THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Class :BCA Subject :Software Engineering

Unit :2 Module :Module-5

Structured Analysis

 “Structured analysis is a set of techniques and graphical tools that allow the analyst to
develop a new kind of system specification that are easily understandable to the user.
Analysts work primarily with their wits, pencil and paper.”
 The availability of CASE tools in the 1990s enabled analysts to develop and modify
the graphical SASD models.
 To develop a useful, high quality information system that will meet the needs of the
end user.
 Analysts attempt to divide large, complex problems into smaller, more easily handled
ones. “Divide and Conquer”
 Top-Down approach (Classical SA), or Middle-Out (Modern SA)
 Functional view of the problem. “Form follows function”
 Analysts use graphics to illustrate their ideas whenever possible.
 Analysts must keep a written record.

Structured Analysis tool

Data Dictionary

 Data Dictionary comprises two words i.e. data which simply means information being
collected through some sources and dictionary means where this information is
available.
 Data Dictionary can be defined as collection of information of all data elements or
contents of databases such as data types, text descriptions of system.

COURSE : SOFTWARE ENGINEERING [UNIT-NO : 2 MODULE-NO:5] 1

 THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Class :BCA Subject : Software Engineering
Unit : 2 Module :Module-5

 It makes it easier for user and analyst to use data as well as understand and have
common knowledge about inputs, outputs, components of a database, and
intermediate calculations.
 The data dictionary is an essential component of any relational database.
 Defines data elements to avoid different interpretations.
 Element Name = Card Number
 Definition = *Uniquely identifies a card*

Why is Data Dictionary essential?

 There are less information and details provided by data models. So, a data dictionary
is very essential and needed to have proper knowledge and usage of contents.
 Data Dictionary provides all information about names that are used in system models.
 Data Dictionary also provides information about entities, relationships, and attributes
that are present in system model.
 As a part of structured analysis and design tool, implementation of a data dictionary is
done.

Data Dictionary Notation

Course : Software Engineering [Unit-No : 2 MODULE-No:5] 2

 THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Class :BCA Subject : Software Engineering
Unit : 2 Module :Module-5

Object Oriented Analysis

 Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a technical approach for analyzing

and designing an application, system, or business
 by applying object-oriented programming, as well as using visual modelling
throughout the software development process
 to guide stakeholder communication and product quality.
 In software engineering, domain analysis, or product line analysis, is the process of
analyzing related software systems in a domain to find their common and variable
parts.
Object Oriented approach process

 A use-case is a scenario to describe the interaction between user and

computer system.
 This model represents the user needs or user view of system.
 It also includes identifying the classes and their relationships to the other classes in
the problem domain that make up an application.
 The Object-Oriented approach of Building Systems takes the objects as the basis.
 For this, first the system to be developed is observed and analyzed
 and the requirements are defined as in any other method of system development.
 Once this is often done, the objects in the required system are identified.
 For example, in the case of a Banking System, a customer is an object, a chequebook
is an object, and even an account is an object.

Object relational Model

 Set of regulations by which objects can be linked and which describes the meaning of

the relationships.

Course : Software Engineering [Unit-No : 2 MODULE-No:5] 3

 THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Class :BCA Subject : Software Engineering
Unit : 2 Module :Module-5

 In the object relationship model, you maintain the connections between the different
documents on a time and causal basis.
 An Object relational model is a combination of a Object oriented
database model and a Relational database model.
 So, it supports objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, data
abstraction….. etc.
 just like Object Oriented models and has support for data types, tabular structures
etc.

Object Behavioural Model

 The behaviour of objects is formally defined as a set of states and events

representing the script of object life cycles.
 The behaviour or operations of an object are its predefined functions. For example, a
T.V. can show picture , change channels, tune for a channel etc.
 simple - performs services on request and keeps no memory of
previous services.
 always responds to a given input in exactly the same way regardless of
its history
 Ex: Sort operations, mathematical functions, such as cosine or square
root, search of a static binary tree
 State- condition that persists for a significant period of time that is
distinguishable from other such conditions and is disjoint from them.
 A transition is a response to an event that causes a change in state.
 Ex: process in computer
 Continuous- the current output depend on the previous history in a
smooth way.
 An object with continuous behaviour is one with an infinite or
unbounded, set of conditions.
 Ex: digital filters
UML

 UML, short for Unified Modeling Language, is a standardized modeling language

consisting of an integrated set of diagrams, developed to help system and software
developers for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artefacts of
software systems, as well as for business modeling and other non-software systems. 
 The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose, developmental,
modeling language in the field of software engineering that is intended to provide a
standard way to visualize the design of a system.
 UML is a graphical language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and
documenting information about software-intensive systems. 
 UML gives a standard way to write a system model, covering conceptual ideas.
 UML diagrams describe the boundary, structure, and the behavior of the system and
the objects within it.

Course : Software Engineering [Unit-No : 2 MODULE-No:5] 4

 THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Class :BCA Subject : Software Engineering
Unit : 2 Module :Module-5

Use Case Diagram

 The purpose of a use case diagram in UML is to demonstrate the different ways that

a user might interact with a system. 
 The system that shows the relationship between the user and the different use cases in
which the user is involved.
 Five symbols used in a use case diagram:
 System Domain Box
 Actor Figure
 Goal Oval
 Actor Initiator Arrow
 Actor Connector Line

Course : Software Engineering [Unit-No : 2 MODULE-No:5] 5

 THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Class :BCA Subject : Software Engineering
Unit : 2 Module :Module-5

Class Diagram

Course : Software Engineering [Unit-No : 2 MODULE-No:5] 6

 THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Class :BCA Subject : Software Engineering
Unit : 2 Module :Module-5

Object Diagram

Course : Software Engineering [Unit-No : 2 MODULE-No:5] 7

 THE BHOPAL SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Class :BCA Subject : Software Engineering
Unit : 2 Module :Module-5

Activity Diagram

Requirements analysis: Feasibility Study

REFERENCES :
(1) https://www.tutorialspoint.com
(2) https://www.javatpoint.com
(3) https://www.simplilearn.com//
(4) https://www.tutorialandexample.com/

*Edited & Compiled for Reference Purpose for Students by :

SHILPA JACKSON
Assistant Professor
The Department of Computer
Applications
The Bhopal School of Social Sciences

Course : Software Engineering [Unit-No : 2 MODULE-No:5] 8