Prepare Report On LBM & Create A Model

MICRO PROJECT REPORT

ON

Prepare the model /reporton the LBM & create a model by

using LBM process..
In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Diploma in

Mechanical Engineering

Submitted To

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai

Submitted By

28 Aher Pankaj Narayan

29 Kharde Pravin Ganpat
35 Pathare Sudarshan Somnath
36 Gavhane Shashi Ramdas

Under The Guidance of

Prof. Deshmukh Sir.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AMRUTVAHINI POLYTECHNIC, AMRUTNAGAR

TAL-SANGAMNER, DIST- AHMEDNAGAR, (M.S.)

INDIA- 422608 (2021-2022)

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 Prepare Report On LBM & Create A Model

Annexure-I

Micro Project Proposal

Title of Micro-Project: Prepare the model /report on the LBM & create a model by
using LBM process.

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project :

 Understand the concept of LBM machining and its use

 Understand the different types of L B M

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed:

Maintain the non conventional machining process to Produce complex and hard to
machine component.
3.0 Proposed Methodology:

- Prepare the action plan to collect the available resources.

- Understand the concept of flow measure of water using different equipment’s.

- Learn the concept of Pitot tube, and find the material for model.

- Find the model or prepare the model from the available material.

- Collect the information of that model and identify different purpose /use of Pitot tube.

- Complete the report writing and submit the model with the presentation/oral.

4.0 Action plan :

Sr. No. Details of activity Planned Start Planned Finish Name of

Date Date responsible
members
1. Resources available
2. Selection of suitable Resources
3. Collection of Information From
resources All group
4. Manufacturing/Production/Preparation members
of Project
5. Prepared micro project report
6. Prepared micro project report

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5.0 Resources Required:

Sr.No Name of resources / material Specification Qty. Remark

1 Internet - Library NET lab
2 Reference books 2 Used from
library
3 Visit to scrap material depot/ Collect the wastage or useful - Stainless steel
shops, etc. material for project
4 Machinery LBM - As per required.

Name of team Members with roll Nos.-

Roll. Name of students in Team

No.
28 Aher Pankaj Narayan
29 Kharde Pravin Ganpat
35 Pathare Sudarshan Somnath
36 Gavhane Shashi Ramdas

( Deshmukh Sir)

Name and Sign of Subject Teachers

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Annexure – III
Micro Project Report
Title of Micro Project:- Prepare the model /report on the LBM & create a model by
using LBM process.

Rationale:-

When the laser beam hits the surfaces of the W/P, the thermal energy of the laser beam is
transferred to the surfaces of the W/P. It heats, melts, evaporates, and eventually makes
the material a workpiece. This is how laser beam machining works.

Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project :

 Understand the concept of LBM machining and its use

 Understand the different types of L B M

Course Outcomes Addressed: - Maintain the non conventional machining process to
Produce complex and hard to machine component.

Literature Review:-

LBM
Laser beam machining (LBM) is a form of machining that uses heat directed from a laser
beam. This process uses thermal energy to remove material from metallic or nonmetallic
surfaces. The high frequency of monochromatic light will fall on the surface then heating,
melting and vaporizing of the material take place due to impinge of photons.[1] Laser beam
machining is best suited for
brittle materials with low
conductivity, but can be used
on most materials.
Laser beam machining can
be done on glass without
melting the surface.
With photosensitive glass,
the laser alters the chemical
structure of the glass
allowing it to be selectively
etched. The glass is also
referred to as
photomachinable glass. The advantage of photomachinable glass is that it can produce
precisely vertical walls and the native glass is suitable for many biological applications such
as substrates for genetic analysis.
There are many different types of lasers including gas, solid states lasers, and excimer

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Some of the most commonly used gases consist of; He-Ne, Ar, and Carbon dioxide laser
Solid-state lasers are designed by doping a rare element into various host materials. Unlike in
gas lasers, solid state lasers are pumped optically by flash lamps or arc lamps. Ruby is one of
the frequently used host materials in this type of laser. A ruby laser is a type of the solid state
laser whose laser medium is a synthetic ruby crystal. The synthetic ruby rod is optically
pumped using a xenon flashtube before it is used as an active laser medium.
YAG is an abbreviation for yttrium aluminum garnet which are crystals that are used for
solid-state lasers while Nd:YAG refers to
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet
crystals that are used in the solid-state lasers as the
laser mediate.
YAG lasers emit a wavelength of light waves with
high energy. Nd:glass is neodymium–doped gain
media made of either silicate or phosphate
materials that are used in fiber laser.

Cutting depth
The cutting depth of a laser is directly proportional to the quotient obtained by dividing the
power of the laser beam by the product of the cutting velocity and the diameter of the laser
beam spot.

where t is the depth of cut, P is the laser beam power, v is the cutting velocity, and d is
the laser beam spot diameter.
The depth of the cut is also influenced by the workpiece material. The material's
reflectivity, density, specific heat, and melting point temperature all contribute to the
lasers ability to cut the workpiece.
The following table shows the ability of different lasers to cut different materials:

wavelength wavelength
(micrometer) (micrometer)
material
Nd:YAG laser: 1.06
CO2 laser: 10.6

ceramics well poorly

plywood very well fairly well
polycarbonate well fairly well
polyethylene very well fairly well
Perspex very well fairly well
Titanium well well

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Gold not possible well

Copper poorly well
Aluminium well well
stainless steel very well
construction steel very well

Applications
Lasers can be used for welding, cladding, marking, surface treatment, drilling, and cutting
among other manufacturing processes. It is used in the automobile, shipbuilding, aerospace,
steel, electronics, and medical industries for precision machining of complex parts.

Laser welding is advantageous in that it can weld at speeds of up to 100 mm/s as well as the
ability to weld dissimilar metals. Laser cladding is used to coat cheap or weak parts with a
harder material in order to improve the surface quality. Drilling and cutting with lasers is
advantageous in that there is little to no wear on the cutting tool as there is no contact to
cause damage.

Milling with a laser is a three dimensional process that requires two lasers, but drastically
cuts costs of machining parts.[2][7] Lasers can be used to change the surface properties of a
workpiece.

The appliance of laser beam machining varies depending on the industry. In light
manufacturing the machine is used to engrave and to drill other metals. In the electronic
industry laser beam machining is used for wire stripping and skiving of circuits. In the
medical industry it is used for cosmetic surgery and hair removal.[2]

Advantages
1. Since the rays of a laser beam are monochromatic and parallel (i.e. zero etendue)
it can be focused to a small diameter and can produce as much as 100 MW of
power for a square millimeter of area.
2. Laser beam machining has the ability to engrave or cut nearly all materials,
where traditional cutting methods may fall short.
3. There are several types of lasers, and each have different uses.
4. The cost of maintaining lasers is moderately low due to the low rate of wear and
tear, as there is no physical contact between the tool and the workpiece.[3]
5. The machining provided by laser beams is high precision, and most of these
processes do not require additional finishing.[3]
6. Laser beams can be paired with gases to help the cutting process be more
efficient, help minimize oxidization of surfaces, and/or keep the workpiece
surface free from melted or vaporized material.

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Disadvantages
1. The initial cost of acquiring a laser beam is moderately high. There are many
accessories that aid in the machining process, and as most of these accessories are
as important as the laser beam itself the startup cost of machining is raised
further.[3]
2. Handling and maintaining the machining requires highly trained individuals.
Operating the laser beam is comparatively technical, and services from an expert
may be required.[3]
3. Laser beams are not designed to produce mass metal processes.
4. Laser beam machining consumes a lot of energy.
5. Deep cuts are difficult with workpieces with high melting points and usually
cause a taper.

Laser Beam Machining Parts or Construction:

Laser Machining consists of the following Main Parts:

 Power Supply
 Capacitor
 Flash Lamps
 Reflecting Mirror
 Laser Light Beam
 Ruby Crystal
 Lens
 Workpiece

Power Supply:
The electric current or power is supplied to the system. A high voltage power system is used
in laser beam machining. It will give initial power to the system after that reaction starts in a
laser that will machine the material. There is a high voltage supply so that pulses can be
initiated easily

Capacitor:
During the major portion of the cycle, a capacitor bank charges and releases the energy
during the flashing process. The capacitor is used for the pulsed mode for charging and
discharging.

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Flash Lamps:
It is the electric arc lamp that is used to produce extremely intense production of white light
which is a coherent high-intensity beam. It is filled with gases that ionize to form great
energy that will melt and vaporizes the material of the workpiece.

Reflecting Mirror:
Reflecting Mirror are two main types of internal and external. Internal mirrors also called a
resonator that is used to generate maintain and amplify the laser beam. It is used to direct the
laser beam towards the workpiece.

Laser Light Beam:

It is the beam of radiation produced by the laser through the process of optical amplification
based on the coherence of light created by the bombarding of active material.

Ruby Crystal:
Ruby laser produces a series of coherent pulses which is deep red in color. It achieves by the
concept of population inversion. It is a three-level solid-state laser.

Lens:
Lenses are used to focus the laser beam onto the workpiece. First laser light will enter into the
expanding lens and then into the collimating lens which makes the light rays parallel and the
expanding lens expands the laser beams to the desired size.

Workpiece:
The workpiece can be metallic or non-metallic. In this machining process, any material can
be machined.

Laser Beam Machining Working Principle:

Laser Machining is based on the LASER and conversion or process of Electric Energy into
Light Energy and into Thermal Energy.

Negatively charged electrons in the atomic model rotate around the positively charged
nucleus in orbital paths. It depends on the number of electrons,  electron structure,
neighboring atoms, and the electromagnetic field.

Every orbital of electrons is associated with different energy levels. An atom is considered to
be at ground level at absolute zero temperature at this, all electrons occupy their lowest
potential energy.

The electrons at the ground state move to a higher state of energy by absorbing energy like an
increase in electronic vibration at elevated temperatures.

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High voltage is applied at the ends that leads to discharge and gas plasma will be formed.
Population inversion and lasing action will take takes place due to energy transformation.

The laser has one 100% reflector and the

other one is a partial reflector. 100% the
reflector directs the photons inside the
gas tube and the partial reflector allows
only some part of the laser beam that
will be used for the processing of
materials.

The laser beam produced is focused on

the workpiece that has to be machined.
When the laser strikes the workpiece,
the thermal energy impinges on the workpiece.

This will heat then melt, vaporize, and finally, the material will be removed from the
workpiece. So laser machining is a thermal material removal process that uses a coherent
beam of light to machine the workpiece very precisely.

In the laser machining process, MRR (Material Removal Rate) depends on the wavelength
used because it will decide the amount of energy impinged on it.

References
1. ^ "Ruby laser treatment. DermNet NZ". www.dermnetnz.org. Retrieved 2016-03-
01.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Dubey, Avanish (May 2008). "Laser beam machining—A
review". International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 48 (6): 609–
628. doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2007.10.017.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f "Laser Beam Machining". www.mechnol.com. 10 February
2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
4. ^ "Solid Medium Lasers". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
5. ^ Kalpakjian; Schmid (2008). Manufacturing Processes for Engineering
Materials (5 ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780132272711.
6. ^ J. Berkmanns, M. Faerber (June 18, 2008). Laser cutting. LASERLINE
Technical.
7. ^ Meijer, Johan (June 2004). "Laser beam machining (LBM), state of the art and
new opportunities". Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 149 (1–3): 2–
17. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.02.003.

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 Actual Methodology Followed:

1. First we form the five student group for Micro-Project.

2. Then finalized topic with mutual discussion under guidance of teacher.
3. As topic finalized, we tried to search available resources from website, library,
workshop, etc. to collect information related to micro-project.
4. Next step was to collect information from it.
5. After that take photographs and detailed information from it.
6. Report presentation and finalization of it under guidance of teacher.
7. Then, there was presentation of micro-project to subject teacher

Output of micro project:

Laser beam machining provides a wide range of material processing techniques ranging
from drilling, cutting, grooving, scribing, marking, cleaning and turning etc. As laser beam
micro machining is a thermal type material removal process, there are also some limitations
as follows.

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Skill development / learning outcome from project:

1. Able to search the information of micro project on internet.

2. Able to understand the usage various type sensors and its application
3. Student abel to know how to us Microsoft word and how to make micro projects
on it
4. Basic knowledge.
5. Observation skill.
6. Leader ship.
7. Management skill.
8. Communication Skill.

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