goods and services
mining wastes
q According to their
properties
§ Biodegradable – can be
degraded (paper, wood,
fruits, etc.)
§ Non-biodegradable – cannot
be degraded (plastics,
bottles, old machines, cans,
styrofoam containers, etc.)
q According to their effects on human
health and the environment
§ Hazardous waste – poisonous, dangerously
chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable
(industrial solvents, hospital medical waste, car
batteries, household pesticide products, dry-
cell batteries, etc.)
§ Non-hazardous waste – safe to use
commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically
Hazardous Waste
• Also called toxic waste
– Discarded chemicals that threaten human health or
the environment
• Dangerously reactive, corrosive, ignitable, or toxic chemicals
• Solids, liquids, gases
• 700,000 different chemicals exist, most of unknown toxicity
© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Hazardous Waste
• Dioxins
– Group of 75 similar chemicals produced
from combustion of chlorine compounds
– Group of chemically-related compounds
that are persistent organic pollutants
(POPs)
– Released primarily from incineration of
medical and municipal wastes, and some
industrial processes

• Dioxins
– Are incorporated in food web; humans ingest dioxins from
contaminated meat, dairy, and fish
– Bioaccumulate in body fat
– Cause several kinds of cancer in lab animals
– Likely affect human reproductive, immune, and nervous
systems; passed in human milk to infants

• PCBs—polychlorinated
biphenyls
– Group of 209 industrial
chemicals
– Produced in U.S. from
1929–1979, had many
uses
– Prior to 1970s ban by
EPA, PCBs were dumped
into landfills, sewers,
fields. PCBs do not
degrade rapidly; these
are still dangerous today

• PCBs—polychlorinated
biphenyls
– Serious health problems,
liver/kidney damage, eyes,
skin, reproduction
– Endocrine disrupters of
thyroid gland, may be
carcinogenic
– Several bacteria that
degrade PCBs discovered;
research continuing https://www.sciencedirect.com/

q Cite the different
methods of waste
disposal.
Waste Disposal Methods
o Waste disposal refers to the
discharge, deposit, dumping,
spilling, leaking or placing of any
solid waste into or in any land
while disposal sites refer to areas
where solid waste is finally
discharged and deposited.
o Four ways to dispose of solid

waste:
q Open dumping (dump it)
q Landfill (bury it)
q Incineration (burn it)
q Composting (recover it)
q Open dumping – solid wastes are dumped in an
open area (open dumpsite)
Old method, now illegal
Unsanitary, malodorous, host to rats, flies, etc.
Released methane gas, and hazardous materials
leached down to soil and groundwater
Fires common, releasing acrid smoke
Cavite City Pampanga

q Landfill or Sanitary landfill - A site for
the disposal of solid waste in which
refuse is buried between layers of dirt
so as to fill in or reclaim low-lying
ground
o Waste is compacted and buried
under a shallow layer of soil
o Replaced open dumps
o Receive 54% of municipal waste
o Do not pollute local surface or
groundwater
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsyg472MQp8
Payatas Landfill, Quezon City, Phils.
q Landfill or Sanitary
landfill
Double-liner system at
the bottom of landfill
Ø Plastic, clay, plastic, clay
Ø Collect leachate (liquid
that seeps through solid
waste) and gases
produced during
decomposition
Ø Strict guidelines and
management, but still
problems
q Landfill or Sanitary landfill
Problems
Ø Methane production (can be collected and used to
produce energy)
Ø Leachate seepage from unlined landfills can
contaminate water supplies
Ø Landfills fill up over time and few areas welcome new
ones
Ø Plastic wastes that end up in landfill
q Landfill or Sanitary landfill (in the Philippines)
q Incineration of waste
materials converts the
waste into ash, flue
gas and heat in a
controlled facility
(incinerator)
q Republic Act No. 8749
(Clean Air Act of 1999)
prohibits the use of
incineration method
and required the
phasing out of
incinerators by July
2003. Incinerator in Spittelau, Vienna, Austria
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcZHpebRPcs incineration
Three types of incinerators
Ø Mass burn incinerators
Large furnaces that burn all solid waste
except for unburnable items such as
refrigerators
Ø Modular incinerators
Less expensive, pre-fabricated smaller
incinerators that burn solid waste
Ø Refuse-derived fuel incinerators
Burn the combustible portion of solid
waste after removal of glass, metals,
and other non-combustible
components in the waste stream
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPRa31dS0vA gasification
Incineration - Types of Incinerators
¨ Mass burn (below), Modular, Refuse-derived
Mass burn, waste-to- energy (WTE) incinerator

qIncineration
Problems
ØProduction of
hazardous air
pollutants
ØByproduct -
Bottom ash (slag)
and Fly ash
q Composting is a form of recycling that
mimic’s nature’s recycling of nutrients;
involves using decomposer bacteria to
recycle yard trimmings, food scraps, and
other biodegradable organic waste
q Compost - organic material that
can be added to soil to help plants
grow.
q Mulch - any material that is spread
or laid over the surface of the soil
as a covering.
q Uses
Ø Landscaping in public parks and
playgrounds
Ø Sold to gardeners
q First became popular in Europe,
now part of integrated waste
management in U.S. and
Philippines as well
Types of Composting in the Philippines

Types of Composting in the Philippines
q Enumeratethe
ways on how
to reduce
waste
Introduction
The primary goal of solid waste
management is reducing and
eliminating adverse impacts of
waste materials on human health
and environment to support
economic development and
superior quality of life.
What is Solid Waste Management?
Solid Waste Management is defined as the discipline

associated with control of
of solid waste materials in a way that best

addresses the range of
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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Solid waste management can be
divided into six key components:
1. Generation
Is the stage at which materials become valueless
to the owner and since they have no use for them
and require them no longer, they wish to get rid
of them.
2. Storage
Is a system for keeping materials after they have
been discarded and prior to collection and final
disposal.
Small containers: household containers, plastic bins,
etc.
Large containers: communal bins, oil drums, etc.
Communal depots: walled or fenced-in areas
3. Collection
6 Functional Elements of the Waste Simply refers to how waste is collected for
transportation to the final disposal site
Management System
BEST FOR You 36
Solid waste management can be
divided into six key components:
4. Transportation
Stage when solid waste is transported to the final
disposal site.
Human-powered: open hand-cart with bins, tricycle
Animal-powered: donkey-drawn cart
Motorized: tractor and trailer, standard truck
5. Processing and Recovery

If plausible to apply treatment processes and / or
harness energy in order to reduce the materials that
is in need of throwing away.
6. Disposal
The final stage of solid waste management is safe
disposal where associated risks are minimized.
Land application: burial or landfilling
Composting
Burning or incineration
Recycling (resource recovery)
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Pollution Prevention
Hierarchy
The waste management hierarchy (figure on the
right) established by the US Pollution Prevention Act
of 1990 guides waste generators toward the best
options for managing wastes. The preferred option
is to prevent pollution at its source, but for waste
that is generated, the preferred management
methods are recycling, followed by burning for
energy recovery, treatment and, as a last resort,
disposing of the waste. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 38
Includes activities that
eliminate or reduce the
generation of chemical
waste.
Hierarchy
ü selection of appropriate materials to be
used;
ü extension of material and/or product
lifetime;
ü reduction of amount and/or toxicity of
materials;
ü efficient management of
manufacturing processes; and
ü optimization of methods to package
and transport products. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y 39
Includes the recovery of a
toxic chemical in waste
for reuse.
Hierarchy
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Hierarchy
Includes the combustion of

toxic chemicals in waste to
generate heat or electricity.
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Hierarchy
Includes the destruction of

a toxic chemical in waste.
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Hierarchy
Includes toxic chemical

quantities entering the
environment.
BEST FOR You 43

ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000
refers to the systematic

administration of
activities which provide
for segregation at source,
segregated
transportation, storage,
transfer, processing,
treatment, and disposal
of solid waste and all
other waste management
activities which do not
harm the environment.
Passed by the congress
and senate in year 2000
and signed by the
president on January 26,
2001.
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RA 9003
q Ecological Solid
Waste
Management Act
of 2000
Ø The most preferred
option is waste
avoidance and
reduction where the
ultimate goal is to
reduce the amount
of materials entering
the waste stream.
Waste Waste Reduction
Prevention is the practice of using less material and energy
to minimize waste generation and preserve
natural resources.
q waste prevention is based on

three Rs:
q Reduce – consume less and
live a simple lifestyle
Ø Purchase products that
have less packaging, last
longer or are repairable
Ø Decrease consumption—
“Do I REALLY need it?”
Waste
Prevention Reuse
can be defined as using a waste product without
further transformation and without changing its
shape or original nature.
qReuse – cleaning and using

materials over and over and thus
increasing the typical lifespan of
a product
Ø For example, refillable glass
beverage bottles which get
reused by bottlers.
Waste
Prevention Recycling
is the recovery of useful materials, such as paper,
q Recycle – reprocess glass, plastic, and metals, from the trash to use
to make new products, reducing the amount of
discarded solid virgin raw materials needed.
materials into new,
useful products
Conserves natural resources, more

environmentally benign
Every ton of recycled paper saves 17
trees, 7000 gallons of water, 4100 kwh of
energy and 3 cubic yards of landfill
space
Segregation
refers to the separation of wet waste and
dry waste, the purpose is to recycle dry
waste easily and to use wet waste as
compost. Waste segregation shall primarily be
conducted at the source including household,
commercial, industrial and agricultural sources.
49
Waste
Prevention
q Recycling
Ø Generates jobs and
revenues from the
recycling process,
but for recycling to
work, their must be a
market for the
recycled goods
Ø U. S currently recycles
about 34% of its
municipal solid waste
Waste
Prevention
q Recycling glass
Ø 25-33% of glass waste is recycled
in U.S.
Ø Recycled glass costs less than
glass made from virgin materials
o Different colors are separated
before crushing to make cullet
more valuable
o Containers are crushed to
make cullet
o New containers are made from
cullet
Waste
Prevention
q Recycling metals
Ø Aluminum—best success in U.S.
recycling
o 49% of aluminum
beverage cans are recycled
o Requires less energy
to recycle aluminum than
to make new cans from
raw materials
Ø Other recyclable metals include lead,
gold, iron and steel, silver, and zinc
Ø New steel products contain an
average of 56% recycled scrap steel
Waste
Prevention
q Recycling plastics
– 13% of plastic containers and packaging in
the U.S. are recycled
– 37% of recycled soft drink bottles are used
to make carpet, auto parts, tennis ball felt,
polyester cloth
Ø Depending on economy (price of

petroleum), sometimes it’s cheaper to
make plastic from raw materials than to
recycle
Ø 46 different plastic types are common,
many are mixtures
o All must be separated before recycling
Waste
Prevention
q Recycling tires
– Used for retread tires, playground
equipment, trash cans, garden
hoses, carpets and molded
products
– Also used as roofing materials,
rubberized asphalt for pavement
and other civil engineering
applications
– Can be burned in waste-to-
energy incinerators to produce
electricity (TDF)
Integrated Waste Management
Combines the best
waste management
techniques into a
consolidated program
to deal effectively with
solid waste
Ø Waste minimization,
waste prevention
(source reduction,
reduce, reuse,
recycle)

Reduce: Industries and Governments
can…
q Redesign manufacturing processes and products
to use less material and energy
q Redesign manufacturing processes to produce
less waste and pollution
q Develop products that are easy to repair, reuse,
remanufacture, compost, or recycle
q Eliminate or reduce unnecessary packaging; use
the following hierarchy for packaging: no
packaging, minimal packaging, reusable
packaging, recyclable packaging
Reduce: Industries and Governments
can…
q Use fee-per-bag waste collection systems that
charge consumers for the amount of waste they
throw away but provide free pick up of
recyclable and reusable items
q Establish a cradle-to-grave responsibility laws that
require companies to take back various
consumer discarded products such as electronic
equipment, appliances, and motor vehicles
q Restructure urban transportation systems to rely
more on mass transit and bicycles than on cars
Recycle
q Households and work places produce five major
types of materials that can be recycled: paper
products, glass, aluminum, steel, and some
plastics
q Two ways to reprocess materials: primary or
closed-loop recycling – materials are recycled
into new products of the same type (ex:
aluminum cans are turned into new aluminum
cans); secondary recycling – waste materials are
converted into different products (ex: used tires
can be shredded and turned into rubberized
road surfacing)
Recycle
q Two types of wastes that can be recycled: pre-
consumer or internal waste – generated in a
manufacturing process; makes up more than
three-fourths of the total and postconsumer or
external waste – generated by consumer use of
products
Recycling: Advantages and Disadvantages
Managing Hazardous Waste
• Hazardous wastes, once they are released into
the environment, are extremely difficult to
remove
• Costs of managing toxic wastes are quite high
• No country currently has an effective
hazardous waste management program
– Eliminating the production of hazardous wastes or
using fewer hazardous substances are the most
strategic methods for reducing contamination in
the first place
Dealing with Hazardous Waste
q Bioremediation – bacteria and enzymes
help to destroy toxic or hazardous
substances or convert them to harmless
compounds; takes longer to work than
most physical and chemical methods, but
costs much less
q Phytoremediation – using natural or
genetically engineered plants (pollution
sponges) to absorb, filter, and remove
contaminants from polluted soil and water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w99mGLfb4_g
q Plasma incineration – decomposes liquid or
solid hazardous organic waste into ions and
atoms that can be converted into simple
molecules, cleaned up, and released as
gas
q Long-termstorage: deep- well disposal;
surface impoundments
Some Common Hazardous Chemicals
q Lead
• paint, gasoline, pipes, accumulates in soil and
water
• neurological damage, slows brain development,
kidney disorders; children especially vulnerable
q Mercury
• paint, batteries, old thermometers, industrial
processes, combustion of coal, dental fillings,
contaminated historical mining sites
• damages brain, kidneys, developing fetus,
learning disabilities, death with high doses
Some Common Hazardous Chemicals
q Arsenic
• treated wood, industrial processes,
contaminated soil and water
• impairs organ, heart, and blood functions;
damages nervous system
q PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls)
q industrial chemical (used in fire retardants,
lubricants, insulation for electrical transformers,
some printing inks)
q carcinogenic, birth defects, lower IQ, learning
disabilities, impairs neurological development
Managing Toxic Waste Production
• Most effective approach to managing toxic
waste is source reduction
– Green chemistry: Commercially important chemical
processes are redesigned to significantly reduce
environmental harm
– Using less hazardous or nonhazardous materials in the
first place
• Second best approach is to reduce toxicity
– By chemical, biological, or physical means
– Incineration is an example, but ash is hazardous
• Third option for managing hazardous waste is to
place it in long-term storage (toxic waste landfills)
Managing Toxic Waste Production
• Toxic waste landfills
– Subject to strict environmental criteria and design
features
– Layers of compacted clay and plastic liners
– Leachate is collected and detoxified
• Deep-well injection
– For toxic liquid waste, such as explosives and
pesticides
– Waste is injected deep underground between two
impermeable layers
RA 6969: Toxic Substances and Hazardous
and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990
q To control, supervise and regulate activities on

toxic chemicals and hazardous waste.
q This Act makes provisions in order to regulate,

restrict and/or prohibit the importation,
manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use
and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures
presenting risk and/or injury to human and animal
health or to the environment.
HW 3
1. List what you think are the best ways to treat
each of the following types of solid waste and
explain the benefits of the processes you
recommend: paper, plastic, glass, metals, food
waste, yard waste. (6 points)
2. What initiatives can college campuses and
students do to reduce the volume of various
solid wastes they generate? (4 points)
Thank you!

6 Solid and Hazardous Waste

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Solid and

q Determine the type of waste

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

o Four ways to dispose of solid

Cavite City Pampanga

¨ Mass burn (below), Modular, Refuse-derived

Mass burn, waste-to- energy (WTE) incinerator

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Solid Waste Management is defined as the discipline

of solid waste materials in a way that best

BEST FOR You 35

5. Processing and Recovery

BEST FOR You 37

BEST FOR You 40

Includes the combustion of

BEST FOR You 41

Includes the destruction of

BEST FOR You 42

Includes toxic chemical

BEST FOR You 43

refers to the systematic

BEST FOR You 44

q waste prevention is based on

qReuse – cleaning and using

 Conserves natural resources, more

Ø Depending on economy (price of

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

q To control, supervise and regulate activities on

q This Act makes provisions in order to regulate,

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Conserves natural resources, more