Live-in-Field Experience (LFE)

TMSS, Bogura.
Dokkhin Para, Bagho Para, Bogura.

Topic:
LFE report of Group 17, Section 09.

Submitted to
The office of LFE through:
Ms. Refat Ara Jerin
Mr. Md Abu Sayed
Mr. Istiak Ahmed

Prepared by: Group 17

Name ID Contribution
Reazul Zannat Khan Alvi 1810140 Chapter 4

Tahniz Noor 1920704 Chapter 6

Md. Toufikur Rahman 1930245 Chapter 7

Avishake Saha 1921232 Chapter 3

Maisha Adity Farzana 1921278 Chapter 5

Submission date: 22nd September 2022

 Letter of Transmittal

22nd September 2022

To
Tanvir Ahmed Haroon
Coordinator LFE
Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)
Through
Ms. Refat Ara Jerin
Mr. Md Abu Sayed
Mr. Istiak Ahmed
Subject: Letter of transmittal for the assigned LFE report, Summer 2022.
Sir,
We the undersigned, would like to submit here with the "Live-in-Field Experience (LFE) Report,
Summer 2022 of LFE study on Dokkhin para villlage, in Baghopara union of Bogura district from
28th August to 08th September, this report has been prepared. By using PRA methods,
questionnaire survey and observation, we tried our best to learn about the demography, geography,
social condition and change, economy and agriculture, the impact of seasonality on various aspects
of agriculture, health and environment and the Market and Haat serving the needs of the village.
The analysis of the data gathered from our field survey helped us in understanding the lives of the
rural people. We would be glad to clarify any matter whenever you required so.
Sincerely yours,
Reazul Zannat Khan Alvi -1810140
Tahniz Noor -1920704
MD. TOUFIKUR RAHMAN-1930245
AVISHAKE SAHA -1921232
Maisha Adity Farzana -1921278

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 Acknowledgement

We express our heartiest gratitude to our teachers, Ms. Refat Ara Jerin, Mr. Md Abu Sayed, and
Mr. Istiak Ahmed their restless guidance in the field. Our special thanks again go to our teachers,
for educating us on various aspect of LFE as well as guiding us through the report writing
procedure.

We also owe many thanks to BOGURA TMSS the most hospitable people, for giving us many
valuable tips for collecting data during the field survey.
Without the constant help and guidance of our assigned LFE monitors, the study would not have
been this possible, we are really grateful to them.

Our honest gratitude goes to the inhabitant of Dokkhin para village in Baghopara union of Bogura
for their warm and hospitable treatment. Without their enthusiastic cooperation, it was not possible
to make the study successful.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal ...................................................................................................................2

Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................7
1. INTRODUCTION: ..............................................................................................................7
1.1 Origin of the report: ...........................................................................................................7
1.2 Objective: ..........................................................................................................................7
1.3 Scope of the report: ............................................................................................................8
1.4 Limitations: .......................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................9
2. METHODOLOGY: .............................................................................................................9
2.1 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): .................................................................................9
2.2 Questionnaire Survey: ........................................................................................................9
2.3 Collecting Primary and Secondary Data: .......................................................................... 10
2.4 Observation: .................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3: Village and Para Profile and Mapping-( Avishake Saha ) ......................................... 11
3.1 Para Profile ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Objective ......................................................................................................................... 12
3.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 12
3.6 Overview of the village and Para ..................................................................................... 12
3.7 Village mapping .............................................................................................................. 13
3.7.1 Dokkhin Para ............................................................................................................ 13
3.7.2 Major Findings .......................................................................................................... 14
3.8 Transect Map of Bagho Para Dokkhin Para .................................................................. 14
3.8.1 Objectives of the transect map ................................................................................... 14
3.8.2 Description ................................................................................................................ 15
3.8.3 The Findings of Bagho Para Dokkhin Para Transect Map .......................................... 15
CHAPTR 4: SOCIAL CHANGE-( Reazul Zannat Khan Alvi ) ................................................. 17
4.1 Introduction: .................................................................................................................... 17

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 4.2 Objective: ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.3 Methodology: .................................................................................................................. 17
4.4 Social Change Process: .................................................................................................... 17
4.5 Significant Factors of Social Change Process Analysis: ................................................... 18
4.5.1 Educational change.................................................................................................... 18
4.5.2 Minimum Level of Education to Get Married ............................................................ 19
4.5.3 Activity Allowance of Female Members .................................................................... 20
4.5.4 Demographic status ................................................................................................... 20
4.5.5 Negative and positive changes during post liberation period ...................................... 22
Chapter 5: Economy and Rural Production Cycle-( Maisha Adity Farzana ) .............................. 23
5.1 Introduction: .................................................................................................................... 23
5.2 Objective: ........................................................................................................................ 23
5.3 Profession of the income earning members: ..................................................................... 23
5.4 CONCLUSION: .............................................................................................................. 26
Chapter 6: HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT-( Tahniz Noor ) ................................................. 27
6.1 Introduction: .................................................................................................................... 27
6.2 Objectives: ....................................................................................................................... 27
6.2.1 Health and Environment Condition:........................................................................... 27
6.2.2 Sources and uses of water .......................................................................................... 28
6.2.3 Sanitation System ...................................................................................................... 28
6.2.4 Fuel used for cooking ................................................................................................ 28
6.2.5 Effects of usage of fuel .............................................................................................. 28
6.2.6 Ways of waste disposal.............................................................................................. 29
6.2.7 Vaccination Programs ............................................................................................... 29
6.2.8 Government Health center and doctor facilities ......................................................... 29
6.2.9 Family planning ........................................................................................................ 29
6.2.10 Environmental Effects ............................................................................................. 30
6.3 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 7: Rural Market Analysis-( MD. TOUFIKUR RAHMAN ) .......................................... 31
7.0 Introduction: .................................................................................................................... 31
7.1 Objectives: ....................................................................................................................... 31

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 7.2 Procedure: ....................................................................................................................... 31
7.3 A short description of ‘Mohasthan Haat’: ......................................................................... 31
7.3.1 Market:...................................................................................................................... 31
7.3.2 Rural Market Structure: ............................................................................................. 32
7.3.3 Differences between Haat and Bazaar: ....................................................................... 32
7.3.4 Arrangement of Mahashthan Haat: ............................................................................ 32
7.3.5 Some Major Supporting Factors of the Haat: ............................................................. 32
7.4 Classification of Products or Available Products in the Haat: ........................................... 33
7.4.1 Products: ................................................................................................................... 33
7.4.2 Consumer Products: .................................................................................................. 33
7.4.2.1 Convenience Products: ........................................................................................ 33
7.4.2.2 Shopping products: ............................................................................................. 33
7.4.2.3 Specialty product: ............................................................................................... 33
7.4.2.4 Unsought Product: .............................................................................................. 34
7.4.3 Industrial Product: ..................................................................................................... 34
7.4.4 Available Services within the Haat: ........................................................................... 34
7.4.5 Some Handmade products of the Haat: ...................................................................... 34
7.4.6 Some fake products of the market: ............................................................................. 34
7.4.7 Promotional activities of local goods in the haat: ....................................................... 34
7.5 Inward and Outward Products: ......................................................................................... 35
7.6 Distribution Channel of the Haat: ..................................................................................... 35
7.8 Conclusion:...................................................................................................................... 36
8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 37

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION:
Bangladesh is a nation rich in history, culture, and traditions that date back more than a thousand
years. Even though culture is made up of the social conventions, beliefs, and attitudes of a
particular society, it has a stronger impact on people's daily lives. The purpose of the Live-in Field
Experience course is to teach students how to perform a typical village survey using PRA
(Participatory Rural Appraisal) and relationship-building. Bangladesh is a developing nation
where 61% of people live in villages. The majority of Bangladesh's regions lack social,
environmental, economic, educational, and cultural development. They also lack adequate
technology, gas, and infrastructure. It is impossible to anticipate the overall economic development
of the nation without appropriate awareness of these fundamental phenomena. Numerous NGOs
are working in the communities to reduce poverty, create economic self-sufficiency, and raise
environmental awareness. However, it is crucial to evaluate the social, environmental, economic,
health, and other relevant factors of the village and the residents before making any attempts. The
students are forced to be explorative and creative with the facts and results that exist in our rural
community because this LFE program is so demanding.

1.1 Origin of the report:

LFE (Live in Field Experience), the course is only offered in Independent University of
Bangladesh (IUB). Though similar courses are found in many public universities, IUB gives
special privilege to its students. Most of the university's students belong to cities or urban areas
therefore they have little knowledge about the rural life. A few have theoretical knowledge about
village but that is not adequate for the students in this competitive generation. During this course,
students do have the opportunity of interviewing personally, doing surveys and observing the rural
life.

1.2 Objective:
 To get an idea about the socio-economic realities of rural Bangladesh.
 To see with our eyes both rural poverty and rural development efforts by assessing the
income level and agricultural development.
 To understand the social change processes over the historical period.
 To acquire knowledge about the existent human health and environment situations of the
rural area.
 To understand the rural market system.
 To make the students familiar with qualitative method of data collection.
 To learn how to communicate with the people in different environment and situation.

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1.3 Scope of the report:
IUB has invested a lot of time and resources to complete successful research by doing LFE.
Though 10 days is a very short period for getting a clear idea about rural areas and rural
community, we tried to make it successful. Our supervisors always helped us. The effective
research techniques and our sincerity have made our scope of report appropriate. This study is
likely to be conducted on assessing the infrastructure in respect of economy, society, culture,
market of a particular village setting. For the purpose of our analysis, both quantitative and
qualitative data has been collected from the most important informants of the respective village.
We have included qualitative as well as quantitative data in the present study because these days
as criterion of social research, there is a growing concern and demand for qualitative data backed
by quantifiable analysis.

1.4 Limitations:
During the completion of the report, we have faced many limitations that might have reduced the
quality of the report. Since this is the first time that we are doing this kind of field work, the overall
quality of this report may not be as professionals. Some of the limitations we faced are mentioned
below:

Firstly, the time given to us in the field was not sufficient for data collection. Only 5 days in the
field for 3 hours (each day) is not enough time to collect some of the sophisticated data. Some
sensitive issues were not easy to discuss with the villagers like income sources, measurement of
land property and wealth ranking. In the morning most of the male member of the family goes out
to work in field and other places. Therefore, we hardly had any time to talk to them and collect
important data. Women in the villages are usually conservative and do not share these types of
information with the strangers. Villagers were not familiar with the question and gave us biased
information several times. Therefore, we had some hard time extracting the original information.

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 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2. METHODOLOGY:
Methodology is a term that is used for micro level i.e., for research. It specifies the only method
or methods used out of the various methods for research. Therefore, it applies to research and the
methods used there. We used Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique in our LFE. Most of
the information is collected by using PRA. Both primary and secondary data had been collected
for the fulfillment of the concerned study. We have applied the tools and techniques of PRA for
the study of village resource mapping and transect social change process, income assessment and
gender division of labor, health and environment, rural market.

2.1 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):

All the information and issues presented in LFE report are gathered through two different
processes. One is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and the other one is based on questionnaire
survey. PRA method incorporates asking information to the respondents and finding out important
information from them. These are open ended questions that students ask the respondents and
respondents provide qualitative information. Actually, questions are used to find out internal
information about the villagers when they talk about their own lives. In this situation, students
need to create a friendly situation whereby respondents become willing to disclose all the relevant
information. In order to do this, students need to do the rapport building with the villagers. After
building relationships with the villagers they begin to trust the students and provide them with the
needed information. People of this village are very friendly from the beginning and helpful.

2.2 Questionnaire Survey:

As we were given twenty-nine survey questionnaires to fill up and for that we have to choose ten
households from the ‘Baghopara’ village. We tried to pick ten houses precisely so that all the
houses could cover the whole Para. Every household of ‘Dokkhin Para’ of ‘Baghopara’ village
had the equal chance to be selected. Name, Age, sex, marital status, relationship with HHH,
schooling and occupation given in the next page:

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 NAME AGE SEX MARITAL RELATIONSHIP SCHOOLING OCCUPATION
STATUS WITH
HHH
Abdul 68 Male Married Himself SSC passes Farmer
Bashir
Begum 55 Female Married Wife Class-5 Housewife
Rokeya
Leyakat 39 Male Married Elder son B.com Employed
Bashir
Samsun 32 Female Married Daughter-in-law HSC Housewife
Nahar
Zidan 26 Male Married Younger son MSC Student
Bashir

2.3 Collecting Primary and Secondary Data:

There are many ways of collecting primary data. Basically, we used PRA Participatory Rural
Appraisal for collecting qualitative data. Moreover, we used questionnaire surveys and other
methods too. Secondary sources are also important e.g. we gathered some information from the
library and relative websites.

2.4 Observation:
We have also used observation method when surveying the Para. In order to collect information
about environmental effects, sanitation, water sources, we tried to use the observation method. we
also took a lot of pictures which is also a part of observation and tried to describe the actual scenario
of ‘Dokkhin Para.’

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 CHAPTER 3: VILLAGE & PARA PROFILE & MAPPING-
( Avishake Saha )

3.1 Para Profile

Bagho Para Dokkhin Para at a Glance

Village: Baghopara
Para: Dokkhin Para

Thana: Bogura
Union: Gokul

District: Rajshahi
Location: 1 km South from TMSS
Population: 79 (approximately)

Number of Families: 21
Religion: Islam

Number of NGO: 1
Number of Mosque: 1

Number of Healthcare Centre: 1

Number of Shops: 2
Number of Ponds: 5
Number of School: 1

3.2 Introduction
The mapping of a para consists of the demographic & physical structures that are in the Para. The
para we were assigned was Bagho Para Dokkhin Para and the mapping gives and overall estimation
of the whole para. Here the information of the physical features, whereabouts, peoples, livelihood
of the whole para Is collected for completing the report.

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3.3 Objective
 Locating the whole infrastructure of the Para.
 Getting to know about the household types.
 Identifying the resources, the para has.
 Identifying the soli type of the para.
 Identifying the verities of trees in the para.
 knowing about the social and environmental condition of the para and its people.

3.4 Methodology
We have used Participatory mapping technique of PRA for Para mapping. We used questionnaire
survey and conducted one to one interview for collecting information (e.g., Para background, age
of the Para, soil type, age, marriage, and education) of the Para. we tried to use the local language
while conducting surveys and question answers to make the peoples comfortable to talk with us
and give information. We also tried to build rapport by asking them about the liberation war. This
helped us to get information about the social change over time in the para.

3.6 Overview of the village and Para

Name of the village
Name of the village is Bagho Para village and our assigned Para is Dokkhin Para.

Location
The Para is situated at approximately 1 km South from TMSS.

Major religion
The major religion group of Bagho Para Dokkhin Para is Muslim. We did not find any other type
of religion there except Muslim.

Area
The approximate area of Dokkhin Para in Bagho Para Dokkhin Para village is approximately 2.9
km.

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3.7 Village mapping
The village mapping was done and made with the information gathered on the first day of survey.
We were able to locate many things of the village from the start till the end. The map demonstrates
the major and minor resources that are currently located in the village. We could not find any
volunteers to draw the map for us, but we managed to talk with some elders of the village who
gave us some clear idea of the whole para. Then with that information that we gathered and our
own lookout and mapping we managed to get and approximate idea of how the whole para will
look like.

Figure: Village Map

3.7.1 Dokkhin Para

Dokkhin Para is a small para with about 21 households. Along with that at the entrance of the
para starts with small shops and the para ends at the bamboo trees of Ashokola Mor. There are
many paddy fields along with some fishponds.

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3.7.2 Major Findings
As my personal finding and observation, the point I am considering as my major findings are
given below:
 100% people are Muslims in Dokkhin Para.
 About 30% f villagers are farmer.
 10% of people are foreign remittance earner.
 30% of people have their own business.
 10% of people have job where % are Auto drivers.
 People are getting aware of children education.
 The whole para has 100% electricity at every corner.
 For drinking water, they have Tube well and electric pump.
 There is only one unused well in the Para.
 All the toilet type of the households is Ring Slab.
 Most of house has been found surrounded by trees.
 There is one mosque in the para.
 Most of the people believes the period of Ex-PM Begum Khaleda Zia was good and lots
of positive social changes happened during that time.
 Most of the people trough garbage in selected places. And there is one specific
abandoned small pond for waste disposal as well.
 Dowry is very less common in Bagho Para Dokkhin Para.

3.8 Transect Map of Bagho Para Dokkhin Para

The area of Dokkhin Para is very much equal in size comparing to another Para of Bagho Para
village. We used Transect mapping to get an overall estimation of the whole para. Transect
mapping is known as a selection technique where the whole portion is being divide into small
number of equal portions to get represent the whole para. The overall goal of Transect mapping is
to have an idea of the current resources that the para has. The total Bagho Para Dokkhin Para is
length about 504 steps. We have divided the whole portion in to 5 small portions where we took
100 steps in each portion and excluded the last 4 portion because there are only paddy fields over
there and nothing more.

3.8.1 Objectives of the transect map

 Identifying the natural resources of the Para.

 Identifying the soil type, land use, tree species.
 Getting to know the land usage of each zone.
 Identifying the problem in the para.

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3.8.2 Description
To make it easier to explain the whole para have divided it into 5 different zones. Each of the zones
are different from one another and has different elements in it. Although the soil type is same as it
is at the beginning of the Para and the ending of the Para. We have also identified the land usage
of each zone. For what purpose it is being used for. We have also identified the problem that each
zone has throughout the whole Para.

Figure: Transect Map

3.8.3 The Findings of Bagho Para Dokkhin Para Transect Map

The village map of Bagho Para Dokkhin Para starts from the direction north to south. The whole
village is about 504 steps of walking. There are about 21 households in total. There are some
fishing ponds, concrete house, Tin roof house, three mud house, one mosque, 1 NGO, one
vaccination center, 2 general stores, vegetable field, rice field, various fruit trees, etc.

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Zone-1: This zone is used for many purposes. We have found General store, Seed store, Auto
stand and a Tractor parking lot. (Steps 1 to 100)
Soli type: The soil type of this zone is Pitch Road and Muddy Road.
Land usage: Commercial use, Agricultural use.
Tree Species: Mango, Banana, Mahagoni.
Problems: N/A
Zone-2: In this zone there are lowlands, paddy fields and a general store and a graveyard. (Steps
101 to 200)
Soil type: The soil type of this zone is Pitch Road.
Land usage: This land is used for Commercial use, Housing and for Fishing.
Tree Species: Kodom, Korai, Wild trees.
Problems: Ant infiltration.
Zone-3: In this zone there are lowlands, cows, goats tubewell and madrasa with the Mosque.
(Steps 201 to 300)
Soil type: The soil type of this zone is Pitch Road and Muddy Road.
Land usage: This land is used for Housing, Mosque, Agriculture, Haystack and Fishing.
Tree Species: Palm Tree, Banana, Wild Tree, Jackfruit.
Problems: Ant infiltration, Air pollution (CO2 & Methane emission)
Zone-4: This zone is used for lowlands, general shop, doctor bari and submersible. (Steps 301 to
400)
Soil type: The soil type of this zone is Pitch Road.
Land usage: This land is used for Housing, Service, wastage dump.
Tree Species: Kochu, turmeric, Palm, Mehedi & Date.
Problems: Ant infiltration, Air pollution (CO2 & Methane emission), soil pollution,

Zone-5: This zone is used for lowlands, Paddy fields, pond. (Steps 401 to 500)
Soil type: The soil type of this zone is Muddy Road.
Land usage: Agricultural use & Fishing.
Tree Species: Banana, Wild trees, Palm, Green beans Pumpkins.
Problems: N/A

In the end identifying the common things in every zone we have found that,
 All the five types of zones have same type of soil, which is Pitch Road and Muddy Road.
 There were mixed varieties of trees identified in the whole Para.
 The land of this area is contaminated because of waste disposal.
 There are two general stores in this Para.

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The problems that we have found have no solutions. If we talk about ant infiltration, it is common
in almost every village and if they want to solve this problem, they will have to cut down trees.
For air pollution from the gas that comes from burning firewood and LPG gas, there is an alternate
solution for it as well.

CHAPTR 4: SOCIAL CHANGE-( Reazul Zannat Khan Alvi )

4.1 Introduction:
A society is a structured community in which individuals reside. They have a similar geographical
area, governmental system, traditional culture, identity, etc. A social change a continuous process
that changes over varying lengths of time. From the context, let's In Bangladesh, villages account
for 80% of the country's population, with the remaining 20% living in urban areas they are
accustomed to modern culture and ideals because they live in an urban location. But as The rest of
their (Urban citizens') ancestors, according to the social history, originated from the village.
Therefore, it may be claimed that the village's culture, standards, and values are the true foundation
or source of the "transformed mixed culture" of today, which has constantly evolved because of
many a time frame.

4.2 Objective:
My goal was to examine several significant social key indicators and how they were interpreted to
have a comprehensive understanding of the social transformation in my allocated village,
"Bhagopara" interrelated. Additionally, I tried to understand how they changed from the British
Era to the Present days, as well as the effects it had on society, etc.

4.3 Methodology:
I have attempted to gather the essential information to paint a realistic picture of societal
transformation. Applying the observational and PRA approaches in obtaining knowledge from the
older villagers about the conditions of the survey form. I, along with the others in my group, asked
them to explain the several facets of the social transformation in their village from the time before
liberation until today.

4.4 Social Change Process:

The social change process is a continuous progress of the society undergoing endless changes.
Social changes occur in ‘culture’ and cultural evolution results from the process of social change.
Now this process may include several patterns of changes but for this study we will be focusing
on one factor that can be related to the Dokkhinpara village survey results. One major factor is the

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linear change where the society gradually moves up the civilization ladder of improvement (i.e:
growing communication sector).

4.5 Significant Factors of Social Change Process Analysis:

There may be a single factor that may cause a certain change to a society, but social change is
always associated with several factors. In this study we have covered the demographic social
status.

The social status including the following factors we will be discussing are:
Education level

Minimum age to get married

Minimum level of education to get married

Female member allowed activities

Positive post liberation changes
Negative post liberation changes

4.5.1 Educational change

From the ten surveys conducted in the Dokkihnpara village, our results show that the minimum
level of primary education for both females and males is zero percent. For secondary school
education, the minimum level of education for male is 16.7 percent and for females is 37.5%, for
higher secondary the male population has a higher percentage of 41.6% whereas for females it is
33.3%. For graduate students to be
male the percentage is to be 33.3%
and for females it is 25% and for post
graduate the male population is to
have an 8.3% and for females it is
only around 4.10% which can be
concluded that males in the
Dokkhinpara village have a higher
degree in education than the females
to have, interestingly even though the
women have a higher secondary and
higher secondary degree that is the
Figure: Minimum education for children
furthest they can go.

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4.5.2 Minimum Level of Education to Get Married
Like the minimum level of education level chart, the minimum level of education to get married
is zero percent for both male and female that have finished primary school. Eight percent of the
male population and fifty-two percent of the female are likely to get married, for higher secondary
the male population has a percentage of thirty-two percent and females have a forty percent chance
of getting married at that education level. However, from the results in the bar chart for both
graduation and post-graduation, males have a higher percentage – forty percent and twenty percent
to get married. The minimum age to get married is 56.5% for the ages between 16 to 18 year-old,
39.1% for the ages between 19 to 25, 4.35% for 26 to 35 years old and lastly for the age over 35
years old is 0% to get married. For males on the other hand the ages between 17 to 19 there’s a
4.35% to get married, between the ages 19 to 25 it is 69.6%, between the ages of 25 to 35 years
the percentage to get married is 26.1% and over 35 years is 0%.

Figure: Minimum education to get married

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4.5.3 Activity Allowance of Female Members
The activities the female members are allowed to perform alone we could gather that almost all
the women have the freedom to travel alone and perform activities that would usually require a
male’s assistance. This is another social change indicator other than the education and marriage
age level.

4.5.4 Demographic status

After studying the demographic status of the Dokkhinpara village we could gather that out of 10
households 12% contain 1 to 3 members, 76% of the household contain 4 to 6 members and 12%
of the households contain 7 to 10 members. Studies show most of the households contain a family
of 4 to 6 members.

The total 25 households that were surveyed shows 47.29% male population and 52.72% females.
The number of women is higher than the number of men.
Out of the households surveyed, 44.18% of the members were aged 0 to 20 years old, 33% are
aged from 21 to 40 years old, 16% are aged between 41 to 60 years old, the remainder 6% are 61
to 80 years and 1% is 81 to 100. Among the population only 2% were Hindu and rest of the 98%
were Muslim.
Lastly, the occupation of the members of these households where 35% of the population is
studying, 11% of them provide some sort of service, 27% of them are women who stay at home,
7% of them are businessmen, 2% work in the agriculture industry and the remaining 10% from
which 5% of the population is retired and 5% is unemployed.

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 Figure: Household size, gender and marital status

Figure: Age and religion of population

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 Figure:
Occupation of the
population

4.5.5 Negative and positive changes during post liberation period

After surveying several households, most of the elderly members of these households talked about
their views on the positive and negative changes after the liberation period.

Some positive changes that were addressed were the improvement of the education system, these
elder members barely went to school and now they have their children and grandchildren finishing
school and working as it is evident in our research. The next thing talked about was the
infrastructures, such as the recently built roads and power supplies that were not seen before the
liberation period. Another change talked about was the service sector improvement such as
transportation and government services. They also mentioned the development of medical sector
and transportation systems, such as the public health facilities provided by the government cheaply
and transportation facilities such as buses and cars available for the Dokkhin Para region to make
their life easier. Transportation is a very important part of the nation’s economy, thus the wide
variety of modes of transportation now available after the liberation war has solved many of their
problems. since the public spending on health had improved by the government patients are paying
less out of their pockets to access medical services.

The negative changes during post liberation period were also mentioned such as the increasing
prices of food due to inflation, the decreasing morality, and ethics as the rate of crimes are
increasing up till today as well as the corruption rate. Drug abuse rates have also been increasing
as today the youth has also been exposed to it. Lastly, the extinction of natural resources as more
minerals and gases have been exploited there is the risk as it is becoming scarce and can be
replenished.

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Chapter 5: Economy & Rural Production Cycle-(Maisha Adity Farzana )

5.1 Introduction:
Bangladesh is an agricultural nation where the economy plays a significant role. There are many
different socioeconomic factors at play, such as the source of income, the type of residence, the
assets, the livestock, etc. Bangladesh is a developing nation, and the resources are unequally
distributed among the upper, middle-, and lower-income groups. To determine the many features
of this village's economy and understand the impact of seasonality on agriculture, a PRA was
conducted among the inhabitants and a questionnaire survey was administered to twenty-five
randomly selected houses. According to our survey, most of the residents of our assigned Para are
farmers; others are sharecroppers, while others work as drivers and in the private sector. The
questionnaire also allowed us to learn about the wealth distribution and standard of living. The
ranks of wealth vary for various households. Additionally, we learned about microcredit loans and
the associated problems.

5.2 Objective:
We learnt about microcredit loans and the associated problems. The main goal of this LFE
component was to identify, estimate, and obtain an overview of the rural production cycle and
economy, as well as the effects of microcredit on those involved. To name a few of the main goals:
to understand the agricultural practices in our study area, to visualize the various classes of
villagers according to their financial situation, to capture the differences of villagers in their
standard of living, to identify the impacts of rural development, to determine the economy and
explore the mechanism by which rural development leads to socioeconomic changes.

5.3 Profession of the income earning

members:
From the survey we found people with various
professions each trying their best to live a good
life. We have also found out that most of the
respondents have domestic animals and poultries.

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Income of each family:
We divided the respondents into three groups-upper class, middle class and lower-class people.

High income group:

Only her four families in the Para belong to this group. The annual household income of this group
is over Tk 219,800. This group's cost of living is higher than other groups (over TK 80,000). This
group can save more than TK 139800 per year. They live in houses with tin roofs, concrete floors,
and concrete walls. People in this group have more than 5 bigas of land. They also own gold
jewelry, televisions, mobile phones, almirahs, motorcycles, and other valuables, four to six cows
and two to three goats.

Middle Income Group:

We have found 9 families in our Para who have a place in this group. The annually family pay of
this bunch is TK 140000 or underneath. The taken a toll of living for his group is lower than the
upper course (TK 60,000 or underneath). This bunch spares TK 80,000 or over per year. They live
in houses which have tin roof, tin dividers and floors that are made of soil. Individuals of this
gather have 2 to 3 bighas of arrive. They have few gold decorations, tvs, little almirahs etc. They
have 2 to 4 dairy animals and 1 to 2 goats. This gather of individuals is included in horticulture
and they do not take credits.

Low-income group:
Through our study, we found out that 48% of the respondents drop beneath this bunch. The
annually family wage of this gather is underneath TK 140000. The taken a toll of living for his
gather is the least among all the bunches (TK 40,000 or underneath). This gathers spares TK 25,150
or over per year. They live in houses which have tin roof, covered dividers and floors that are made
of soil. Individuals of this gather don't have any arrive other than their houses. They don't possess
any important resources. They have 1 to 2 dairy animals and 5 to 10 poultries. This gather of
individuals essentially works as sharecroppers. They take credits from diverse NGOs in arrange to
purchase trim seeds or cattle.
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Women’s contribution to the economy:
After inquiring a few of the elderly villagers, we came to know that after the freedom war, the
ladies were not a portion of the social economy. But the situation started to alter within another
decade. As the capacity of the school and colleges expanded, more ladies had the chance of getting
to be taught. Besides, the neighborhood NGOs made a difference them a parcel in making them
mindful of their rights. As a result, ladies of nearly all the hoses of our Para are contributing to
their family by gaining cash. Not as it were that, taught ladies are taking employments in NGOs
as "TMSS", working in schools as instructors etc. A few youthful ladies are sewing "NAKSHI
KATHA" other than considering and they are offering them to the closest NGOs at a direct price.
At the conclusion, able to say that women’s commitment (in our town) to the socio-economy is
exceptionally much satisfactory.

Rural Production Cycle:

The central focus of this section is to find out the exact agricultural patterns and the associated
problem regarding farming and various thoughts & opinion of the peasant society of my assigned
village Baghopara, Dokkhinpara. With the help of our respondent villagers, I have tried to acquire
legal & credible information to construct a viable crop cycle calendar which will give us a clear
view of the production cycle of the village.

Patterns of cropping:
Designs of cropping: Cropping designs of the above-mentioned crops are truly exceptionally
curiously. From the setting of distinctive crops and vegetables, their development forms are
moreover distinctive such as in Bhandarpaika town, for different sorts of rice like BR28, BR29,
Tall abdicate, Chinese, BR11, the seed bed planning and the manor of seedlings, developing and
weeding are nearly comparative but its fair changes in terms of collecting period. Agriculturists
take the quick half of Poush for seed planning. Amid that period, they furrow the arrive with
different sorts of fertilizers like composed, urea etc. At that point they plant the seeds within the
seed bed. Not as it were that, amid the seed bed planning, they moreover get ready their terrain as
well. Ranchers at that point utilize the rest of the month of Poush for planting the seedlings within
the primary arrive. It takes Magh, Falgun and Choitro conjointly a few parcels of Baishak (1st
week or 1st fifteen days) for them to develop and weed their crops. Amid this period, they utilize
different sorts of fertilizers like TSP, MP and so on. Separated from that, they moreover utilize
“Refit” (extraordinary medication) in arrange to expel the undesirable grass from the developed
field. They too utilize pesticides for bug control. One critical thing that I have found out is that
although the seed bed planning, developing are nearly comparative for distinctive sorts of rice,
there are a few times opening contrasts in terms of harvesting. This point is clearly appeared within
the edit generation cycle. This kind of development prepare is additionally appropriate for the
vegetable.

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5.4 CONCLUSION:
Among all the regular farming equipment in my village Baghopara, Dokkhinpara I have found
some local equipment like ladder, shuli etc. Majority of the villagers do have a common accusation
about selling their crops in the market because the relative market price is really low in the village.
Even sometimes villagers bound to sell their crops below their market price. At the end I would
like to state that this section helped us to know about the economy and how different types of crops
are cultivated. I believe this part will play a big role in doing further researches on rural economy.

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 Chapter 6: HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT-( Tahniz Noor )

6.1 Introduction:
The health conditions of rural areas of Bangladesh are not appreciable. It is true that people are
becoming aware of their health problems and they are trying to improve their conditions but still
the major positions of the total portion are out of people’s reach. Poor awareness. Illiteracy, large
population, inadequacy, corruption is the main barriers to implement the declaration health for all.
On the other side, nature, land water, air and all other things around us in which we live is
environment. A good environment can ensure a better life.in village people are less concerned
about the environment issues and as a result they face problems due to their ignorance and
unconsciousness. In this part of the report, we tried to focus on topics such as villager’s concern,
knowledge about health and environment issues also, weather they consider it as an important part
of their life or not.

6.2 Objectives:
Through this part we tried to show the present health and environmental conditions of Dokkhin
Para. The objectives were-

There sources of water, sanitation system, different types of fuel used for cooking purpose and the
health and environmental effects of them, vaccination programs, ways of waste disposal, problems
related to government health care facilities and the ways of their treatment, different environmental
effects.

6.2.1 Health and Environment Condition:

I discovered through my survey that the residents of our Dokkhin Para have good health conditions
right now. Some of the oldest villagers said that in the past, the villagers were not very worried
about their health or the environment, but now the situation has significantly altered due to an
increase in literacy levels, the media, and the activities of NGOs (Non-Government
Organizations).
Let's now address environmental challenges. We are aware that our immediate surroundings
include the air, sea, and land. This course allowed me to see the village from as close as possible.
I discovered that our para was completely covered with trees and plants while was walking through
it,because of this, the air was clean and quite comfortable to breathe in. In our community, there
was just one pond. Consequently, there were little prospects of water contamination. The condition
of the environment altogether was good.

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6.2.2 Sources and uses of water
Water is one of the three basic elements without which we cannot
survive. Through the survey we have found out that the main source
of water in Dhokkhin Para are deep tube wells and submersible
pump. We have also found out that all the households use tube well
water for drinking, bathing, washing and cooking purpose. They said
that since the water comes from the depths, so it doesn’t contain any
arsenic, but we did not find any tube well that had green o red
indicator on it. The ponds are rarely used as they are quite dirty.

6.2.3 Sanitation System

Sanitation faces its own set of challenges, with only 56% of the population
estimated to have had access to adequate sanitation facilities in 2010. We all know
that sanitation is one of the most significant health challenges. Through our survey
we found that all of the respondents utilize ring slab latrines and one of the most
significant discoveries is that they have been doing so for the past 10 to 15 years.
They prefer to use it as it is hygienic and environment friendly in terms of human
waste disposal, they also added it is very easy to clean and comfortable to use.

6.2.4 Fuel used for cooking

Consuming hygienic, nourishing meals is essential for maintaining a
healthy body and a clean, germ free, suitable cooking environment may help
to maintain food hygiene. At Dokkhin Para, people usually use wood, dried
leaves, logs as fuel. We surveyed 10 households among them we found that
7 of the households only use wood for cooking and others who have higher
incomes use cylinder gas besides wood. We have also found that most of
the families have set up the cooking places outside their kitchens, generally
close to their houses at a corner of their uthan. The kitchens are basically
sheds with roof made of tin. Some of the houses had walls enclosing the
kitchen on all four sides.

6.2.5 Effects of usage of fuel

The villagers fuel choices have negative health consequences such as headaches, asthma, eye
irritation etc due to formation of smoke generation. This smoke also acts an air pollutant. But when
we asked our respondents if they faced any of the health issues, they took it very lightly even some
on them laughed it off. As none of them were aware of the health effects of using fuel, we explained
the impacts of it and told them to take some precautions before going to cook.

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6.2.6 Ways of waste disposal
When we asked our respondents about the way of their waste disposal, they informed us that they
usually dump their trash in the canals behind their houses or in the holes next to their houses as
majority of household garbage is made up of things like peeled vegetable and fruit skins, fallen
leaves.

6.2.7 Vaccination Programs

Vaccination is some of the most important tools available for preventing disease. It not only
protects children from developing a potentially serious disease but also protect the community by
reducing the spread of diseases. In Dokkhon Para, villagers are aware about vaccination for their
children. Through our survey we found out all of our respondents have successfully given all of
the vaccinations to their children; the NGOs are working hard by providing this vaccination yearly
to the villagers.

6.2.8 Government Health center and doctor facilities

Unfortunately, the healthcare system is really poor in the village. Most of our respondents
indicated that the health care center was not far from the Para but the staffs and services were not
good enough. They complained that sufficient amount of medicines are not given to them.
Although it is a good thing that the people of Dokkhin Para do not suffer from serious diseases
that much, they usually suffer from cold, cough, fever. To prevent them they usually visit to the
local health clinic. They also added that, for any serious injury they prefer go to the city side for
the treatment.

6.2.9 Family planning

Bangladesh has experienced rapid population growth since its independence. This was a result of
high fertility rates, increased life expectancy and decreasing mortality rate. It was very surprising
for us that all the houses we visited, all of them were educated, they are very concern of the fact
of education as a result, they are also concern about having too many kids. As they are aware that
having too many children could become a burden for them and as parents it could become tough
for them to give their children a proper life, so before making family planning, they discuss it with
the older family members or they typically don’t get any assistance, counsel or care from the NGO
staff, instead they visit to the local health clinic if needed any suggestion.

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6.2.10 Environmental Effects
Deforestation, flooding, water pollution and endangered wildlife are only few of the environmental
problems related to the para we surveyed. The responders are dealing with soil deterioration, floods
etc. as the result of deforestation the climate is also changing. Important animal species are
becoming endangered as a result of habitat loss. On the other side, air pollution is also contributing
to several common health issues, including asthma, eye irritation, heart disease etc.

6.3 Conclusion
We understood from the survey we performed during the LFE that many individuals are aware of
environmental and health issues, despite some exceptions. The residents of Dokkhin Para use clean
deep tube well water for cooking and drinking. they employ tube wells since they are more secure
than pond water. All the respondents utilize latrines with rings slabs, which are quite safe to use
for disposing of human waste. People dispose away their garbage in the proper locations to avoid
disease transmission. On the other side all of them received vaccinations against dangerous illness
including polio, diphtheria and others. Most families of our para are nuclear families, which
suggests that they are aware of family planning. As people are less superstitious than in the past,
they prefer to go to pharmacies or local health care over the kabiraj or priests. In conclusion we
can sate that, the health and environment conditions of our Dokkhin para is acceptable and good.

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 Chapter 7: Rural Market Analysis-( MD. TOUFIKUR RAHMAN )

7.0 Introduction:
Market plays a vital role in our economy and our daily life. As a citizen of Bangladesh if you want
to have a proper knowledge about the market, then you must go through the rural market at the
first place. We can also say that a major part of our overall economy may be heavily based on rural
markets. Most of us are pretty much familiar with the urban market but we should not forget that
the agricultural products of urban market come from the rural markets. In order to have a glimpse
of the rural economy, we visited the market named "Mohasthan Haat" in Bogra. We witnessed that
most of the people of Thengamara used to buy their necessary elements from Mohastan Haat.
Basically, by analyzing the rural market we came to know about different kind of businessmen’s
activities, their economic activities, consumer behavior patterns and their standards of living etc.
which would help us to understand the village market condition.

7.1 Objectives:
Our objectives for this section of the report were to identify the basic characteristics of rural
market, the economic activities of buyers and sellers, identify the types of buyers and sellers in the
rural market, identify the market structure, identify the available products and services (consumer,
industrial and clone product), identify the distribution channels, identify the Price and promotional
activities, identify the inward and outward products of the Haat and to identify the barriers which
have to be taken care of.

7.2 Procedure:
We have used the PRA and observational technique to conduct this market analysis. We have taken
interviews of my shop owners and as well as the participated villagers, who are directly or
indirectly involved with the Mahasthan Haat. We have got open ended answers of our questions.
These answers ultimately help us out to analyze the rural market.

7.3 A short description of ‘Mohasthan Haat’:

Mohastan haat is one of the biggest haats in all of north Bengal region, in Bogura. It is just beside
the high way of Rangpur and Bogura . The TMSS is just 5 kilometers away from it. As we have
seen the haat is held in "Mahishawar Degree College" premise. The haat acquires around 900
decimal of land. The haat sits on Saturday and Wednesday and the timing of the haat is from 9 am
to 8 p.m.

7.3.1 Market:
In marketing, the term market refers to the group of consumers and organizations that is interested
in product, has the resources to purchase the product and is permitted by law and regulations to

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acquire the product. (Source: netmba.com). In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is
any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and
information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants
consist of all the buyers and sellers of a good who influence its price.

7.3.2 Rural Market Structure: Rural market can be of two types, one is the temporary market or
Haat and the other is the permanent market or Bazaar.
7.3.3 Differences between Haat and Bazaar: There are some differences between a Haat and a
Bazaar. These are given on the next page:

Haat Bazaar
Haat sits once or twice in a week. Bazzar sits everyday in a week.
Large numbers of buyers and sellers gather in Limited number of buyers and sellers.
haat.
Price level is relatively low. Price level is relatively higher than the haat.
Haat consists of both wholesalers and retailers. Bazaar is partially based on retailers.
Many middlemen are there in a haat. A few numbers of middlemen exist in the
bazaar.
Wholesalers dominate the haat. Retailers dominate the bazaar.
Haat is huge and bigger than bazaar. Bazaar is smaller than haat.
In a Haat, both temporary and permanent shop In a Bazaar, only the permanent shopkeepers
keepers exist to sell their products. exist to sell their regular products.

7.3.4 Arrangement of Mahashthan Haat:

During our visit to the Mohasthan Haat, we have seen semi-bricked shops and a few shops which
are made of tin and bamboo. The main haat sits under the open sky. All the sellers used to spread
out inside the haat. They bring varies of products for the buyers.We have also found out that
outside the compound of Mahishawar Degree College, there is a traditional Bazar named the
Mahasthan Bazaar, which sits regularly. But during the haat day (Saturday & Wednesday), the
traditional Mahasthan Bazar turns into the huge Mahasthan Haat.

7.3.5 Some Major Supporting Factors of the Haat:

Electricity has added more advantage to the people of Mahasthan Haat. Communication is now a
lot easier as there are plenty of rickshaws, vans, tempos, votvotis and other vehicles. Another
important thing is that during the Haat day, many villagers also work as transporters (Kuli). We
have also found the market monitoring committee which assists the buyers & sellers.

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7.4 Classification of Products or Available Products in the Haat:
7.4.1 Products:
Product includes physical objects, service, persons, places, organizations and ideas. According to
Philip Kotler and Gray Armstrong – “A product is anything that can be offered to a market for
attention, acquisition or consumption that might satisfy a want or need”. There are two types of
products: one is the consumer product and the other is the industrial product.

7.4.2 Consumer Products:

Consumer products are those products which are directly consumed by final consumers for
personal consumption. These products include clothing, household materials food etc. Consumer
products can be divided into four categories. These are described below: 7.4.3.1 Convenience
Products: These products are purchased frequently, immediately with the minimum of effort. The
main concept of convenience product is that customers don not spend enough time to gather
information while purchasing these convenience products. We have found rice, salt, vegetable,
milk, oil and other household domestic products which can be termed as convenience products.

7.4.2.1 Convenience Products:

These products are purchased frequently, immediately with the minimum of effort. The main
concept of convenience product is that customers don’t spent enough time to gather information
when it comes to purchasing the convenience products. In terms of our Haat I have found rice, salt,
vegetable, milk, oil and other household domestic products.

7.4.2.2 Shopping products:

Shopping products are more expensive than the convenience products. Rationally customers spend
more time in gathering information about the product’s suitability, quality, price, style and
necessary attributes of the product. Regarding our haat, we have found different types of shopping
products such as cosmetics, cloths, soap, shampoo, sandal, fertilizer etc.

7.4.2.3 Specialty product:

These are products which have unique characteristics and brand identifications for which buyers
are willing to give special purchasing efforts. Specialty products do not involve making
comparisons. In our haat, we have found some specialty products such as televisions, furniture,
jewelry, mobile and electronic appliances, as well as Power tillers, shallow engines etc.

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7.4.2.4 Unsought Product:
The consumers do not normally think of buying these products. The demands for these products
have to be created. That is why these products need heavy promotional activities. In the haat, we
have found out some unsought products which include herbal medicines (Shalsha), different types
of amulets, coffin clothes etc.

7.4.3 Industrial Product:

These are products which are being bought by individuals for organizations for further processing
in order to create finish products. (Source: Philip Kotler; “Principles of Marketing). In the haat,
we have found some industrial products such as bamboo, tin, seeds, fertilizer, cleaver, knife,
plough, spade, industrial pipe, cement, rod, power tiller, shallow engine etc. Basically, we can
distinguish three groups of industrial goods such as materials and parts, capital items.

7.4.4 Available Services within the Haat:

Services are intangible which are being provided by the people and service associated material
items. Some of the services that we have found out in the haat include of the services transporter
(Kuli), blacksmith, tailor, umbrella, and lock repairing services, local restaurants, mike service for
different purposes, decorator etc.

7.4.5 Some Handmade products of the Haat:

There are some hands made products available in the haat such as sweets, khirsha, yoghurt, curd
and others food items by the mobile and local restaurants of a haat.

7.4.6 Some fake products of the market:

Fake products are those products which are look similarly like original products, but they vary in
terms of quality, packaging and labeled things and the most important thing is that the fake one
has the relatively lower price than the original product. Some fake products of Mohasthan Haat
include Shada Lemon Detergent Powder, Mitu & Lovely, Tasty Salaine, Bala, Ting etc.

7.4.7 Promotional activities of local goods in the haat:

We have encountered different types of promotional activities in the haat. We have found out that
local goods are sold on the basis of strong and attracting promotional strategies by the sellers.
Some people were loudly micking about their products in a funny manner. Some sellers are also
offering discounts while some were posting leaflets, banner, billboard etc. The unsought products
like herbal medicines are sold through huge canvassing such as the local singers and local dancers
are attracting the customers. Relationship marketing and augmentative services are some of the
unique kinds of promotional techniques which are used by the sellers of different products such as
television, refrigerator.

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7.5 Inward and Outward Products:
Table 7.5.1 Inward and outward products are shown through the following table:

Inward Products Outward products

Rice Imported from Sherpur, Nondigram. Rice Exported to Dhaka, Bogra & Shirajgonj
Mechanical goods Imported from Nawabpur Chili Exported to Dhaka, Bogra & Shirajgonj
(Dhaka).
Beverage Items Imported from Bogra town. Potato Exported to Dhaka, Chittagong,
Khulna, Sylhet & Shirajgonj.
Cement Imported from Dhaka & Chittagong. Yoghurt, Curd Exported to Dhaka, Chittagong
& Sylhet.
Lungi, Saree & different types of cloths
Imported from Islampur, Dhaka. & Bogra
Hawker’s Market.

7.6 Distribution Channel of the Haat:

Product distribution is the key factor of price because if the distribution of product cost is less than
the price will be less to the consumer otherwise it will be high. In study of rural market analysis,
we have found mainly two types of distribution channels:
1. Direct Distribution Channel: It exists between the producers and end-consumers with no
intermediary level.
2. Indirect Distribution Channel: It exists between the producers and end-consumers with one or
more intermediaries.

Flow Chart: 7.6.1 Different types of distribution channels in Mohasthan Haat.

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7.6.2 Distribution Channel of Potato: Here is a distribution channel of potato. It shows how the
potatoes go from farmers to the consumers.

Fig 7.6.3 Distribution Channel of Potato

7.8 Conclusion:
Rural Market is an integral part of rural life. It is the heart of all commercial activities of the
villagers. The rural market analysis has provided us the opportunity to learn about the different
village trading systems which include promotional activities followed by the sellers, the
distribution channels of various products, the advantages and disadvantages being received from
the haat. We believe this analysis will help use lot to understand the economic conditions of our
country and how we can improve the overall economic situation of our country.

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 8. Conclusion

Most of the people of our country live in rural areas. Live-in-Field-Experience (LFE) Program
gives us an opportunity to learn about the rural Bangladesh. It had been a great experience to
discover different aspects of the rural society. City dwellers like us had not much idea about the
rural society. Throughout the field survey villagers helped us a lot. Rural society is changing day
by day. People are now more conscious about education, sanitation and hygiene. NGO's provide
loans to the villagers. They are not only building the infrastructures but also persuading everyone
to use that. There are also some problems that should be solved. Peasants are producing foods for
us that not really in a good shape. The middleman's influence, lack of storage facility and lack of
capital is hampering their works. Besides, the social problem is quite noticeable. Still they are not
giving women every right to be independent. To conclude, the outcomes of these studies are very
much limited. However, in doing the report, we have experienced the realities of rural areas of
Bangladesh that we never had before. Thus, it was a wonderful experience over there. We would
like to thank IUB and TMSS, Bogra to give us the opportunity to explore such amazing society
and people.

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 Appendix & Surveyed Questionnaire

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