Submitted To

Dr. Asif Rafiq

Submitted By:
2021-MM-16 (Fatima Azhar)

Subject:
Inspection and Quality Assurance

Date:
25-09-22

DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL & MATERIAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, LAHORE.
 Inspection and Quality Assurance
Week 2

Contents:
1. Error Bar
2. Assumptions for material while doing Tensile test
3. Mechanical properties in Tensile test
4. Mathematical Relationship between engineering and true stress-strain
5. Effect of crystal systems on mechanical properties of materials
6. Dependence of strength of materials
7. Effect of strain rate on mechanical properties of materials
8. Effect of temperature on mechanical properties of materials

Error Bar:
Error bars are graphical representations of the variability of data and are used on graphs to indicate
the error or uncertainty in a reported measurement. They give a general idea of how precise a
measurement is, or conversely, how far from the reported value (the error-free) value might be

Assumptions:
Following are the assumptions done for a material to be tensile tested:
 Homogeneous material
 Isotropic
 Uniaxial loading

Mechanical properties:
 Yield strength
 Breaking strength
 Ultimate tensile strength
 Percentage elongation
 Percentage reduction

Mathematical Relationship:
True stress in terms of engineering stress:
True stress= (engineering stress) * (1 + engineering strain)
True strain in terms of engineering strain:
True strain = ln(1 + engineering strain)

Effect of crystal systems:

Crystal orientation has little effect on elastic modulus but a great effect on tensile strength,
yielding strength, and ductility, depending on different atomic surface energies and principal
sliding planes
 Tensile strength:
 Tensile strength is affected by surface energy. Crystal orientation having maximum
surface atom distance, minimum surface atom density and lowest energy have the most
stable atom structure. It results in the strongest ability to resist failure and maximum
tensile strength.
Strength of materials:
 Temperature
 Strain rate
 Composition of materials/Heat treatment process and Alloys addition

Effect of strain rate:

The room-temperature stress-strain curve is not greatly influenced by changes in the rate of straining of
the order obtainable in the ordinary tension test. Increasing strain rate has the effect of increasing
both the modulus and the yield stress and flow stress of a polymer. The material appears
to be stronger and stiffer simply due to the increase in strain rate, an effect that can also be
achieved by keeping the strain rate constant and incrementally reducing the test temperature.

Effect of temperature:
At low temperatures, the nearby atoms in the crystal lattice do not move and long cracks form
more easily. In general, strength and stiffness decrease with increasing temperature while
elongation at break, a good relative indicator of ductility, increases.