TOPIC OUTLINE:

4.1 GARBAGE PROBLEM 2. Terrestrial (Land) Pollution

1. Solid Waste a. Fertilizers 4.3 DISPOSAL
a. Policies and regulations b. Pesticides a. Open dumps
b. Waste disposal c. Salinization and b. Ocean dumping
d. Desertification c. Landfills
4.2 POLLUTION d. Incineration
1. Air Pollution 3. Water Pollution e. Recycling
a. Sources a. Categories of water f. Hazardous and
b. Major Air Pollutants pollution toxic waste
c. Acid Rain b. Causes of water pollution
d. Montreal Protocol c. How waste water treatment
e. Kyoto Protocol works
 WHAT IS
ENVIRONMENTAL
CRISIS?
ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
The term "environmental crisis" encapsulates a range
of interconnected challenges that are fundamentally
altering the natural systems upon which all life
depends. One critical component is the pollution,
whether it be air, water, or soil pollution, poses
significant health risks to humans and wildlife alike,
contributing to respiratory diseases, contaminated
water supplies, and ecosystem degradation.
GARBAGE PROBLEM
Waste Management
Waste-related challenges
Inadequate waste collection
Disposal infrastructure
WHAT IS SOLID WASTE?
 SOLID WASTE
Solid any discarded or unwanted materials. It includes various items
such as paper, plastics, glass, and food waste.
While solid waste is often considered a solid state, the RCRA states
that this type of waste does not have to be physically solid. Many solid
wastes are liquid, semi-solid, or contain gaseous material.
Solid waste can come from industrial, commercial, mining, or
agricultural operations, household and community activities. Solid
waste does not include wastes, such as solid or dissolved materials in
domestic sewage or source, striking nuclear, or by-product material as
defined by federal law.
 ACCORDING TO THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA), TO BE CONSIDERED
A SOLID WASTE, THE MATERIAL MUST BE
DISCARDED BY BEING:
Abandoned
Inherently waste-like
Discarded military munition
Recycled in certain ways
TYPE OF SOLID WASTE
MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE COMMERCIAL WASTE

HAZARDOUS WASTE

CONSTRUCTION &
ELECTRONIC WASTE AGRICULTURAL WASTE
HOW SOLID WASTE IS MANAGED
RECYCLING COMPOSTING INCINERATION

LANDFILL DISPOSAL SPECIALIZED TREATMENT

A. POLICIES AND REGULATIONS
Fundamental laws and regulations related to solid waste management in the
Philippines:
Republic Act No. 9003 –
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000: This landmark legislation
provides the legal framework for the proper management of solid waste in
the Philippines. It mandates the adoption of a comprehensive solid waste
management program at the national and local levels, emphasizing waste
reduction, segregation, recycling, composting, and environmentally sound
disposal practices. RA 9003 also promotes the establishment of materials
recovery facilities (MRFs), the closure and rehabilitation of open dumpsites,
and the implementation of penalties for non-compliance with waste
management regulations.
Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC):
Under the Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment System,
projects with potential environmental impacts, including waste
management facilities, are required to secure an Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). The ECC ensures
that projects comply with environmental laws and regulations,
including those related to solid waste management.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODES:
Local government units (LGUs) implement solid waste
management initiatives in separate jurisdictions. The Local
Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) grants LGUs the
authority and responsibility to manage solid waste within their
territorial jurisdiction.
PHILIPPINE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS:
The DENR, through its Environmental Management Bureau (EMB),
issues regulations and guidelines to support the implementation
of solid waste management laws and policies in the Philippines.
In various countries, some specific examples of regulations and laws related to solid
waste management are:
United States: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): Enacted in 1976, RCRA
is the principal federal law governing the management of hazardous and non-
hazardous solid waste. It establishes a framework for the regulation of waste
generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal, as well as the cleanup of
hazardous waste sites.
European Union: Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC): This directive sets the
overarching framework for waste management in the European Union (EU). It outlines
principles and objectives for waste prevention, recycling, and landfilling, as well as
provisions for extended producer responsibility and waste management planning.
Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC): This directive aims to minimize the environmental
impact of landfills by setting strict criteria for the design, operation, and closure of
landfills. It promotes waste diversion from landfills through recycling and composting
and requires member states to reduce the landfilling of biodegradable waste.
Japan: Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law: Japan's Waste
Management and Public Cleansing Law regulates the collection,
transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste. It sets waste separation
and recycling targets, establishes rules for waste management facilities, and
promotes the environmentally sound management of waste.
India: Solid Waste Management Rules (2016): India's Solid Waste
Management Rules provide a comprehensive framework for the management
of municipal solid waste and biomedical waste. They mandate source
segregation, recycling, and composting, as well as the establishment of
waste processing and treatment facilities.
Brazil: National Solid Waste Policy (Law No. 12,305/2010): Brazil's National
Solid Waste Policy establishes principles, guidelines, and instruments for
the management of solid waste. It promotes waste prevention, recycling, and
environmentally sound disposal practices, as well as extended producer
responsibility and waste management planning at the municipal level.
B. WASTE DISPOSAL
B. WASTE DISPOSAL
• Waste disposal means removing, discarding,
recycling, or destroying unwanted materials
called waste that is produced from agriculture,
domestic usage, or industrial products. Wastes
can be of numerous types and much of the waste
generated today is non-biodegradable waste.
THE 7R’s
METHOD OF WASTE DISPOSAL
The various methods of waste
disposal known are as follows:
• Landfill
• Incineration
• Biogas Generation
• Composting
• Waste compaction
• Vermicomposting
 LANDFILL
In this process, the waste type involves non-reusable
and non-recyclable substances which are spread in
a thin layer in specific low-lying lands or areas.
 INCINERATION
Incineration is the treatment of waste or waste
disposal using burning where the garbage turns into
incombustible matter like gasses and ashes.
 BIOGAS GENERATION
Food, animal waste, municipal garbage, vegetable/fruit
peels, and organic industrial waste are all biodegradable,
which means they can be degraded by bacteria or other
organisms. Using these wastes, biogas is produced on a
local and big scale, where bacteria, fungi, and other
microbes quickly decompose the chemicals.
COMPOSTING
Composting is one of the waste disposal methods that begins
in our kitchen. It deals with all organic materials, including
food scraps, garden waste, fruits, and vegetable peels. When
these substances are buried and left
under the soil for some days, they
decay under the action of bacteria,
fungi, and other microorganisms.
WASTE COMPACTION
Waste compaction involves a proper technique that
includes shredding the waste into smaller pieces, pushing
it to mix appropriately, and placing it in such a way as to fill
voids. Waste
compaction reduces
the amount and size
of waste, resulting in
less pollution to the
environment.
 VERMICOMPOSTING
Also known as vermiculture,
vermicomposting is one of the
waste disposal methods. It is
performed by the decomposition
process using white worms, red
wigglers, earthworms, and other
worms to break the organic matter
like vegetable or food waste.
DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL
Waste disposal is the process of removing,
discarding, recycling or destroying unwanted
materials called waste that is produced from
agriculture, domestic usage or industrial products.
METHODS OF DISPOSAL
1.Open Dumps
2.Ocean Dumping
3.Landfills
4.Incineration
5.Recycling
6.Hazardous and Toxic Wastes
 METHODS OF DISPOSAL
Open Dumps - involves simply piling up
the trash in a designated area and is
the easiest method of waste disposal.
Open dumps can support populations
of organisms that house and transmit
diseases. When contaminants from
the trash mix with the rainwater, it
forms leachate, which infiltrates into
the ground or runoff. This liquid
leachate may contain toxic chemicals
such as dioxin (a persistent organic
pollutant), mercury, and pesticides.
LEACHATE
 METHODS OF DISPOSAL
OCEAN DUMPING -It is a deliberate
disposal at sea of wastes or other
matter from vessels, aircraft,
platforms, or other man-made
structures, as well as deliberate
disposal of these vessels or platforms
themselves. Ocean dumping or
Marine dumping can destroy
important habitats for aquatic species
and cause coastal erosion and
salutation, which affect the health
and productivity of the marine
environment.
LENGTHS OF TIME TO DEGRADE IN WATER OF
DIFFERENT ITEMS
1. Cardboard - 2 weeks to degrade
2. Newspaper - 6 weeks to degrade
3. Foam - 50 years to degrade
4. Styrofoam - 80 years to degrade
5. Aluminum - 200 years to degrade
6. Plastic packaging - 400 years to degrade
7.Glass - no exact years to degrade
 OCEAN DUMPING
Ocean dumping may cause aquatic life such as
whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals to
ingest or entangle plastic refuse. Littering items
such as plastics can entrap pelicans and other
seabirds and ultimately strangle them birds.
Example:
The world’s largest living turtle, the leatherback
is mostly found on the Atlantic and Pacific
coasts. With a shell as long as 2.5 meters, 900
kilograms weight. Common plastic debris is
causing this turtle leatherback terrible trouble.
These plastic bags, balloons, or containers are
being mistaken for jellyfish by the turtles.
 LANDFILLS
Landfills - Modern landfills are
well-engineered and managed by
facilities for the disposal of solid
waste. These landfills are
located, designed, operated, and
monitored to ensure compliance
with the regulations. These are
also designed to protect the
environment from contaminants.
MODERN LANDFILLS
INCINERATION
 INCINERATION
is a waste treatment
process that involves
the combustion of
substances contained
in waste materials.-
Incineration of waste
materials converts the
waste into ash, flue
gas, and heat.
 FLUE GAS
Waste combustion is particularly popular in
countries such as Japan, Singapore, and the
Netherlands, where land is a scarce resource.
The Philippines successfully banned the use of
incinerators for general wastes. Subsequently,
the use of incinerators for medical waste in
2003. The Philippines remains the only country
in the world to ban incinerators. Under Section
20 of Republic Act No. 8749. Otherwise known
as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.
 3R’s OF RECYCLING
1. REDUCE - means to cut back on the amount of trash we generate.
“Reduce” means not buying too many things in the first place. It’s
about being mindful of using resources wisely so they don’t end
up in a landfill.

Simple ways to reduce the amount of waste we make:

•Bring reusable bags to the grocery store.
•Say no to bottled water
•Watch what you buy
•Avoid single-use food and drink containers and utensils
 3R’s OF RECYCLING
2. REUSE - Reusing is taking old or unwanted items that might
be thrown away and finding a new use.

Ways you can reuse items to help reduce your trash footprint:
• You can reuse old cardboard boxes to create fun DIY
projects or as storage containers
• Use an empty glass jar to store leftovers instead of throwing
them away. This way, you give the jar a second life and reduce
the need for new containers.
 3R’s OF RECYCLING
3. RECYCLE - is the process of collecting and
processing materials that would otherwise be thrown
away as trash and turning them into new products.
 3 TYPES OF RECYCLING
1. Mechanical Recycling - One of the most globally used
methods of giving residues new usages is mechanic recycling.
Mechanical recycling is the process of plastic waste by
grinding, washing, separating, drying, re-granulating, and
compounding. The polymers stay unaffected in this process
and can be reused repeatedly in the same or similar product.
Process Of
Mechanical
Recycling:
EXAMPLE PRODUCTS: Garbage bags, floors, hoses, car parts, and packages.
 3 TYPES OF RECYCLING
2. Energy Recycling - Method used to convert plastics into both
thermal and electric energy. The process is done by leveraging,
through incineration and the heat is released in the form of fuel.
 3 TYPES OF RECYCLING
3. Chemical Recycling - Among all types of recycling, chemical
recycling is the most complex method. In this process, the chemical
structures of plastics are modified after reprocessing them.
Chemical industry has already successfully developed consumer
products like:
- Food Packaging
- Refrigerator
- Part Mattresses
- Carpets Dashboards in cars
HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTES
HAZARDOUS WASTE - Hazardous
waste is any substance or material
that has harmful effects on people's
health and the environment. For F-
lists and K-lists, these wastes are
identified by an EPA-assigned code.
 HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTES
1.Listed waste – it has four sub-types :
A. F-List Wastes - includes any wastes that have a nonspecific source,
but are produced from manufacturing and industrial processes.
Ex. Solvent waste and wastewater.
B. K-List Wastes - specific wastes that have specific industry sources.
Particular production and treatment processes generate certain
types of wastewater and sludge that become distinguishable as
hazardous wastes. These are the industries that generates :
k-list wastes - Iron and steel production, Petroleum refining, Inorganic
pigment manufacturing, Explosives manufacturing, Ink formulation
C. P-List & U-List Wastes - wastes are specific commercial chemical
products that are disposed of, but unused
CHARACTERISTIC WASTES
1.Unlike listed wastes, these
characteristic wastes follow the
identification process depending on
the characteristics they display.
 CHARACTERISTIC WASTES
Four characteristics are identified with wastes:

1. Ignitability - Any waste that is flammable and can create fires.

2.Corrosivity - Any waste (typically acids and bases) that can
rust and decompose and can melt through steel materials.
3. Reactivity - Any waste that is explosive, or unstable under
normal conditions.
4. Toxicity - Any waste that is fatally poisonous when ingested or
absorbed.
 CHARACTERISTIC WASTES
1. Universal Wastes - Also known as commonly generated,
universal wastes are another classification for hazardous
wastes. These wastes typically include bulbs, mercury-
containing equipment, pesticides, and batteries.
2. Mixed Wastes - wastes that contain both hazardous as
well as radioactive components. Because mixed wastes
involve hazardous and radioactive materials, their
treatment and disposal vary.
 METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE
A. Secure landfill - provides at
least 3 meters (10 feet) of
separation between the bottom
of the landfill and the underlying
bedrock or groundwater table. A
secure hazardous-waste landfill
must have two impermeable
liners and leachate collection
systems.
 METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE
B. Deep well disposal - is a liquid
waste disposal technology. This
alternative uses injection wells
to place treated or untreated
liquid waste into geologic
formations that have no
potential to allow migration of
contaminants into potential
potable water aquifers.
 METHODS FOR DISPOSAL OF
HAZARDOUS WASTE
C. Bedrock disposal - It is mainly meant
for solid hazardous waste and a variety
of bedrock types are being investigated
as host rocks. The design of a bedrock
disposal site or repository for hazardous
wastes is shown in Figure 5. It is based
on the multiple barriers (or multi-barrier)
concept: surrounding solid hazardous
waste sealed with several different types
of materials to prevent waste leakage or
invasion by groundwater.
AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION
• Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals,
particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms
and cause damage to the natural environment.
• Air pollution is identified as a primary environmental
health hazard by agencies such as the World Health
Organization (WHO) and governments worldwide.
 TYPES OF
AIR POLLUTION
OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
 OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
SMOG
 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
GERMS AND BACTERIA CLEANING CHEMICALS

COOLING AND HEATING APPLIANCES TOBACCO SMOKING

TYPES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Air pollutants are substances in the atmosphere
that can have harmful effects on human health, the
environment, and other living organisms. These
pollutants can be categorized into several types
based on their sources and chemical compositions.
Here are the main types of air pollutants:
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
• Particulate matter consists of tiny solid or liquid
particles suspended in the air. PM can be generated
from sources, such as vehicle emissions, industrial
processes, construction activities, wildfires, and
agricultural operations.
 NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2)
• NO2 or nitrogen dioxide is produced during the
combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants,
industrial facilities, and residential heating systems.
Combustion engines in cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes
are major sources of NO2 emissions, as are stationary
combustion sources such as boilers and furnaces.
 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
• Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by
incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, industrial
processes, and residential heating systems.

SULFUR DIOXIDE (S02)

• Sulfur dioxide is a gas produced by the combustion of fossil
fuels containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, in power plants,
industrial facilities, and residential heating systems.
LEAD (Pb)
• Industrial facilities involved in smelting and
refining metals, such as lead smelters, can release
lead emissions into the atmosphere. Various
industrial activities, such as battery manufacturing,
metal processing, and waste incineration, can
release lead into the air as a byproduct.
OZONE (03)
• Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by
the reaction of NO (nitrogen dioxide)and VOCs (Volatile
Organic Compounds) in the presence of sunlight. It is a
major component of smog and can cause respiratory
irritation, exacerbate asthma and other respiratory
conditions, and damage crops and vegetation.
MAIN SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION
1. HUMAN (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCE
- Human activities produce a wide range of air
pollutants into the atmosphere, leading to air pollution.
Different types of human activities lead to air pollution.
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
AGRICULTURE
DEFORESTATION AND LAND USE CHANGE
TOBACCO SMOKE
NUCLEAR EXPLOSION
MAIN SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION
2. NATURAL (BIOGENIC) SOURCE
Natural source also contributes to air pollution
although to a lesser extent compared to human
source however natural source can still play a
role in influencing air quality and can interact
with human activities to worsen pollution levels
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
WILDFIRES
DUST AND SANDSTORM
BIOLOGICAL SOURCES
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTIONS
A.HEALTH - The health effects of air pollution are immediate and
delayed. Air pollution can cause various respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases. If the air pollution is intense, it may result
in immediate death by suffocation.
B.SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC - These compromise the destruction of
plants and animal life, metal corrosions, damage to buildings,
cleaning costs, maintenance and repair, and aesthetic nuisance.
•Air pollution also reduces visibility in towns and damage the soil.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION – WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION recommended the following procedure for the
prevention and control of air pollution
APPROACHES TO REDUCE
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
1. eliminate or control the
sources of air pollution
Improved stoves
Clean fuels (kerosene, gas)
Venting stoves for cooking
and heating
Regular maintenance of
the cooking, heating, and
cooling system
VENTILATION AND
BUILDING DESIGN
3. AIR CLEANING

Air filters and ionizers

may remove some
airborne particle
Gas-absorbing
materials remove
gaseous contaminants
4. EDUCATION
& ADVOCACY
Children
Family and
Community
Health care
providers
5. ENVIRONMENTAL
MAKING POLICY
Framework convention on
tobacco control
Clean indoor air regulation
Community actions
OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
1. CONTAINMENT
Prevention of escape of toxic
substances into the air.
Containment can be achieved
by a variety of engineering
methods, such as enclosure,
ventilation, and air cleaning.
A primary contribution in this
field is the development of
“arresters” for the removal of
contaminants .
2. REPLACEMENT
Replacing technological
processes causing air
pollution with a new
process that is not.
Increased use of
electricity, natural gas,
and central heating in
place of coal have greatly
helped in smoke
reduction.
3. DILUTION
Dilution is valid so long as it
is within the self-cleaning
capacity of the environment.
Some air pollutants are
rapidly removed by
vegetation
The establishment of “green
belts” between industrial
and residential areas in an
attempt at dilution.
4. LEGISLATION
Clean Air Act legislation
covers such matters as:
Height of chimneys
Powers to local authorities to
carry out investigations,
research, and education
concerning air pollution
Creation of smokeless zones
and enforcement of standards
for ambient air quality.
ACID RAIN
ACID DEPOSITION
1.WET DEPOSITION
When acidic materials fall
from the atmosphere to the
ground in wet form (rain, snow,
sleet, hail or fog) then it’s
called wet deposition.
2.DRY DEPOSITION
When the acid deposits on the
earth’s surface in a dry form
such as dust and gases then it
is called dry deposition.
 HOW DO WE MEASURES THE LEVEL OF
ACID IN THE PRECIPITATION?
PH MEASUREMENT
• pH (potential of hydrogen) is the acidity measure or alkalinity of
a solution, including rainwater.
• A pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values
below 7 indicate acidity, while values above 7 indicate alkalinity.
• Precipitation with a pH below approximately 5.6 is considered
acidic, and values significantly lower than 5.6 indicate more
severe acidification.
HOW DO WE MEASURES THE LEVEL OF
ACID IN THE PRECIPITATION?
CAUSE OF ACID RAIN
NATURAL SOURCE
Natural sources contribute to
the formation of acid rain
through various processes
that involve the release of
acidic compounds into the
atmosphere. These natural
processes can include
volcanic eruptions, biological
activities, and the release of
gases from soils and oceans.
HUMAN SOURCE
Acid rain is largely caused by
human activities that release
pollutants into the atmosphere,
leading to the formation of the
acidic compound in
precipitation. The primary
human sources of acid rain are
fossil fuel combustion,
industrial processes, and
transportation.
FORMATION
OF
ACID RAIN
 FORMATION OF ACID RAIN
Acid rain is formed through a complex series of chemical reactions involving
pollutants emitted into the atmosphere and atmospheric components. The process
begins with the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. The primary pollutants
responsible for acid rain are sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are
primarily emitted from human activities such as fossil fuel combustion in power
plants, industrial processes, transportation, and agricultural activities. Once
emitted, sulfur dioxide (SO2) reacts with atmospheric oxygen (O2) to form sulfur
trioxide (SO3) through a process known as oxidation and nitrogen dioxide undergoes
a complex reaction in the atmosphere and reacts with the water vapor to form nitric
acid (HNO3). Sulfur trioxide (SO3) reacts with atmospheric moisture (water vapor) to
form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), a strong acid. Once formed, sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric
acid (HNO3), and other acidic compounds mix with water droplets in the atmosphere,
forming acidic aerosols and clouds. These acidic aerosols and clouds eventually lead
to acid rain, snow, fog, or hail when they precipitate on the Earth's surface.
 EFFECT OF
ACID RAIN
acid rain is an incredibly
destructive form of
pollution, and the
environment suffers from
its effects. Forests, trees,
lakes, animals, and plants
suffer from acid rain.
EFFECTS ON TREES
The needles and leaves of the trees turn brown
and fall off. Trees can also suffer from stunted
growth and have damaged bark and leaves,
which makes them vulnerable to weather,
disease, and insects. It happens partly
because of direct contact between trees and
acid rain, but it also happens when trees
absorb soil that has come into contact with
acid rain. The soil poisons the tree with toxic
substances that the rain has deposited into it.
EFFECTS TO AQUATIC LIFE
• Lakes can be damaged by acid rain. Fish die
off and remove the primary source of food for
birds. Acid rain can also kill fish before they
are born when the eggs are laid and come
into contact with the acid.
• Fish usually die only when the acid level of a
lake is high; when the acid level is lower, they
can become sick and suffer stunted growth
or lose their ability to reproduce. Also, birds
can die from eating "toxic" fish and insects.
EFFECTS TO STRUCTURES
• Acid rain dissolves the
stonework and mortar
of buildings (especially
those made out of
sandstone or
limestone). It reacts
with the minerals in the
stone to form a powdery
substance that can be
washed away by rain.
EFFECTS TO VEGETATION
• Increased acidity in the soil.
• Leeches nutrients from soil,
slowing plant growth.
• Leeches toxins from soil,
poisoning plants.
• Creates brown spots in the leaves
of trees impending photosynthesis.
• Allow organisms to infect through
broken leaves.
EFFECTS TO HUMAN HEALTH
•Respiratory problems, asthma, dry
coughs, headaches, and throat
irritations.
•Leeching of toxins from the soil by acid
rain can be absorbed by plants and
animals. When consumed, these toxins
affect humans severely
•Brain damage, kidney problems, and
Alzheimer's disease have been linked
to people eating "toxic" animals/plants.
MONTREAL
PROTOCOL
 MONTREAL PROTOCOL
- The Montreal Protocol, signed in 16th of september 1987, is a
global agreement to safeguard the stratospheric ozone layer by
eliminating the manufacture and consumption of ozone-depleting
substances (ODS). ODS are compounds found in appliances like
refrigerators, air conditioners, fire extinguishers, and aerosols.
- The first treaty to achieve universal support from all over the
countries in the world
- The ozone layer filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation, which is
associated with an increased skin cancer and cataracts prevalence,
reduced agricultural productivity, and disruption of marine
ecosystems.
 MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The United States ratified the Montreal Protocol
in 1988 and has joined all five of the Protocol’s
subsequent amendments. The United States has
been a leader within the Protocol throughout its
existence and has taken strong domestic action
to phase out the production and consumption of
ODS, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
halons. The phasing out of ODS prevented up to
an additional 2.5°C temperature increase by the
end of this century while also protecting humans
from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
 MONTREAL PROTOCOL
In the 1970s, evidence began to surface that CFCs, which
were used in everyday household products such as air
conditioners and refrigerators, were depleting the
Earth’s protective ozone layer and increasing the level of
ultraviolet radiation reaching our planet’s surface. The
Montreal Protocol’s Scientific Assessment Panel
estimates that with the implementation of the Montreal
Protocol, we can expect near complete recovery of the
ozone layer by the middle of the 21st century. The
Philippines signed the Montreal Protocol on 14th of September
1988, and approved on 21th of march 1993.
MONTREAL PROTOCOL CONTRIBUTION:
 THE KIGALI AMENDMENT TO
THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
The Kigali Amendment, agreed by Montreal Protocol Parties
in 2016, aims to reduce global hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
production and consumption. HFCs are commonly used
alternatives to ODS, such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are already
regulated by the Protocol. HFCs are potent greenhouse
gases, and global implementation of the Kigali Amendment
is predicted to prevent up to a half-degree Celsius
temperature rise by 2100.
 KYOTO
PROTOCOL
 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997 in Japan.
Owing to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16
February 2005. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
Summarizing, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing
industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and
reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by agreed individual
targets. The Kyoto Protocol was the first major international effort
to slow global climate change. Since 1997, 191 countries have
backed the agreement, though the United States has not.
.
 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol is founded on the Convention's principles and
provisions, and it follows its annex-based structure. It exclusively
binds industrialized nations and sets a higher burden on them
under the idea of "common but differentiated responsibility and
respective capabilities," recognizing that they are mostly
responsible for the current high levels of GREENHOUSE GASES
emissions in the environment. The Kyoto Protocol establishes
binding emission reduction goal for 37 industrialized nations,
transitional economies, and the European Union. Overall, these
aims result in an average 5% reduction in emissions relative to
1990 levels between 2008-2012.
 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The agreement divided countries into two categories:
Annex I featured developed nations, while Non-
Annex I included developing countries. Therefore,
since the Philippines is a developing country, our
country is designated as a non-Annex I nation. More
than 100 Developing countries were excluded from
the Kyoto Protocol. The convention imposed higher
taxes on rich nations than on less-developed states.
 THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Kyoto Protocol established flexible market
mechanisms based on emissions allowances trading. The
Protocol requires nations to accomplish their objectives
mainly through national methods. However, the Protocol
provides them with an extra method to achieve their goals
through three market-based mechanisms:

• International Emissions Trading

• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
• Joint implementation (JI)
TERRESTRIAL (LAND) POLLUTION
TERRESTRIAL (LAND) POLLUTION
The deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on
land or underground in a manner that can contaminate
the soil and groundwater, threaten public health, and
cause unsightly conditions and nuisances.
TERRESTRIAL (LAND) POLLUTION
The deposition of solid or liquid waste materials on
land or underground in a manner that can contaminate
the soil and groundwater, threaten public health, and
cause unsightly conditions and nuisances.
CAUSES OF TERRESTRIAL POLLUTION

FERTILIZERS PESTICIDES
 FERTILIZERS

Fertilizers are substances or mixtures applied to soil

or plants to provide essential nutrients that promote
plant growth and increase agricultural productivity.
 TWO TYPES OF FERTILIZERS
1.Organic fertilizers
refers to any material that comes from natural sources and can be
used to support plant growth.
EXAMPLE:
•Animal manure is made from cow dung and urine of farm animals
such as cattle, horses, and poultry. It helps in the improvisation and
binding of the soil together, adds organic nitrogen, and stimulates
beneficial soil bacteria and fungi.
•Green manure is made from freshly cut growing green vegetation
plowed into the soil. It provides manure and humus for the next crop
that has to be grown.
•Organic matter can be decomposed by the microorganisms present
in the soil. The decomposition is done in the presence of oxygen.
 TWO TYPES OF FERTILIZERS
- Animal manure is made from cow dung and urine
of farm animals such as cattle, horses, and
poultry. It helps in the improvisation and binding
of the soil together, adds organic nitrogen, and
stimulates beneficial soil bacteria and fungi.

- Green manure is made from freshly cut growing

green vegetation plowed into the soil. It provides
manure and humus for the next crop that has to be
grown.

- Organic matter can be decomposed by the

microorganisms present in the soil. The
decomposition is done in the presence of oxygen.
 EFFECTS
Leaching and Runoff
While organic fertilizers are derived from natural
sources and often considered environmentally
friendly, they can still contribute to land pollution.
When applied in excess, organic fertilizers can
lead to nutrient runoff. Rainwater can carry excess
nutrients from organic fertilizers, such as nitrogen
and phosphorus, into water bodies, causing
eutrophication and harming aquatic ecosystems.
 EFFECTS
Microbial Activity
Organic fertilizers contain organic matter that
decomposes over time. During decomposition,
microorganisms break down organic materials,
releasing nutrients into the soil. However,
excessive use of organic fertilizers can lead to an
imbalance in soil microbial populations, which
may affect soil health and structure over time.
 TWO TYPES OF FERTILIZERS
2. Inorganic or Chemical fertilizer
is defined as any inorganic material of wholly or partially synthetic
origin that is added to soil to sustain plant growth.
EXAMPLE:
Nitrogen (N) Fertilizer – This are one of the most common types used to
produce nitrogen to help plants flourish and grow strong.
Phosphorus (P) Fertilizer – It enables a plant to store and transfer energy,
promotes root, flower, and fruit development, and allows early maturity
Potassium (K) - is an essential plant nutrient that improves root growth
and plant vigor, helps prevent lodging, and enhances crop resistance to
pests and diseases.
 TWO TYPES OF FERTILIZERS
Nitrogen (N) Fertilizer – This are one of the
most common types used to produce
nitrogen to help plants flourish and grow
strong.
Phosphorus (P) Fertilizer – It enables a plant
to store and transfer energy, promotes root,
flower, and fruit development, and allows
early maturity
Potassium (K) - is an essential plant nutrient
that improves root growth and plant vigor,
helps prevent lodging, and enhances crop
resistance to pests and diseases.
 EFFECTS
Soil Health
Over-reliance on inorganic fertilizers can
disrupt the natural balance of nutrients in the
soil, leading to nutrient imbalances and
reduced soil quality. This can result in the loss
of soil organic matter, decreased soil fertility,
and increased susceptibility to erosion.

.
 EFFECTS
Contamination of Soil
Chemical fertilizers may contain harmful contaminants such as
heavy metals or residual chemicals from manufacturing
processes. These contaminants can accumulate in the soil over
time, posing risks to soil quality and affecting the health of plants,
animals, and humans who come into contact with the
contaminated soil.

Acidification
Some chemical fertilizers, such as ammonium-based fertilizers,
can contribute to soil acidification when used excessively.
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
Pesticides are substances
that control pests.

Pesticides can be grouped according

to the types of pest which they kill:
Insecticides – insects
Herbicides - Plants
Rodenticides- Rodents rats and mice
Bactericides - Bacteria
Fungicides - Fungi
Larvicides - Larvae
PESTICIDES
It can also be considered as:
•Biodegradable: The biodegradable
kind is those that can be broken
down by microbes and other living
beings into harmless compounds.
Example: Organic Pesticides

• Non- Non-biodegradable or
Persistent: The persistent ones are
those that may take months or
years to break down.
Example: Inorganic Pesticides
 PESTICIDES EFFECTS
Soil Contamination - Pesticides can seep into the soil,
leading to contamination. This contamination can affect
soil health and fertility, potentially harming beneficial
microorganisms and disrupting ecological balance.

Decreased Biodiversity - Pesticides may harm non-target

organisms, including beneficial insects, soil organisms,
and plants. This can decrease biodiversity, disrupting
ecosystems and potentially causing long-term ecological
imbalances.
 PESTICIDES EFFECTS
Residual Effects - Some pesticides, particularly persistent or
non-biodegradable ones, can remain in the soil for extended
periods, leading to long-term effects on land health and
potentially causing harm to future crops or ecosystems.

Disruption of Natural Processes - Pesticides may disrupt

natural processes in soil, such as nutrient cycling and
decomposition, which are essential for maintaining soil
fertility and ecosystem health.
SALINIZATION
 SALINIZATION
• It occurs when the natural balance of salts in soil
and water is disrupted, often due to human activities
such as irrigation, deforestation, or improper
agricultural practices.
• One of the primary causes of salinization is
excessive irrigation without proper drainage.
• Salinization is a particularly pressing concern in arid
and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, while
irrigation is essential for agriculture.
 PROCESS OF SALINIZATION

Salt Source -> Irrigation or Water Application -> Evaporation

-> Salt Accumulation -> Salt Redistribution
CAUSES OF SALINIZATION
•Irrigation Practices:
Over-irrigation or inefficient irrigation
methods can lead to the accumulation of
salts in the soil. This is particularly
common in regions where water is scarce
and irrigation is necessary for agriculture.
•Poor Drainage:
Inadequate drainage systems can prevent
excess water from leaching salts below the root
zone, leading to salt buildup on the soil surface.
CAUSES OF SALINIZATION
• Deforestation and Land Use Changes:
Removal of vegetation can disrupt the natural
water cycle and increase the risk of soil
erosion, which can expose salt-rich layers
and contribute to salinization.
• Climate Change:
Altered precipitation patterns and increased
temperatures associated with climate change
can exacerbate salinization by affecting water
availability and evaporation rates.
EFFECTS OF SALINIZATION
• Reduced Crop Yields:
High soil salinity can inhibit seed
germination, reduce plant growth,
and impair nutrient uptake, which
decreased crop yields.

• Soil Degradation:
Salts can degrade soil structure,
reducing its ability to hold water and
nutrients and leading to soil erosion.
EFFECTS OF SALINIZATION
• Water Quality:
Salinization can impact the quality of
surface and groundwater by increasing salt
concentrations, making water unsuitable
for drinking, irrigation, or industrial use.
• Ecosystem Disturbance:
Salinization can disrupt natural
ecosystems by altering soil composition,
affecting plant and animal species
diversity, and reducing habitat suitability.
 TYPES OF SALINIZATION
• Soil Salinization: Soil salinization refers to the accumulation of salts in the
soil profile, typically near the soil surface.
It often occurs in arid and semi-arid regions where evaporation rates exceed
precipitation, leading to the concentration of salts.
Soil salinization can adversely affect soil fertility, plant growth, and
agricultural productivity.
• Water Salinization: Water salinization occurs when the salt content in
water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater, exceeds normal levels.
It can result from natural processes like rocks weathering, and human
activities such as irrigation, industrial discharge, and mining.
Salinized water can be unsuitable for drinking, irrigation, or industrial use
can harm aquatic ecosystems.
 TYPES OF SALINIZATION
• Salinization of Irrigated Lands: It refers to the accumulation of salts in
agricultural soils due to irrigation practices.
Over-irrigation or inefficient irrigation methods can lead to the buildup of salts
in the soil, particularly in regions with high evaporation rates.
Salinization of irrigated lands can reduce crop yields, degrade soil quality, and
threaten food security.
• Saline Intrusion: Saline intrusion occurs when saltwater infiltrates freshwater
aquifers or surface water bodies.
It often occurs in coastal areas where seawater intrudes into freshwater sources
due to factors, such as sea level rise, groundwater pumping, or land subsidence.
Saline intrusion can contaminate drinking water supplies and harm ecosystems
dependent on freshwater resources.
 TYPES OF SALINIZATION
• Salinization of Wetlands: It refers to the increase of salt concentrations in
wetland ecosystems, including marshes, swamps, and estuaries.
It can result from natural processes such as tidal influence, and human
activities like agriculture, urbanization, and dam construction.
Salinization of wetlands can disrupt plant and animal communities, alter
ecosystem functions, and degrade habitat quality.
• Urban Salinization: Urban salinization refers to the accumulation of salts
in urban environments, including soils, surface water, and infrastructure.
It can result from road salt application for de-icing, industrial activities, and
urban runoff containing salts from roads, buildings, and other surfaces.
Urban salinization can degrade soil quality, corrode infrastructure, and
impact freshwater resources and aquatic ecosystems.
DESERTIFICATION
DESERTIFICATION
Desertification is the degradation process by which a
fertile land changes into a desert by losing its flora and
fauna. This can be caused by drought, deforestation,
climate change, human activities, or improper
agriculture.
PROCESS OF DESERTIFICATION
 PROCESS OF DESERTIFICATION
• Land Degradation Begins: It often starts with human activities like
overgrazing, deforestation, or unsustainable farming practices. These
activities strip the land of its vegetation cover, exposing the soil to
erosion by wind and water.
• Soil Erosion: Without plants to hold the soil in place, wind and water
erosion become more severe. Topsoil, which is rich in nutrients and
essential for plant growth, is lost, leaving behind barren, rocky terrain.
• Loss of Soil Fertility: As erosion continues, the fertile topsoil layer is
depleted, making it difficult for plants to grow. Without vegetation to
stabilize the soil, erosion accelerates, creating a vicious cycle of land
degradation.
PROCESS OF DESERTIFICATION
• Drying of the Soil: With less vegetation and soil cover,
moisture in the soil evaporates more quickly, making the
land drier. This process, known as soil desiccation, further
reduces the land's ability to support plant life.

• Spread of Desert-Like Conditions: As the land becomes drier

and less fertile, it begins to resemble desert terrain. This
leads to a decline in biodiversity, loss of habitats for wildlife,
and reduced availability of resources for human populations.
CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION
• Climate Change: Changes in precipitation
patterns, temperature, and extreme weather
events associated with climate change can
exacerbate aridity and desertification processes.
•Land Mismanagement: Unsustainable
agricultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing,
and improper irrigation methods contribute to
soil degradation and vegetation loss.
• Human Activities: Urbanization, population
pressure, and expansion of agricultural land into
marginal areas can accelerate soil erosion and
desertification processes.
EFFECTS OF DESERTIFICATION
 EFFECTS OF DESERTIFICATION
• Loss of Vegetation: Degradation of vegetation cover due to
desertification reduces biodiversity, disrupts ecosystems, and
diminishes the capacity of land to support plant and animal life.
• Soil Erosion: Exposed soil surfaces are vulnerable to erosion
by wind and water, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil, reduced
soil productivity, and increased sedimentation in water bodies.
• Decline in Water Resources: Desertification can deplete
groundwater reserves, diminish surface water availability, and
exacerbate water scarcity, affecting human communities and
ecosystems dependent on water resources.
 EFFECTS OF DESERTIFICATION
• Socio-economic Impacts: Desertification threatens
food security, livelihoods, and human well-being,
particularly in vulnerable communities dependent on
agriculture and natural resources.
• Increased Vulnerability to Climate Change:
Desertification can amplify the impacts of climate
change, creating feedback loops that exacerbate
aridity, land degradation, and environmental
degradation.
 WATER
POLLUTION
 CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTION
Point source pollution -
Any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants
are discharged, such as pipe, ditch, factory smokestack, and
ship.
Nonpoint source pollution -
Is caused by rainfall or snowmelt moving over and through the
ground. As the runoff moves it carries away natural and human-
made pollutants and deposits them into wetlands, rivers, and
coastal waters.
CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTION
Transboundary
pollution -
Result of
contaminated
water from one
country spilling into
the waters of
another.
 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
Sewage and wastewater
- Inadequate sewage collection and treatment are sources of water pollution.
- Sewage is treated in water treatment plants. The waste is often disposed of
into the sea.
Industrial waste
- It produces a lot of waste containing toxic chemicals and pollutants. A
massive amount of industrial waste is drained into the freshwater, which
flows into canals, rivers, and eventually into the sea.
Radioactive waste
- Radioactive waste can linger in the environment for thousands of years.
When these substances are released accidentally or disposed of improperly,
they threaten surface water, and marine resources.
 CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
Agriculture - It has an impact on water pollution due to the use of chemicals
such as fertilizers, pesticides, or insecticides running off in the water as well
as livestock excrement manure and methane. Pollution is directly in the water
as excess food and fertilizers are causing dystrophication.

Urbanization and deforestation - Cutting down trees and concreting over large
areas generates an acceleration of flows, which does not give enough time for
water to infiltrate and be purified by the ground.

Marine dumping - Garbage such as plastic paper, aluminum, food, glass, or

rubber are deposited into the sea. These take weeks to hundreds of years to
decompose. Thus, they are a primary cause of water pollution.
HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN WORK
1. an infeed elevator pumps up the wastewater so that all the cleaning stages
are in a free gradient, meaning it can run through without further pumps and
then flow into the nearby stream or river.
2. All substances that can settle but are not retained in the sand trap settle in
the primary clarifier. A dozer blade continuously pushes the mud on the
bottom towards the center.
3. The wastewater, which mainly contains carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
compounds, is then transported to the biological treatment. To remove the
dissolved substances, the conversion into an undissolved form is necessary.
4. The reason for this is that the rinsing and cleaning water produced during
the grape harvest is highly polluted and ends up in the sewage treatment
plant via the wastewater cycle, where the bacteria break down the pollution
with a large amount of oxygen.
HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN WORK
In the control station, the pH value, temperature, turbidity, and conductivity
are measured continuously. Samples are taken automatically, the
ingredients of which are analyzed in the laboratory the next day.
5. A continuously rotating scraper pushes the sludge on the floor to the
center of the pool. From there it flows as so-called return sludge to the
return sludge pumping station, which conveys it back into the aeration
tank. The activated sludge flows in a circuit through the basins.

6. To avoid this pollution of the oxygen balance of the water, the phosphate
must be removed from the wastewater. Well-founded knowledge already
exists of several materials that can be used to reduce phosphate levels,
some of which are already used in municipal wastewater treatment.
HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN WORK
 HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN WORK
Microplastics
• Microplastics are tiny particles of synthetic polymers and plastics and their products
are less than 5 millimeters in size.
• Microplastics can either be intentionally added to products, for example, in
cosmetics or cleaning products or be a waste product from the decomposition of
larger plastic parts.
Types
- Primary microplastic type A categorizes and considers microplastics as a chemical.
This category includes the types that are added directly to products
- The category primary microplastic type B includes plastic particles that are generated
during the use of plastic products and are directly (without detours) introduced into
the environment as microplastics.
- Secondary microplastics include all microplastic particles that are created by the
slow decomposition of large plastic parts or plastic waste in the environment.
HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN WORK
 HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN WORK
A potential risk for organisms is posed by additives, such as
plasticizers, PFAS and other chemical compounds, which are
classified as potentially harmful or hazardous in more than 50% of
plastics, including commercially available materials such as
polyethylene and polypropylene.

In addition to polymers, these are components of microplastic

particles in a wide variety of concentrations and compositions. They
are released into the environment or transferred directly to the
organism when ingested.
HOW WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLAN WORK