Solid Waste Pollution

APresentation made by
Group Five CHE517
17/01/2020

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 Group Members

1. Adeleke Ifeoluwa 15CF02618

2. Anozie Onyinyechi 15CF02583
3. Akinmolayemi Jemima 15CF02574
4. Beture Christiana 15CF02594
5. Ekpo Winifred 15CF02604
6. Eyo Elijah 15CF02609
7. Mbah Samuel 15CF02636
8. Ogbeh Joshua 15CF02649
9. Owieadolor Osatohanmwen 15CF02668
10. Ugborogho Jemine Jude 15CF02678

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 OUTLINE

Statutory
regulations
Solid waste guiding solid
waste
generation in
management in
Waste to industries Nigeria
Methods of wealth
solid waste
Waste
management disposal
Causes and hierarchy
effects of Solid
Sources of waste Pollution
Solid waste
Introduction

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 Introduction
• Wastes are materials that are not
needed with further processing and
are not economically usable. It can be
in solid, liquid, and gas form. These
come from human activities such as
farming, manufacturing and household
activities etc.
• Solid waste refers to all non-liquid
wastes. Although it does not include
excreta/faeces.
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Sources of Solid Waste
Glass Waste

Paper and paper board Waste

Plastic Polythene Waste, Rubber, Leather, Textile, wood

Miscellaneous Inorganic Waste

Food (Putrescible) Waste

Metal Waste

Yard Waste
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 Causes and Effects of solid waste pollution

Causes of solid waste pollution Effect of solid waste pollution on human health

Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation

• Overpopulation.
Low birth weight
• Urbanization
 Cancer (due to radioactive emission from radioactive solid
• Affluence waste )

• Technology  Malformation of Human babies during birth due to exposure

to solid radioactive waste

Neurological disease

Nausea and vomiting

 Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury

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 CASE STUDY (Onitsha)

Figure 2: Solid Waste Components in Onitsha Metropolis (Nwachukwu

2010) 7
 Waste Management Hierarchy
The waste management hierarchy ranks the waste management options according to what is best for the environment.

Avoid or Reduce: This is the most favoured

option. Avoidance or reduction of waste
generation.

Reuse: Use of materialsrepeatedly

Recycle: Using waste materials to make new

products

Recovery: Recovering energy from waste

Disposal: This is a non beneficial use of waste.

It involves safe disposal of waste by either
land fill or incineration with no energy
recovery. 8
 Methods of Solid waste disposal
Incineration of solidwaste

• Refuse is burnt

• Suited in crowded cities where sites for land filling are not available

• High construction and operation costs

• Sometimes used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling

• It contains
 Primary chamber – designed to facilitate rapid desiccation of moist
refuse and complete combustion of refuse and volatile gases
 A ledge or drying hearth is provided for this purpose
 Secondary chamber – between the primary chamber and the stack-
temperatures above 700 degree Celcius. All unburnt and semi
burnt material are completely burnt here

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 Methods of Solid waste disposal
Sanitary landfilling of solid wastes
• Simple, cheap, and effective
• A deep trench (3 to 5 m) is excavated
• Refuse is laid in layers
• Layers are compacted with some mechanical equipment and covered with earth, leveled, and compacted
• With time, the fill would settle
• Microorganisms act on the organic matter and degrade them
• Decomposition is similar to that in composting
• Facultative bacteria hydrolyze complex organic matter into simpler water soluble organic
• These diffuse through the soil where fungi and other bacteria convert them to carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions
• Aerobic methanogenic bacteria utilize the methane generated and the rest diffuses into the atmosphere
• Too much refuse should not be buried – it poses fire hazard
• Moisture content – not less than 60% for good biodegradation
• Refuse depth more than 3m – danger of combustion due to compression of bottom layers – hence should be avoided
• Refuse depth is generally limited to 2m
• Temperature in the initial stages of decomposition – as high as 70 degree C – then drops
• Reclaimed areas may be used for other uses
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 Methods of Solid waste disposal
AEROBIC DIGESTION/COMPOSTING AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
Aerobic and anaerobic digestion are bio treatment processes for solid wastes. Composting is the best aerobic
process for biodegradable solid waste while anaerobic process is the most extensively applied in the industry.
However, when operated on a high rate basis, composting remains a solid-state process, but digestion requires the
solid waste to be processed as slurry, thereby adding an additional cost in the
form of spent residual feedstock treatment. Compost, the marketable end product of composting, results from the
aerobic thermophilic degradation of complex organic matter under moist conditions. Its added value results from its
ability to enhance soil fertility.
Composting and anaerobic digestion methods will reduce the amount of waste for incineration or landfill. In these
treatment methods, it is assumed that food and paper wastes are composted or digested anaerobically with the
inorganic fraction being sent to the landfill site.

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 Waste to wealth
Recycle

It means reusing some components of the waste that

might still have some economic value. Recycling
conserves resources, reduce the energy used during
manufacture and also reduce pollution (Chadar &
Keerti, 2017). Recycling the non-biodegradables will
help the individual and also the local industry. In
recent years, many industries are starved of raw
materials. For recycling to be successful, separation
should start at household level (Sridhar & Hammed,
2014).

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Waste to wealth

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 Waste to wealth Projects in Nigeria
• A 10-ton per day capacity “Pace Setter Organo-mineral Fertilizer Plant” was designed and built for
Bodija market in Ibadan (1998), Nigeria which is the first prototype demonstration project in the
country. It aroused interest all over the country and the Federal Government has recommended
similar prototype for the entire country as a part of “Waste to Wealth Initiative” and as a strategy
for “Poverty Alleviation” and Sustainable Development.

• A 5-ton per day capacity organo-mineral fertilizer plant was designed and built for Ayeye
community, Ibadan (2002) where sorting of non-biodegradable and biodegradables were practiced;
recyclables and the organo-mineral fertilizer are being sold.

• A 5-ton per day capacity food residual conversion to compost (2002) was developed for a flow
station at Shell Petroleum Development Company, Forcados, Delta Sate; the compost produced is
being used for maintaining their lawns and gardens.
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Waste to Wealth Processes: A case study

MIXING • Moisture and Shred to

• Household and
improve decomposition
market waste. • At a ratio of 2:1:1 • Pile at height of 100-
• Leaf litter, Farm • 2(Solid waste): 150cm to increase
waste. 1(Manure):1(Rice hull) temperature, and
maintain moisture

Moisten and
ASSEMBLING
Pile

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Waste to Wealth Processes: A case study
• Monitor the
temperature of the pile
weekly.
• If the compost pile
INCUBATION • Shred and sieve using a
becomes dry, moisten it 2-cm mesh prior to
using compost leachate • Incubate for another two bagging.
or manure tea. weeks or more. If most of • Pack the composted
• After two weeks, open the compost material is material using
and turn the pile composed of leaf litter polyethylene plastic
thoroughly to facilitate and/or rice straw, bags in a sack and store
decomposition is prolonged in a cool dry place.
uniform decomposition from 30 days to 60 to 75
days. SIEVING AND
MONITORING • Avoid sun drying the
harvested composted PACKAGING
material.

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 Waste to wealth Projects in Nigeria
The above examples may be referred to as “Cleaner Production Technologies” where the dirty wastes are being
processed and value added to them. Plastic/nylon and metal finished products are being used as raw materials by the
bigger industries. At Alesinloye market plant, waste water from abattoir serves as a potential source of nitrogen to
enrich organic fertilizer (Hammed et al. 2011).

Covenant University currently has some forms of recycling activities, like selling PET bottles which have been turned
into pellets, and waste paper being traded in exchange for tissue use. Target marketers are companies in the states of
Lagos and Ogun dealing with PET-bottle recycled products, and Chinese companies that use the materials to produce
fabrics. This initiative generates income from the project for the university, and the resulting environmental sanitation
and sustainability will be at its peak. Figure 6 below shows the storage site of the collected PET bottles (Olukanni,
Aipoh, & Kalabo, 2018).

Sac bags for rice and beans packaging can be used to make handbags. Waste from fruits such as peels, seeds etc can be
used in corrosion prevention and essential oil extraction.

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 SOLIDWASTE GENERATION IN PHARAMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRIES
CASE STUDY: GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Nigeria Limited (Agbara
plant)

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 About GSK
GlaxoSmithKline Nigeria is a pharmaceutical company that produces
over the counter drugs (Panadol and its variants, Andrews liver salt
etc.),oral health care products (Macleans and Sensodyne)vaccines
and experimental drugs.
Due to the nature of their process and products, they generate a lot
of solid waste. Most of the waste products are reused beneficially
while the remaining of the waste is sent to landfill.

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Beneficial Uses of GSK generated waste

Jumbo bags, Polythene bags,

plastic drums, fibre drums
and cartons are sold to third
party contractors accredited
by OGEPA. This waste
products are resold to
individuals or companies
that are in need of them

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Beneficial Uses of GSK generated waste

PVC Foil waste generated

from packaging the tablets are
sold to Lafarge, a cement
producing company for energy
generation through
incineration.
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Beneficial Uses of GSK generated waste

Waste paste tubes are

returned to the
manufacturers for
reworking into new
tubes
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 Statutory regulations guiding solid waste management in Nigeria

• THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT AGENCY ACT

2007 (NESREA ACT)

After the repealing of the Federal Environmental Protection Act of 1988, the NESREA Act, 2007 became the
major statutory regulation or instrument guiding environmental matters in Nigeria. It specially makes
provision for solid waste management and its administration and prescribes sanction for offences or acts
which run contrary to proper and adequate waste disposal procedures and practices.

• NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL (SANITATION AND WASTES CONTROL) REGULATIONS, 2009

This regulation that was promulgated in 2009 among other things makes adequate provisions for waste
control and environmental sanitation including punishments in cases of malfeasances.

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 Institutions and regulations of waste management in Nigeria
• THE NEP (POLLUTION ABATEMENT IN INDUSTRIES AND FACILITIES GENERATING WASTE)
REGULATIONS
Restrictions are imposed hereunder on the release of toxic substances and requirement of Stipulated Monitoring of
pollution to ensure permissible limits are not exceeded; Unusual and accidental discharges; Contingency plans;
Generator's liabilities; Strategies of waste reduction and safety for workers.

• THE MANAGEMENT OF SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTES REGULATIONS

These regulate the collection, treatment and disposal of solid and hazardous waste for municipal and industrial sources
and give the comprehensive list of chemicals and chemical waste by toxicity categories.

• THE HARMFUL WASTE (SPECIAL CRIMINAL PROVISIONS, ETC) ACT

The Decree prohibits the Carrying, depositing and dumping of harmful waste on any land, territorial Waters, contagious
zone, Exclusive Economic Zone of Nigeria or its inland Water ways and prescribes severe penalties for any person found
guilty of any Crime relating thereto.

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 Conclusion

Solid waste pollution has a negative effect on both the

environment, human health and the economy. A s there is no
appropriate management of this wastes in Nigeria, individuals
should be involved in proper disposal of these waste to ensure
that re-useable and recyclable waste materials can be used.
More individuals should also be involved in the conversion of
waste to wealth as it is a very lucrative business idea due to the
amount of waste generated in the country at large.
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 References
• Chadar , S. N., & Keerti, C. (2017). Solid Waste Pollution: A Hazard to Environment. Recent Advances in Petrochemical
Science, 2(3). doi:10.19080/RAPSCI.2017.02.555586

• Hammed TB, Soyingbe AA, Adewole D O 2011. A n abattoir waste water management through composting: A case study of
Alesinloye waste recycling complex. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2): 67-78

• Siti Noor Baya Khalib , Irnis Azura Zakarya, Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar; International Journal of Integrated Engineering:
Special Issue 2018: Innovations in Civil Engineering, Vol. 10 No. 9 (2018) p. 140-145

• Sridhar , M. K., & Hammed, T. B. (2014). Turning Waste to Wealth in Nigeria: A n Overview. Journal of human ecology, 46(2),
195-203. doi: 10.1080/09709274.2014.11906720

• Olukanni, D. O., Aipoh, A. O., & Kalabo, I. H. (2018). Recycling and Reuse Technology: Waste to Wealth Initiative in a Private
Tertiary Institution, Nigeria. Recycling, 3(44). doi:10.3390/recycling3030044

• Oyelola, O. T and Babatunde, A. I.; Characterization of domestic and market solid wastes at source in Lagos metropolis,
Lagos, Nigeria; African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 3 (12), pp. 430-437, December 2008

• Nwachukwu M. U. / Solid Waste Generation and Disposal in a Nigerian City: A n Empirical Analysis in Onitsha Metropolis;
Journal of Environmental Management and Safety Vol 1, No 1. (2010) 180-191

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