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THEORY REFERENCE NOTES

COURSE: B.Arch
SEMESTER: SEMESTER – 4
AUTHOR NAME: Ibrahim sir

HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE - 3
CONTENT

S.No CHAPTERS PAGE#

1. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS 01
2. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 02-07

CREDITS

Source: Internet, Civil Content contributors:

engineering textbooks,
architectural textbooks,
JNAFAU library
Editor: Ibrahim sir
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FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS (2013 – 2018)

1. Define industrial revolution, and explain in detail its influence
on architecture in the 19th century. (Feb – 18)
2. Explain the influence of industrial revolution on building
materials and construction technology. (Aug – 17, Sep – 16,
Mar- 15)
3. Explain the new materials and building technology that were
used during the industrial revolution (Mar – 16)
4. How did industrial revolution affect the architecture world?
Explain the evolution of new building types. (Sep – 16)
5. Explain the major influences of the Industrial Revolution on
architecture (Mar – 15, Sep - 14)
6. Write short notes on new building typologies that emerged
during the industrial revolution. (Mar – 15)
7. Industrial revolution resulted in socio-economic changes and
brought in new materials and construction technology, which
led to a new trend in architecture called modern movement.
Explain the context n which modern architecture emerged.
(Sep – 14)

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IBRAHIM SIBGATULLAH’S ARCHITECTURAL ACADEMY
FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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1. INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

SYLLABUS:
Influence of Industrial Revolution on building materials,
construction technology, evolution of new building types and
increasing user requirements.

INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

1. The Industrial Revolution led to changes at every level of
civilization throughout the world.
2. It was the transition to new manufacturing processes.
3. This transition included going from hand production methods
to machines.
4. The industrial revolution also led to,
a. New chemical manufacturing and iron production
processes,
b. Improved efficiency of water power,
c. The increasing use of steam power and
d. The development of machine tools.
5. It also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to
coal.
On the other hand, with industrialization, came huge migrations
to urban settings. There was a rise of mass housing projects,
public transportation, public parks and amusement areas. A new
urban society had emerged and the demand for urban
architecture was greater than ever before.
Before the Industrial revolution building types were churches,
palaces, fortresses and their variations such as town halls and
villas. However, Post-Industrial revolution saw a broader

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FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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spectrum of functional buildings, factories, warehouses, railroad

stations, bridges, commercial buildings, etc.
In addition to this, as a response to the increasing urbanization
and the growing population in cities there was a development in
courts, seats of parliament, large theatres, hospitals, hotels,
resorts, public parks, libraries, etc.
INCREASING USER REQUIREMENTS:
Though many people in Britain had begun moving to the cities
from rural areas before the Industrial Revolution, this process
accelerated dramatically with industrialization, as the rise of large
factories turned smaller towns into major cities over the span of
decades.
The conveniences of city life created a demand for other products,
such as clothing and non-essential items that improved the
quality of life. New technologies were invented to meet the
growing demand for these products, which lead to the first
industrial factories. Soon, people were moving into cities in
greater numbers to find employment as factory workers.
This rapid urbanization brought significant challenges, as
overcrowded cities suffered from pollution, inadequate sanitation
and a lack of clean drinking water.
INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
Architecture in olden days was a commodity of the rich and
powerful so it was mainly confined to the construction of
religious buildings, palaces, castles, mansions, monuments and
final resting places. The construction was based on the principles
of social pyramid, with small minority of rich, powerful on top
and large majority of common people at its bottom. Now the

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disappearance of suchsocial pyramids led to the development of

the modern architecture that suited the masses.
Changes began to take place initially in Europe and eventually
spread to colonies, as well as the rest of the world. The Modern
Movement had no influence of geographical, geological, climatic
conditions, social and religious customs.
Now nobody desires palaces, castles, mansions etc.But instead we
need mass housing, shopping centres, factories, office buildings,
bus-terminals, rail road sheds etc.
Influence of industrial revolution on building materials:
The growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new building
materials—such as cast iron, steel, and glass—with which
architects and engineers devised structures previously
undreamed of in function, size, and form.
Materials of Modern architecture:
Modern architecture considerably improved and outdated all the
old styles of design with the invention of new materials and new
techniques. Some materials used in the modern architecture are
as follows:
a. Steel
b. Reinforced Cement Concrete and Pre-Stressed Concrete
c. Glass
d. Lamination
e. Plywood
f. Plastic

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Difference between traditional materials and new materials:

Traditional Materials New Materials
The size of structural Greater tensile strength
components was large to permitted thinness in
support the loads structural components.
No uniformity in quality of Uniformity was predictable
traditional materials due to the crucial engineering
calculations
The building components were The structural components
shaped by cutting large could be easily created from
materials into smaller units. simple materials in liquid form.
Small units of construction Monolith structures became
materials were joined with possible.
mortar to create a building
The materials gave not just The new materials only had
structural benefits but also had structural benefits. So, old
aesthetic properties. materials were chosen to bring
texture,colour etc.
Traditional materials: Traditional materials were primarily
procured from nature and modified marginally, such as timber,
stone blocks, clay bricks, etc. Lime mortar and Roman concrete
were the only exceptions, which had to be prepared.
Limitations of modern materials:Metals which could withstand
high tensile stresses had limited use. Bronze was quite expensive
and brittle. Iron was available in limited quantities. However, as
there was no quality control system, iron was susceptible to rust,
and hence, sparingly used for tie rods, chains, masonry clamps,
minor decorations, etc

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Stone, bricks, timber and tiles are materials which have been
greatly used in the construction of buildings, large or small, single
or complex and are still employed in the traditional way
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURE:
The industrial revolution brought about the rapid growth of
technology and led to the discovery and invention of several
materials for building purposes. With this, there was a change in
building technology as well. There was an emergence of new
settlement structures such as worker’s housing, etc.
One important aim of architectural design was to erect large
factory halls with flexible interiors suitable to production; and at
the same time, to provide them with as much daylight as possible.
This need let to the construction of buildings with huge window
facades of glazed iron beams.
People’s aesthetic tastes also showed a marked change. 19th
century factories were designed in a style which looked familiar
to that of public buildings of the state.This was because the
factories were often located on private properties or close to
private residences. Hence, value was placed not just on utility, but
also on a decorative exterior.
EVOLUTION OF NEW BUILDING TYPES:
Invention and benefits of building materials:
a. Cast iron:Cast Iron is essentially brittle material and is
approximately four times as resistant to compression as stone.
b. Wrought iron:Wrought Iron is forty times more resistant to
tension and bending than stone. It can be moulded into any
shape.

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c. Glass: Glass can be manufactured in larger sizes and volumes.

Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures,
making it possible to erect buildings of almost unrestricted
height. Buildings could be constructed into any shape and in
short time
Various architectural evolutions:
The following were the various architectural evolutions to the
massive technological advancements that were witnessed with
the advent of the industrial revolution.
Substitution: This involves the simple substitution of materials
in traditional architecture with newer materials (for e.g. casting a
Corinthian column in cast iron).
Modification: This involves the modification of older forms while
exploiting the properties of new materials. This quite often,
involved the distortion of traditional forms to make use of the
varied properties of the new materials.
Creation: Architects created diverse forms combined with
traditional historical styles. This was made possible through,
a. Hidden structures: Where the structure or the newer
materials were masked under an external traditional facade.
E.g. The Statue of liberty
b. Co-existence: Where new structural forms would co-exist
side-by-side with traditional fabric as in Railway stations.
c. Combination: Where new and traditional structures were
combined in the same unit as in a masonry shell with a
visible internal structure entirely or partly.

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