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Module 5: Minerals
Pre-Test I. Multiple Choices.
Directions. Read and analyse each statement, Write your answer before the number.

D 1. Which of the following is NOT the used of Iron?

a. Cars b. Jeepneys c. Fences d. Plastic chairs

C 2. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to slate during regional

metamorphism? a. Breccias b. shale c. Basalt d. Conglomerate

A 3. Anthracite is an example of __________________.

a. Soft coal b. Hard coal c. Coal d. Granite

C 4. Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes primarily because____.

a. light reflects from crystal surfaces. b. energy is released during crystallization.
c. of the internal arrangement of the atoms. d. of impurities that produce surface variations.

D5. If manganese gives strength to rails and beams, Tungsten used in?
a. producing magnets b. Aircraft engines. c. Strengthening the rails. d. Both a and b

Exercises/Drills Directions.
Read this passage based on the text and answer the questions that follow.
1. What are minerals?
➢ Minerals are solids generated by natural processes that occur on or
beneath the Earth's surface; because they are generally not formed by
living beings, they are referred to as inorganic substances. Organic
substances, on the other hand, are those created by living things.
Minerals have a distinct chemical composition, and few contain only one
type of element. Silver, for example, is a mineral composed entirely of the
element silver, whereas diamond is composed entirely of the element
carbon. Most minerals, on the other hand, are chemical complexes made
up of two or more elements. Quartz, for example, is the chemical silicon
dioxide. Mineral compositions have a specific element ratio, and almost
all minerals form crystals, which are solid structures with atoms
arranged in a regular repeating pattern. Minerals with the same chemical
makeup but various crystal forms can exist.

2. What are some specific ways that minerals form?

➢ Minerals are solids generated by natural processes that occur on or
beneath the Earth's surface. Some minerals, for example, develop as hot
lava cools. When solids precipitate out of water, other minerals develop.
Other minerals form when rocks are subjected to extreme pressures and
temperatures. Similarly, practically all minerals crystallize.. A crystals, a
solid structure in which atoms are arranged in a regular repeating
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pattern. Some minerals, such as table salt, form crystals that are cube-
shaped.
Other minerals form crystals with different shapes, such as pyramids.
3. Describe the chemical composition of minerals.
• Minerals have a certain chemical make-up. A few minerals contain only
one type of element. Silver, for example, is a mineral composed entirely of
the element silver, whereas diamond is composed entirely of the element
carbon. Most minerals, on the other hand, are chemical complexes made
up of two or more elements. Quartz, for example, is the chemical silicon
dioxide. All mineral compounds, including quartz, have a
a certain elemental ratio Furthermore, minerals with the same chemical
makeup but various crystal forms can exist.
4. Graphite and diamond are minerals that have the same chemical composition. Describe
the physical properties of these two minerals, and explain why they are so different from
one another.
৹ Minerals with the same chemical makeup but various crystal forms can exist.
Its examples are graphite and diamonds, both of which are composed entirely of
carbon. Despite having the same chemical composition, their physical qualities
differ due to their atom arrangement, which is designed differently. As a result,
they are classified as separate minerals: graphite is drab and gray, and it is so
soft that it breaks easily, whereas diamond is bright and clear, and it is the
hardest material.

Post-Test I. Multiple Choices.

Directions. Read and analyse each statement, Write your answer before the number.

D 1. Which of the following is NOT the used of Iron?

a. Cars b. Jeepneys c. Fences d. Plastic chairs

B 2. Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to slate during regional

metamorphism? a. Breccias b. shale c. Basalt d. Conglomerate

A 3. Anthracite is an example of __________________.

a. Soft coal b. Hard coal c. Coal d. Granite

C 4. Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes primarily because____.

a. light reflects from crystal surfaces. b. energy is released during crystallization.
c. of the internal arrangement of the atoms. d. of impurities that produce surface variations.

A 5. If manganese gives strength to rails and beams, Tungsten used in?

a. producing magnets b. Aircraft engines. c. Strengthening the rails. d. Both a and b

II. Essay
Directions. Answer the following questions. Limit your answer to 3-5 sentences

1. What are the two kinds of minerals? Explain each.

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➢ Despite the fact that enormous amounts of minerals exist practically everywhere,
they are only divided into two types (of minerals): metallic minerals and non-
metallic minerals.

Metallic minerals are divided into ferrous and nonferrous metals. Iron
and ferroalloys are the two types of ferrous metals. Iron is the most
useful mineral; it is strong and hard, but it can be bent or shaped, and it
is widely used in automobiles, building, and other applications.
Ferroalloys are metals that are combined with iron to create several types
of steel. Nonferrous metals, on the other hand, are not coupled with iron
but are nevertheless utilized in industry. Nonferrous metals are classified
into four types: base, light, precious, and rare.

Nonmetallic minerals are divided into mineral fuels and other

nonmetallic minerals. Mineral fuels are carbon fuels derived from plant
remnants that have undergone metamorphism. Extreme heat and
pressure were responsible for the metamorphosis. As a result, solid fuels
(coal) and fluid fuels (liquid and gaseous) were created. Building
materials, chemical materials, fertilizers, ceramic materials, refractories,
abrasives, insulating materials, pigments and fillers, and precious and
semi-precious stones are among the other nonmetallic minerals.
2. What are the examples of nonferrous metals and describe each.
➢ Nonferrous metals are metals that do not mix with iron but are
nonetheless utilized in industry. Nonferrous metals are classified into
four types: base, light, precious, and rare. Examples of each type are as
follows: base: copper, tin, mercury, cobalt; light: aluminum, magnesium,
platinum - aluminum, a wonder metal, is light, strong, and corrosion
resistant. It has the ability to conduct electricity and is commonly used
in transportation, foundry, metallurgical, electrical, chemical, and
construction industries. Magnesium is lighter than aluminum and has
qualities and applications similar to aluminum. Titanium weighs 40%
less than steel but 60% more than aluminum . Titanium, like magnesium,
is utilized in the manufacture of aircraft engines, plane parts, and
missiles; Valuable: gold, silver, platinum - gold, silver, and platinum are
nonferrous precious metals. They are both unusual and stunning. They
are also known as valuable stones. Gold is utilized in jewelry and coinage
to sustain the nation's currency. Silver serves the same purpose as gold,
although it is less valued. Rare: uranium, thorium, radium, beryllium -
Uranium is employed in the form of radioactive isotopes for scientific
studies, medical research, industry, agriculture, and energy production
in nuclear power plants. Thorium is used to make fuel. Radium, a
valuable source of atomic energy, is employed in treatment for cancer
Beryllium is derived from the mineral beryl and is used to make
lightweight alloys.

3. Why iron is the most useful of all the ferrous metals?

➢ Iron is the most useful mineral; it is strong and hard, but it can be bent or
shaped, and it is widely used in automobiles, building, and other
applications. It is the most useful ferrous metal since it is pervasive
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(nearly everywhere) and abundant on Earth's surface. As we can see,
everything around us is probably made of iron, including our buildings,
residences, street lights, fences, and so on. This just means that iron is
commonly used since it is perhaps specialized for its durability,
toughness, and ease
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Module 6: Geomorphology and

Sculpturing the Earth’s Surface

Pre-Test I. Enumeration Directions.

Answer the following questions.
1-2. What are the two major processes that cause deformation of the Earth's Crust?
➢ The two major process that cause deformation of the Earth’s Crust are weathering and
movement of plates.
3. What is a force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume? ➢ Acid force
4. What movement refers to the fracturing or breaking of rock masses or the Earth's crust?
➢ Tectonic plates movement
5. What is the development of two reverse fault causing a block of rock to be pushed up?
➢ Mountain, Mountain ranges, Volcano, Trenches and New Island.

Exercises/ Drills
Depending upon the topography and materials around you, observe and record climate, possible
weathering process and soil contents and characteristics. Write it in your 1 whole sheet of paper.

➢ We live at the foot of a regular mountain that is easy to climb and reach
its top and that surrounds our home. It is not too high nor too low. The
fact that the Philippines is a tropical nation has an impact on the
weather we encounter on a daily basis. Our typical climate is one of rainy
and sunny seasons. When a typhoon, low pressure region, tropical
cyclone, surge, or other atmospheric condition is present, it rains;
otherwise, the weather is sunny. We may encounter wet and bright
weather at the incorrect time of year, though, as a result of climate
change, which is unavoidable. As an illustration, it may be bright in the
morning and gloomy or wet in the late afternoon.

The weathering process has an impact on the soil and rock in our
surroundings. When it rains, I can physically see the soil and rock debris
flowing with the rushing water, which will bring in the lower portions of
our community, the agricultural site or "kauyaparan," as the water above
the mountain clearly flows beside and in front of our house - irrigation or
"kanal." When it has been raining, climbing a mountain can be
treacherous and you may see that some of the original soil phase or
shape has changed or detached. Similarly, when visiting a rice field, you
may notice clumps of boulders and mud that are obstructing irrigation
and thickening the soil. On the other hand, when it's sunny, the air is
definitely dry and dusty, and the wind also carries dust. Without anybody
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noticing, the soil formation gradually separates and changes as long as
there are bright days and dust in the air. Therefore, as the rainy and
sunny seasons alternate, it literally affects the rocks in our surroundings.
Some rocks break into pieces and smaller and smaller fragments, other
rocks decompose into soil, and some rocks change in color, size, and
weight due to the chemicals in the rain and the sun's radiation, as I can
see on our environment.

Evaluation
Post-Test I. Enumeration Directions.
Answer the following questions.
1-2. What are the two major processes that cause deformation of the Earth's Crust?
➢ The two major process that cause deformation of the Earth’s Crust are Endogenous
process and the Exogenous process.
3. What is a force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume?
➢ The force that acts on a rock to change its shape or volume is Stress.
4. What movement refers to the fracturing or breaking of rock masses or the Earth's crust?
➢ The movement refers to the fracturing or breaking of rock masses or the Earth's crust is
Faulting.
5. What is the development of two reverse fault causing a block of rock to be pushed up?
➢ The development of two reverse fault causing a block of rock to be pushed up is called
Horrst Fault.

Essay.
Directions: Answer the following questions. Limit your answer to 3-5 sentences

1. What is the sole driving force behind all the exogenic processes?
➢ From my perspective, the only factor driving all exogenic processes is climate change. As
a result, climate change changed how the seasons and weather behaved, how often they
occurred, and how they cycled. Weathering, erosion, and mass wasting are caused by
heavy rain or excessive heat from the sun, and they have an impact on both the
environment and human life, changing the terrain and its formation. The single driving
force behind all exogenic processes, according to information gathered from
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-sole-driving-forcebehind-allexogenic-processes, is
gravity. All earth elements with sloping surfaces are subject to the gravitational pull,
which tends to cause matter to migrate in a downward direction. The particles get stressed
as a result, which leads to deformation. Stress is produced in a solid by pushing or
pulling.

2. “Our earth is a playfield for two opposing groups of geomorphic processes.” Discuss.
৹ Indeed, two opposing sets of geomorphic processes that strongly influence the creation
of the land, mountains, and the like in our environment play out on our planet.
Geomorphic processes result in the structures and creation of the Earth's surface. The
primary causes of the deformation of the Earth's spatial characteristics, endogenous and
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exogenous processes, will continue to alter the environment. Specifically, the
deformation was caused by objects moving on and below the surface of the Earth.
tectonic plate movement, fault movement, volcanic eruption, earthquakes, weathering,
erosion, and mass wasting are a few examples of processes that affect rocks.

3. Are physical and chemical weathering processes independent of each other? If not, why?
Explain with examples.
➢ Physical weathering is the breakdown or disintegration of solid rocks into smaller
fragments, therefore the chemical and physical weathering processes are not independent
of one another. Exfoliation (a type of mechanical weathering in which curved plates of
rock are stripped from rock below) and bio-weathering (a natural phenomenon that
occurs on rocks due to living organisms such as plants, animals, & micro-organisms such
as fungi & algae) are examples of physical weathering. Frost wedging is a form of
physical weathering that involves the repeated freezing and thawing of water in areas
with extremely cold weather. On the other hand, chemical weathering is the breakdown
of rocks and minerals that results in a change in their chemical composition and is a result
of chemical interactions involving the rock mineral and moisture, rainwater, seawater,
and organic acid created by plants and animals. Chemical weathering includes processes
including carbonation, oxidation, hydrolysis, and acid rain. As a result, the later forms of
weathering process are distinct from one another and from the process it goes through
before causing rocks or minerals to disintegrate or break down.