Metals and Non-Metals NE (L)

ATHGAON, GUWAHATI, ASSAM
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STUDY MATERIAL-2021-22 /CLASS – X

Subject– SCIENCE
CH-3 : METALS AND NON-METALS
Compiled by Pankaj sir & Team

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CLASS- X CH-3: METALS AND NON-METALS PAGE-1
1. At present, nearly 118 elements are known though the identity of some of them has not been fully established.
2. About twenty two elements in the periodic table are non metal while the rest show the characterstics of metals. A
few elements like arsenic, antimony, bismuth etc. have properties common to both metals and non metals. These are
border line elements and are called metalloids.
3. The knowledge about metals is very old. Copper was the first metal to be used for making utensils, weapons and
for other works.
4. Metals like titanium, chromium, manganese, zicronium etc. find application in the manufacture of defence equip-
ments. The metal uranium is probably the most expensive since it plays a vital role in nuclear explsions resulting in the
release of enormous energy called nuclear energy. These are called strategic metals. Copper, silver and gold often
called coinage metals are used in making coins, jewellery etc.
5. Position of metal and non-metals in the periodic table:-

(a) The metals are placed on the left hand side and in the centre of the periodic table. Metals present at the
extreme left are known as light metals while those present in the centre of the periodic table are called heavy metals
or transition metals.
(b) The non - metals are placed on the right hand side of the periodic table.
(c) Metals and non-metals are seperated from each other in the periodic table by a zig-zag line. The ele-
ments close to zig-zag line show some properties of metals and some properties of non-metals. These are called
metalloids. The common examples of metalloids are boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), Antimony
(Sb), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po).
6. Physical properties of metals:-

(i) Metals are solids at room temperature except mercury.
(ii) Metals are lustrous and can be polished: Most of the metals have metallic lustre (shine) and they can
be polished. The shining appearance of metals is also known as metallic lustre. Gold, silver and copper
metals have their metallic lustre. Metals like aluminium and magnesium appear white. Gold is yellow in
colour and copper is reddish in colour.
(iii) Metals are hard: Most of the metals are hard. But all metals are not equally hard.The metals like iron,
copper, aluminium etc are very hard. However, sodium and potassium are common exception which are soft
and can be easily cut with a knife.
(iv) Metals are malleable: Metals have the ability to withstand hammering and can be made into thin
sheets without breaking known as foils. Gold and silver are among the best malleable metals.
(v) Metals are ductile: Ductility is also an important property of metals. Metals can be drawn into wires.
100 gm of silver can be drawn into a thin wire about 200 meters long. Gold and silver are the most
ductile metal.
(vi) Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity: All metals are good conductor of heat.
The conduction of heat is called thermal conductivity. Silver is the best conductor of heat.
Copper and aluminium are good conductor of heat. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat.
Mercury metal is also a poor conductor of heat.
Metals are also good conductor of electricity. Metals allow the current to pass through them,
and therefore metals are good conductor of electricity. Among all the metals, silver is the best
conductor of electricity. Copper and aluminium are the next best conductor of electricity.
(vii) Metals have high densities: Metals have high densities and are very heavy. For example, the
density of mercury metal is very high (13.6 g cm-3). However, ther are some exception.lithium, sodium,
potassium, magnesium and aluminium have low densities.
(viii) Metals have very high melting and boiling points: Metals have high melting and boiling point.
Tungsten has the high melting point where as silver has low boiling point. Sodium and potassium have
low melting points.
(ix) Metals are strong: Most of the metals are strong and they have high tensile strength.
(x) Metals are sonorous: Most of the metals produce sound when they strike a hard surface or hard
object. The metals which produce sound on hitting a hard surface or hard object are called sonorous. That
is why school bells are made up of metals. The sound produced by metals on hitting is called metallic clink.
# Study Material compiled by Pankaj sir ( Founder & Faculty of Namann Educations) & Team ( Ph- 6900044808/6900144808/97071444808 )
7. Physical properties of non-metals:
(i) Physical state: Non-metals may exist in solid, liquid or gaseous state at room temperature.
For example, carbon, sulphur and phosphorus are solid at room temperature; bromine is a
liquid and hydrogen, oxygen are gaseous non-metals.
(ii) Non-metals are Non-lustrous: Non-metals are generally non-lustrous and dull. Graphite
(carbon) and iodine are exceptions. They are lustrous, as their surface possesses a shine.
(iii) Non-metals are generally soft. However, carbon (diamond) is an exception. Diamond is
very hard. In fact, diamond is the hardest natural substance known.
(iv) Non-metals are Brittle: Non-metals are generally brittle and hence cannot be beaten into
sheets. Non metals break into pieces when hammered or stretched.
(v) Non-metals are not ductile: Non-metals are not ductile and, therefore, these cannot be
drawn into thin wires.
(vi) Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity: Non-metals are generally bad
conductors of heat and electricity. Carbon (graphite) is an exception. It is a good conductor of
electricity and is used in making electrodes.
(vii) Non-metals have low densities: Non-metals posses low densities. They are light as
compared to the metals. For example, the density of sulphur is 2 g cm-3.
(viii) Non metals have generally low melting points and boiling points: All non-metals
(except graphite) posses low melting and boiling points. Carbon (graphite) is a non-metal but
possesses high melting point.
(ix) Non-metals are not sonorous: Non-metals do not produce sound when they strike a hard
surface. Therefore, they are non-sonorous.
8. Difference between metals and non-metals on the basis of their physical properties.
Property Metals Non-metals
A Physical state Metals are solids at room Non–metals generally exist as solids
temperature Except mercury. and gases, except Bromine viz liquid
at room temperature.
B Melting and boiling Metals generally have high Non-metals generally have low
melting points. and boiling melting points and boiling points.
points Except graphite (carbon).
C Density Generally high Generally low
D Malleability& Ductility Malleable & ductile neither malleable nor ductile
E Electrical & thermal Good conductors of heat & elec- Generally poor conductors of heat &
conductivity tricity (Except lead) electricity, except graphite
9. Some exceptions to general trends

There are many exceptions properties to the general properties. Some of the exceptions are given below.
(i) All metals except mercury are solids at room temperature.
(ii) Metals in general have very high melting and boiling points. However gallium and cesium are have
very low melting points. Gallium has such a low melting point that it melts on our palm.
(iii) Metals are generally hard, but sodium and potassium are the examples of metals which are very soft.
Therefore, unlike metals, these can be easily cut with a knife.
(iv) Non-metals are generally non-lustrous but graphite (carbon) and iodine are the non metals have lustre
(v) Non-metals are generally soft. But diamond is an allotrope of carbon very hard. In fact,diamond is
the hardest natural substance known.
(vi) Graphite, unlike other non-metals, is good conductor of electricity.

10. CHEMICALPROPERTIES OF METALS
A.Reaction of metals with oxygen: Metals react with oxygen gas to form metallic oxides. Metallic oxides are basic in nature.
When dissolved in water, metallic oxides form alkali or metallic hydroxide.
Metal + Oxygen > Metal Oxide
When Magnesium is heated in air, it combines with oxygen to form magnesium oxide (white powder).
2Mg + 02 > 2MgO
Magnesium Magnesium oxide
Similarly, copper reacts with oxygen, when heated in air to form copper (Il) oxide, a black oxide.
Cu + 02 > 2CuO
Copper Copper (Il) oxide
Aluminium forms aluminium oxide

4Al + 302 > 2Al203
Aluminium Aluminium oxide
i) It may be noted that metals like silver and gold do not react with oxygen even at high temperatures.
ii) At ordinary temperature, the surfaces of metals such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead, etc, are covered with a thin
layer of oxide. This protective layer of oxide prevents the metal from further oxidation.
iii) As already learnt, the metal oxides are basic in nature. However, some metal oxides such as aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
zinc oxide (ZnO), etc. show both acidic and basic behaviour, Such metal oxides are called amphoteric oxides.
# Aluminium oxide is called an amphoteric oxide because, it reacts with both acids and bases to form salt and water.
Al2O3 + 6HCl > 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaAlO2 + H2O

( sodium aluminate )
* ZnO is an amphoteric oxide.

ZnO + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnO + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2O

Sodium zincate
# The water soluble metallic oxides are called alkali. Most of the metallic oxides are insoluble in water. Sodium
oxide and potassium oxide dissove in water to produce alkali , NaOH and KOH respectively.
Na2O( s ) + H2O (l ) > 2NaOH ( aq )
K2O( s ) + H2O (l ) > 2KOH ( aq )
# ANODIZING - Aluminium is known to be a self protecting metal because a thin coating of oxide layer is formed
on its surface when exposed to air. This coating of oxide layer protects it from corrosion. The resistance of alu-
minium from corrosion can be improved further by making the oxide layer thicker. This process of forming a thick
layer of oxide on the surface of a metal is called anodizing. This can be done by electrolysis, During the process,
clean aluminium article is made the anode and is electrolysed with dilute sulphuric acid. The oxygen gas evolved at
the anode reacts with aluminium to form a thick protective oxide layer. This oxide layer can be easily
dyed to give an attractive finish to aluminium articles.
Name of metal Colour of flame on burning
Sodium Intense yellow
Magnesium Brilliant white
Potassium Lilac ( orange red )
Copper(II) (non-halide) Green
Iron Gold
Copper(I) Bluish-green
Calcium Brick red
10 ( B ). Reactions of metal with water
Metals react with water to forrn metal oxide or metal hydroxide and hydrogen.
Metal + Water > Metal oxide + Hydrogen
Metal oxide + Water > Metal hydroxide
The reactivity of metals towards water depends upon the nature of the metals. Some metals react even with cold
water, some react with water only on heating while there are some metals which do not react even with steam.
(i) Sodium and potassium metals react vigorously with cold water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas is
liberated.
2Na(s) + 2H2O (l) > 2NaOH (aq ) + H2(g)
Sodium Cold water Sodium hydroxide Hydrogen gas
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) > 2KOH (aq) + H2(g)

Potassium Cold water Potassium hydroxide Hydrogen gas
# This reaction is so violent and exothermic that the hydrogen gas evolved catches fire.
(ii) Calcium reacts with cold water to form calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The reaction is less violent.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) > Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2 (g)
Calcium Cold water Calcium hydroxide Hydrogen gas
Calcium starts floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.
(iii) Magnesium does not react with cold water but reacts rapidly with hot boiling water (steam) forming magnesium
oxide and hydrogen gas.
Mg(s) + H2O(l) > MgO (s) + H2 (g)
Magnesium Boiling water Magnesium oxide Hydrogen gas
It also starts floating due to the bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to its surface.
(iv) Metals like zinc and aluminium donot react either with cold or hot water. But they react only with steam to form
metal oxide and hydrogen gas.
Zn (s) + H2O(g) > ZnO (s) + H2 (g)
Zinc Steam Zinc oxide Hydrogen gas
2Al (s) + 3H2O(g) > Al2O3 (s ) + 3H2(g)

Steam aluminium oxide Hydrogen gas
(v) Iron metal does not react with water under ordinary conditions. The reaction occurs only when steam is passed
over red hot iron and the products are iron (II, III) oxide / Ferroso-ferric oxide and hydrogen gas.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) > Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2(g)
Iron Steam Ferroso-ferric oxide Hydrogen gas
(Red hot)
(vi) Metals like copper, silver and gold do not react with water even under strong conditions.
10 ( C ). REACTION BETWEEN METALS AND ACIDS For example:-

(i) Sodium, magnesium and calcium react violently with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) or dilute sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) liberating hydrogen gas and corresponding metal salt.
2Na (s) + 2HCl(aq) > 2NaCl (aq) +H2(g)

Sodium Sodium
chloride
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) > MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium Magnesium
sulphate
Through both sodium and magnesium react violently with dill. acids, the reaction with magnesium is less
violent than that of sodium. Therefore, sodium is more reactive than magnesium.
(ii) Metal like zinc and aluminium react with dil. HCI or dil. H2SO4 but the reaction is less rapid than that of magnesium.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) > ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Zinc Zinc chloride
Similarly
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) > 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2(g)
Aluminium Aluminium chloride
(iii) Iron reacts slowly with dilute HCl or H2SO4 and therefore,it is less reaction than zinc and aluminium.
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) > FeCl2(aq) + H2(g) NOTE
It may be noted that hydrogen gas is
Ferrous chloride not evolved when a metal reacts
with dil. nitric acid (HNO3).
This is because nitric acid is a strong
(iv) Copper does not react with dil. HCl or dil, H2SO4 at all. oxidising agent. It oxidises the
hydrogen produced to water and
Cu(s) + HCl(aq) > No reaction itself gets reduced to oxides of
Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq) > No reaction nitrogen (such as NO, N2O, NO2).
However, magnesium(Mg) and
Therefore copper is even less reactive than iron. Manganese ( Mn ) react with very
dilute HNO3 to evolve H2 gas.
Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag

Reactivity with dilute acids decreases
>
Aqua regia, (Latin for ‘royal water’) is a freshly prepared mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and con
centrated nitric acid in a ratio of 3:1. It can dissolve gold, even tough neither of these acids can do so alone. Aqua
regia is a highly corrosive, fuming liquid. It is one of the few reagents that is able to dissolve gold and platinum.
10 ( D ). Reaction of metals with solutions of other metals:

When a more reactive metal is placed in a salt solution of less reactive metal, then the more reactive metal
displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution. For example, take a solution of copper sulphate (blue
coloured solution) and put a strip of metal in the solution. It is observed that the blue colour of copper sulphate fades
gradually and copper metal is deposited on the zinc strip. This means that the following reaction occurs:
Zn (s) + CuSO4(aq) > ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Copper sulphate Zinc sulphate
(Blue solution) (Colourless solution)
In other words, we can say that zinc displaces copper from its solution. However, if we take zinc sulphate
solution and put a strip of copper metal in this solution, on reaction occurs.
ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) > No reaction
Zinc sulphate
This means that copper cannot displace zinc metal from its solution. Thus, we can conclude that zinc is more
reactive than copper. However, if we put gold or platinum strip in the copper sulphate solution, then copper is not
displaced by gold or platinum. Thus, gold and platinum are less reactive than copper.
11. Reactivity series of metals:- On the basis of reactivity of different

metals with oxygen,water and acids as well as displacement reactions,
the metals have been arranged in the decreasing order of their
reactivities.The arrangement of metals in order of decreasing is
called reactivity series or activity series of metals.
The activity series of some common metals is given in the table.
In this table, the most reactive metal is placed at the top whereas the
least reactive metal is placed at the bottom. As we go down the series
the chemical reactivity of metals decreases.
12. Metals are called electropositive elements because during chemical reactions metal atoms donate electrons to form positive
ions. The metal atoms have 1 to 3 electrons in their outermost shell.
13. Non-metal are called electronegative elements because during chemical reactions non-metal atoms gain electrons to form
negative ions. The non-metal atoms have 5 to 7 electrons in their outermost shell. ( except Hydrogen, which has 1 electron in its
outermost shell ).
14. Inert gases have 8 elctrons in their outermost shell except Helium which has 2 electrons in the outermost K-shell.
14. The metal atoms react with non-metal atoms to form ionic compounds. During chemical reactions metal atoms donate electrons
to attain the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas and form positive ions ( cations ) on the otherhand the non-metal
atoms gain electrons to attain the electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas and forms negative ions ( anions ).
16. We know that the noble gases are very stable. Except for helium, all other noble gases have eight electrons (octet) in their
outermost shell. Helium, on the other hand has only two electrons (duplet) in its first shell because the first shell (K shell) cannot
have more than two electrons. This means the noble gases have completely filled outermost shell. Since the noble gases do not
take part in bonding, this means that eight electrons in outermost shell represent a highly stable electronic configuration. Due to
this stable configuration, the noble gases have neither tendency to lose nor gain electrons. Therefore, they remain as such and
exist as monoatomic.
17. Chemical bond - A chemical bond is an attactive force between two or more atoms which binds the atoms together to form
molecules. There are two types of chemical bonds -
( i ) Ionic bond - It is a type of chemical bond which is formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms. This type of chemical
bond is formed between metal and non-metal atoms.
( ii ) Covalent bond - It is a type of chemical bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of
chemical bond is formed between non-metal atoms.
18. Ionic compounds - Those chemical compounds which consists of ions and are formed by transfer of electrons between metal
and non-metal atoms. Examples - sodium chloride ( NaCl ), Magnesium chloride ( MgCl2 ), Magnesium oxide ( MgO ) etc.
( i ) Formation of Sodium Chloride :- Atomic number of sodium (Na) = 11
 Its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 1.
It has only one electron in the valence shell. It loses this to acquire the stable electronic configuration 2, 8 ( similar to that
of neon) and form sodium ion (Na+) :
Nax  Na+ + e-
Sodium atom ` Sodium ion
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8)
Atomic number of chlorine (Cl) = 7
It has 7 electrons in the valence shell. It gains one electron to acquire the stable electronic configuration 2, 8, 8 ( similar to
that of argon) and form chloride ion (Cl-)
Thus, when a sodium atom and a chlorine atom approach each other, an electron is transferred from sodium atom to
chlorine atom. In other words, sodium loses one electron to form Na+ ion and chlorine gains that electron to form Cl- ion. As a
result, both acquire the stable nearest noble gas configuration. These oppositely charged ions are then held together by electro-
static forces of attraction forming the compound Na+Cl- or simply written as NaCl. The transfer of electron may be represented in
one step as follows :
( ii ) Formation of Magnesium Chloride :- Atomic number of magnesium (Mg) = 12

Its electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2
It loses 2 electrons from the valence shell to acquire the nearest noble gas configuration of neon (2, 8) and form Mg2+ ion.
Mgx  Mg2+ + e-
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion
(2, 8, 2) (2, 8)
Its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 7.
It has 7 electrons in the valence shell. It need to gain only one electron to acquire the stable electronic configuration 2, 8, 8
( similar to that of argon) and form chloride ion (Cl-).
Now, as Mg atom has to lose two electrons and a chlorine atom can gain only one electron, therefore, two chlorine atoms
will be required to accept the two electrons, one by each chlorine atom. Thus, the transference of two electrons from one Mg atom
to two Cl atoms may be representes as follows:-
( iii ) Formation of Magnesium Oxide:-

Atomic number of magnesium (Mg) = 12
Its electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2
It loses two electrons from the valence shell to acquire the stable configuration of neon (2, 8) and form Mg2+ ion.
Mgx  Mg2+ + e-
(2, 8, 2) (2, 8)
Atomic number of oxygen (O) = 8

Its electronic configuration = 2, 6
It gain two electrons in the valence shell to acquire the stable configuration of neon again (2, 8) and form oxide ion (O2-).
# DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THIS TOPIC

IN CLASS-ROOM
Thus, in the formation of magnesium oxide, two electrons are transferred from magnesium atom to oxygen atom as
represented below :-
or Mg2+O2- or MgO
19. The important characteristic properties of ionic compounds are :
(i) Ionic compounds are solids. In general, in ionic compounds, the ions are held
together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. Hence, the ionic compounds are
solids and relatively hard in which in which the ions have regular close packed struc-
ture. These compounds are generally brittle and break into pieces when subjected to
pressure or stress.
(ii) Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. The compounds have high
melting and boiling points. This is because of strong electrostatic forces of attraction
between the oppositely charged ions. Therefore, large amount of energy is needed to
break these bonds and hence melting and boiling points are high. Their densities are
also high. The melting and boiling points of sodium chloride are 1074 K and 1738 K
respectively.
(iii) Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water and other polar solvents. Ionic
compounds are generally soluble in polar solvents like water and insoluble in non-polar
solvents like benzene, ether, alcohol, etc.
(iv) Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the
solid state. This is because they have very rigid structures. But when these are melted or dissolved in water, the ions become free
and therefore, they conduct electricity due to mobility of ions. Thus, the ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity in the
molten or dissolved state.
(v) Ionic compounds consist of ions. All ionic compounds consist of positively and negatively charged ions and not molecules. For
example, sodium chloride consists of Na+ and Cl- ions, magnesium fluoride consists of Mg2+and F- ions and so on.
20. Occurance of metals: The Earth is the main source of metals. Sea water also contains some soluble salts of metals
like sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, etc. All metals are present in the earth’s crust either in the free state or in the
form of their compounds. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust.
“Metals occur in the crust of earth in two states : native state ( free state ) and combined state.
( i ) Native state: A metal is said to occur in a free or a native state when it is found in the crust of the earth in the
elementary or uncombined form.The less reactive metals are found in the free state. Silver, copper, gold and platinum are
some examples of such metals. These metals are also called noble metals.
( ii ) Combined state: A metal is said to occur in a combined state if it is found in nature in the form of its compounds.
The metals which have the tendency to react with moisture, oxygen, sulphur, halogens, etc. occur in the crust of the earth
in the form of their compounds such as: oxides, sulphides, halides, silicates, carbonates, nitrates, phosphates, etc. For
example, sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminium, magnesium, etc. are very reactive metals (lying at the top of activity
series) and therefore, these are never found in the free state.
** Copper and silver are metals which occur in the free state as well as in the combined state.
21. Minerals and ores: The natural substances in which metals or their compounds occur either in native state or combined
state are called minerals. The mineral from which the metal can be conveniently and profitably extracted, is called an ore.
For example, aluminium occurs in the earth’s crust in the form of two minerals, bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) and clay
(Al203·2SiO2·2H2O). Out of these two, aluminium can be conveniently and profitably extracted from bauxite. However, it has not
been possible to extract aluminium from clay by some easy and cheap method. Therefore, the ore of aluminium is bauxite. Thus, it
may be concluded that - ‘All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.’
22. Metallurgy: The process of extracting pure metals from their ores and then refining them for use is called metallurgy.
The process of metallurgy depends upon the nature of the ore, nature of the metal and the types of impurities present.
Therefore. there is not a single method for the extraction of all metals. However, most of the metals can be extracted by a general
procedure which involves the following steps:
i) Crushing and grinding of the ore. ii) Concentration of the ore or enrichment of the ore.
iii) Extraction of metal from the concentrated ore. iv) Refining or purification of the impure metal.
i) Crushing and grinding of the ore. Most of the ores in nature occur as big rocks. They are broken to small pieces with the help
of crushers. These pieces are then reduced to fine powder.
ii) Concentration of the ore or enrichment of the ore. The ores are usually found mixed up with a large amounts of non-metallic
impurities of sand and rocky materials known as gangue and matrix. These unwanted impurities have to be removed before
extracting the metals.
The process of removal of’ unwanted impurities (gangue) from the ore is called ore concentration or ore enrichment.
23. FLOW CHART SHOWING THE STEPS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF METALS FROM THEIR ORES -
24. Calcination and roasting: The methods used to convert non-oxide ore into metallic oxide .
Calcination: It is the process of heating the concentrated ore in the absence of air to convert
carbonate ores into metallic oxides.
e.g. Zinc occurs as zinc carbonate in calamine (ZnCO3) ore. The ore is calcined i.e., heated strongly in the
absence of air to convert it to zinc oxide. During calcination, carbon dioxide is expelled.
Calcination
ZnCO3(s) > ZnO (s) + CO2(g)
Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide
(Calamine ore)
Roasting: It is the process of heating the concentrated ore strongly in the presence of excess air to
convert sulphide ores into metallic oxides. e.g.Zinc occurs as sulphide in zinc bien de (ZnS). It is strongly heated in excess
of air when it forms zinc oxide and sulphur dioxide gas is expelled.
2ZnS + 3O2 Roasting > 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Zinc sulphide (From air) Zinc oxide
(Zinc blende ore)
25. The different categeries of metals are extracted by different techniques. The different steps are discussed below :
(A) Extracting metals low in activity series : Reduction by Heating in Air :
: Metals low in the reactivity series are very unreactive. They can be obtained from their oxides by simply heating in air. For
example, mercury is obtained from its Cinnabar (HgS) ore by this method. The method involves the following steps:
(i) The concentrated mercuric sulphide (cinnabar ore) is roasted in air when mercuric oxide is formed.
Roasting
2Hg S (s) +3O2(g) > 2HgO(s) + 2SO2 (g)
Mercuric sulphide Mercuric
(Cinnabar ore) oxide
(ii) Mercuric oxide is heated to about 575K and it decomposes to give mercury metal.
Heat
2HgO (s) >2Hg (l) + O2
Mercury oxide mercury metal
Similarly, copper which is found as copper sulphide (Cu2S) can be obtained from its are by heating in air alone.
Heat
2Cu2 S (s) + 3O2 (g) >2Cu2 O (s) + 2SO2 (g)
Heat
2Cu2 O + Cu2 S > 6Cu (s) + SO2 (g)
(B) Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series: The ores of these metals are generally sulphides and carbonates. The
non-oxide ores are at first converted into oxide form. These oxides form are are reduced by using suitable reducing agents to get
the metal. For example, when zinc oxide (ZnO) is heated with carbon (C), it is reduced to metallic zinc.
ZnO (s) + C (s)  Zn (s) + CO (g)

Zinc oxide Carbon Zinc Carbon
(Reducing agent) metal monoxide
The highly reactive metals such as sodium, calcium, aluminium, etc., are used as reducing agents because they can
displace metals of lowest reactivity from their compounds. For example, when manganese dioxide is heated with aluminium powder,
the following reaction takes place.
3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s)  3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3(s) + Heat
These displacement reactions are highly exothermic. The amount of heat evolved is so large that the metals are produced
in the molten state. In fact, the reaction of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) with aluminium is used to join railway tracks or cracked machine
parts. This reaction is known as the thermit reaction.
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s)  2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
(C) Extracting Metals towards the Top of the Activity Series: The metals high up in the reactivity series are very reactive. They
cannot be obtained from their compounds by heating with carbon. For example, carbon cannot reduce the oxides of sodium,
magnesium, calcium, aluminium, etc., to the respective metals. This is because these metals have more affinity for oxygen than
carbon. These metals are commonly extracted by electrolytic reduction. For example, the reactive metals like sodium, magnesium
and calcium are obtained by the electrolysis of their molten chlorides. The metals are deposited at the cathode (the negatively
charged electrode), whereas, chlorine is liberated at the anode (the positively charged electrode). The chemical reactions are –
At cathode Na+ + e–  Na
At anode: 2Cl–
 Cl2 + 2e–
Similarly, aluminium is obtained by the electrolytic reduction of aluminium oxide.

Note: (i) It may be noted that during electrolytic reduction of molten salts, the metals are always obtained at the cathode (negative electrode)
(ii) The process of extraction of metals by electrolysis process is called electrometallurgy.
26. Refining of Metals:
Electrolytic refining : This is most general widely used method for the refining of impure metals. Many metals such
as copper, zinc, tin, nickel, silver, gold, etc. are refined electrolytically. It is based upon the phenomenon of electroly-
sis. In this method, the crude metal is cast into thick rods and are made as anodes, while the thin sheets of pure metal
are made as cathodes. An aqueous solution of some salt of the metal is used as an electrolyte. On passing current
through the electrolyte, the pure metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of pure
metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the cathode. The soluble impurities dissolves in the solution whereas the
insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode and are known as anode mud. In this way, the pure metal
from anode goes into electrolyte and from electrolyte it goes to the cathode.
Let us consider the example of refining of copper.
Electrolytic refining of copper

In the electrolytic refining of copper crude copper is made anode, a thin sheet of pure copper is made cathode.
The electrolyte is a solution of copper sulphate containing a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid. On passing the
electric current copper dissolves from the anode into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of copper from the electro-
lyte is deposited at the cathode in the form of pure metal. The following reactions occur at the electrodes : Copper
atoms of impure anode lose two electrons each to anode and form copper ions, Cu2+,which go into the solution.
At anode :
Cu - 2e - Oxidation
> Cu2+
Copper Copper ion
(from impure anode) (goes into solution)
Copper sulphate solution contains copper, Cu2+ and sulphate,

SO4 ions. The positively charged copper ions, Cu2+ from the copper
2-
sulphate solution go to the cathode (negative electrode) and get

reduced to copper by accepting the electrons.
27.CORROSION OF METALS: We have seen that surface of many metals is easily attacked when exposed to
atmosphere. They react with air or water present in the environment and form undesirable compounds on their sur-
faces. These undesirable compounds are generally oxides. This process is called corrosion. Almost all metals except
the noble metals such as gold,platinum and palladium are attacked by the environment. In other words, almost all
metals get corroded. For example,
(i) When iron is exposed to moisture for a long time, its surface acquires a brown flaky substance called rust. Both air
and water are needed for rusting of iron.
(ii) Copper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and loses its shiny brown surface and acquires a green coating
of basic copper carbonate in moist air.
(iii) Silver articles become black after sometime when exposed to air. This is because it reacts with sulphur in the air to
form a black coating of silver sulphide. This is called tarnishing of silver.
(iv) Lead or stainless steel lose their lustre due to corrosion.
Thus, corrosion is a process of deterioration of a metal as a result of its reaction with air or water (present in
environment) surrounding it.
Activity: Let usperform an activity to show that air and water are needed
for rusting of iron .
To demonstrate that both air and water are needed for rusting of iron,
we take three test tubes marked A, B and C and place clean iron nails in
each of them. We pour some water in test tube A and cork it, and pour
boiled distilled water in test tube marked B along with some oil and cork it.
The oil will float on water and prevent the air from dissolving in the water.
Similarly in the test tube C add some anhydrous calcium chloride and cork it.
Anhydrous calcium chloride will absorb the moisture, if any, from the air.
Leave these test tubes undisturbed for a few days. We will observe that
iron nails placed in test tube ‘A’ have been rusted , but they do not rust in
test tubes B and C. In the test tube A, the nails are exposed to both air and
water. In the test tube B, the nails are exposed to only water, and the nails
in test tube C are exposed to dry air.
28. Prevention of Corrosion:
( i ) The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising, chrome plating, anodising or making
alloys.
( ii ) Galvanisation is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc. The
galvanised article is protected against rusting even if the zinc coating is broken.
( iii ) Alloying is a very good method of improving the properties of a metal. We can get the desired properties by this
method. For example, iron is the most widely used metal. But it is never used in its pure state. This is because pure iron
is very soft and stretches easily when hot. But, if it is mixed with a small amount of carbon (about 0.05 %), it becomes
hard and strong. When iron is mixed with nickel and chromium, we get stainless steel, which is hard and does not rust.
Thus, if iron is mixed with some other substance, its properties change. In fact, the properties of any metal can be
changed if it is mixed with some other substance. The substance added may be a metal or a non-metal.
( iv )An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a nonmetal. It is prepared by first
melting the primary metal, and then, dissolving the other elements in it in definite proportions. It is then cooled to room
temperature.
( v ) If one of the metals is mercury, then the alloy is known as an amalgam. Thus an amalgam is an alloy in which
mercury is one of the components.
( vi ) The electrical conductivity and melting point of an alloy is less than that of pure metals. For example, brass, an
alloy of copper and zinc (Cu and Zn), and bronze, an alloy of copper and tin (Cu and Sn), are not good conductors of
electricity whereas copper is used for making electrical circuits.
( viii ) Solder, an alloy of lead and tin (Pb and Sn), has a low melting point and is used for welding electrical wires
together.
( ix ) Wonder of ancient Indian metallurgy: The iron pillar near the Qutub Minar in Delhi was made around 400 BC by
the iron workers of India. They had developed a process which prevented wrought iron from rusting. This is likely
because of formation of a thin film of magnetic oxide (Fe3O4) on the surface, as a result of finishing treatment given to
the pillar, painting it with a mixture of different salts, then heating and quenching. The iron pillar is 8 m high and weighs
6 tonnes (6000 kg).
A quick round up of the chapter:

1. Some of the exceptions are given below.
(i) All metals except mercury are solids at room temperature.
(ii) Metals in general have very high melting and boiling points. However gallium and cesium are have very low
melting points. Gallium has such a low melting point that it melts on our palm.
(iii)Metals are generally hard, but sodium and potassium are the examples of metals which are very soft. Therefore,
unlike metals, these can be easily cut with a knife.
(iv) Non-metals are generally non-lustrous but graphite (carbon) and iodine are the non metals have lustre
(v) Non-metals are generally soft. But diamond is an allotrope of carbon very hard. In fact,diamond is the hardest
natural substance known.
(vi) Graphite, unlike other non-metals, is good conductor of electricity.
2. The elements which have intermediate properties between those of metals and non-metals are called metalloids.
3. Allotropes are two or more different forms of the same element.
4. Reaction of metals with oxygen: Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. But all metals do not
react with oxygen at the same rate. Different metals show different reactivities towards oxygen. Metal oxides are
basic in nature. But some metal oxides are amphoteric oxides.
5. Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but some of these dissolve in water to form alkalies.
6. The rusting of iron can be prevented by painting, oiling, greasing, galvanising, chrome plating, anodising or making
alloys.
7. Galvanisation is a method of protecting steel and iron from rusting by coating them with a thin layer of zinc. The
galvanised article is protected against rusting even if the zinc coating is broken.
CLASS- X CH-3: METALS AND NON-METALS ( TEXT-SOLN. ) PAGE-12
Question1: Give an example of a metal which
(i) is a liquid at room temperature. (ii) can be easily cut with a knife.
(iii) is the best conductor of heat. (iv) is a poor conductor of heat.
Answer: (i) Metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature -Mercury
(ii) Metal that can be easily cut with a knife - Sodium
(iii) Metal that is the best conductor of heat - Silver
(iv) Metal that is poor conductors of heat - Lead
Question 2: Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.

Answer: Malleable: A substance which can be beaten to convert into sheets by hammering are said to be malleable.
Generally all metals are malleable. For example gold, silver,copper, iron etc.
Ductile: A substance which can be drawn into wires are said to be ductile. Generally all metals are ductile. For example
silver, gold etc.
Question 3: Why is sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil?
Answer: Sodium is high reactive element. If it is kept in open it can explosively react with oxygen to catch fire. Hence to
prevent accidental damage sodium is immersed in kerosene oil as it does not react with kerosene oil.
Question 4: Write equations for the reactions of:

(i) iron with steam (ii) calcium with water and potassium with water
Answer:
Question 5: Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added to the following solution one
by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows.
Metal Iron (II) sulphate Cooper (II) sulphate Zinc sulphate Silver nitrate
A. No reaction Displacement
B. Displacement No reaction
C. No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement
D. No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction
Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals A, B, C and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate?
(iii) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity.
Answer: Based on activity series, the relative position of the metals is Zn > Fe >Cu > Ag
* Metal A is more reactive than copper and less reactive than iron.
* Metal B is more reactive than iron but less reactive than zinc.
* Metal C is only more reactive than silver and less reactive than other metals.
* Metal D is the least reactive in nature.
In the light of information, we conclude that
(i) Metal B is the most reactive metal.
(ii) If B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate, then it would displace copper.from copper(II) sulphate solution. The
blue colour of solution will slowly fade.
(iii) The arrangement of the metals in the order of decreasing reactivity is: B > A > C > D
Question 6: Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when
iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.
Answer: Hydrogen gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal. When iron reacts with dilute H2SO4,
iron (II) sulphate with the evolution of hydrogen gas is formed. The chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid is
Question 7: What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write the chemical reaction that takes
place.
Answer: The green colour of the solution will slowly disappear. Zinc is more reactive than iron. Therefore, if zinc is added to a
solution of iron (II) sulphate, then it would displace iron from the solution iron will get precipated at the bottom of the beaker.
Question 8: (i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.
(iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?
Answer: (i) The representation of elements with valence electrons as dots around the elements is referred to as electron-dot
structure for elements:
(ii) Formation of Sodium Chloride Na2O :- Atomic number of sodium (Na) = 11

It has only one electron in the valence shell. It loses this to acquire the stable electronic configuration 2, 8 ( similar to that
of neon) and form sodium ion (Na+) :
Nax  Na+ + e-
Sodium atom ` Sodium ion
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8)
It has 7 electrons in the valence shell. It gains one electron to acquire the stable electronic configuration 2, 8, 8 ( similar to
that of argon) and form chloride ion (Cl-)
Thus, when a sodium atom and a chlorine atom approach each other, an electron is transferred from sodium atom to
chlorine atom. In other words, sodium loses one electron to form Na+ ion and chlorine gains that electron to form Cl- ion. As a
result, both acquire the stable nearest noble gas configuration. These oppositely charged ions are then held together by electro-
static forces of attraction forming the compound Na+Cl- or simply written as NaCl. The transfer of electron may be represented in
one step as follows :
Formation of Magnesium Oxide:-

Atomic number of magnesium (Mg) = 12
Its electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2
It loses two electrons from the valence shell to acquire the stable configuration of neon (2, 8) and form Mg2+ ion.
Mg  Mg2+ + e-
(2, 8, 2) (2, 8)
Atomic number of oxygen (O) = 8

Its electronic configuration = 2, 6
It gain two electrons in the valence shell to acquire the stable configuration of neon again (2, 8) and form oxide ion (O2-).
Thus, in the formation of magnesium oxide, two electrons are transferred from magnesium atom to oxygen atom
as represented below :-
or Mg2+O2- or MgO
(iii) The ions present in Na2O are Na+ and O2" ions and in MgO are Mg2+ and O2- ions.
Question 9: Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

Answer: The ionic compounds have high melting points because of strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the
oppositely charged ions. Therefore, large amount of energy is needed to break these bonds and hence melting points are
high. Their densities are also high.
Question 10: Define the following terms: (i) minerals (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue
Answer: (i) Mineral: The natural substances in which metals or their compounds occur either in native state or com-
bined state are called minerals.
(ii) Ore: The mineral from which the metal can be conveniently and profitably extracted, is called an ore.
(iii) Gangue: The ores are usually found mixed up with a large amounts of non-metallic impurities of sand and rocky
materials known as gangue and matrix. The unwanted impurities (sand, silt, soil, gravel, etc.) present in the ore are called
gangue.
Question 11: Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.
Answer: The metals at the bottom of the reactivity series are mostly found in free state. For example: gold, silver, and
platinum.
Question 12: What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?
Answer: The chemical process used for obtaining a metal from its oxide is reduction.
In this process, metal oxides are reduced by using suitable reducing agents such as carbon or
by highly reactive metals to displace the metals from their oxides. For example, zinc oxide is reduced to metallic zinc by
heating with carbon.
Manganese dioxide is reduced to manganese by treating it with aluminium powder. In this case, aluminium displaces
manganese from its oxide.
Oxides of more reactive metals are reduced by electrolysis.
Question 13: Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals.
Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper
Zinc oxide - - -
Magnesium oxide - - -
Copper oxide - - -
In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place?

Answer:
Metal Zinc Magnesium Copper
Zinc oxide No reaction Displacement No reaction
Magnesium oxide No reaction No reaction No reaction
Copper oxide Displacement Displacement No reaction
Question 14: Which metals do not corrode easily?

Answer: More reactive a metal is, more likely it is to be corroded. Therefore, less reactive metals are less likely to get
corrode as they do not easily react with atmospheric conditions like oxygen, carbon di oxide, moisture etc.. Metals such
as gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) present at the bottom of the activity series do not corrode easily.
Question 15: What are alloys?
Answer: Alloys are homogenous mixture of two or more metals or even metals and non metals. An alloy is formed by first
melting the metal and then dissolving the other elements in it. For example, steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
NCERT END EXERCISE:
Question 1: Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?
(a) NaCl solution and copper metal (b) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal (d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
Answer: (d) AgNO3 solution will give displacement reaction with copper (Cu) because copper is placed above silver in the
activity series.
Question 2: Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from rusting?
(a) Applying grease (b) Applying paint (c) Applying a coating of zinc (d) all of the above.
Answer: (c) Applying a coating of zinc
(We can also apply grease and paint to prevent iron from rusting. However, in case of iron frying pan, grease and paint cannot be
applied because when the pan will be heated and washed again and again, the coating of grease and paint would get destroyed.)
Question 3: An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. This compound is also soluble in
water. The element is likely to be
(a) calcium (b) carbon (c) silicon (d) iron
Answer: (a) The element is likely to be calcium. Calcium combines with oxygen from calcium oxide (CaO) with very high melting
point. It dissolves in water to form calcium hydroxide.
Question 4: Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(a) zinc is costlier than tin. (b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin.
(c) zinc is more reactive than tin. (d) zinc is less reactive than tin.
Answer: (c) Zinc is more reactive than tin and reacts with organic acids present in food to form poisonous compounds.
Question 5: You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and a switch.
(a) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals?
(b) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and nonmetals.
Answer: (a) If a substance can be hammered to convert into thin sheets (that is, it is malleable), then it is a metal, if it
is broken into pieces then it is non-metal. Similarly, we can use the battery, bulb, wires, and a switch to set up a circuit
with the sample. If the sample conducts electricity, then it is a metal otherwise a non-metal.
(b) From these tests, we may conclude that
* Metals are malleable while non-metals are not.
* Metals are good conductor of electricity while non-metals are not.
Question 6: What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.
Answer: Some metal oxides such as aluminium oxide (Al2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc. show both acidic and basic
behaviour, Such metal oxides are called amphoteric oxides. Such metallic oxides react with acids as well as base to
produce salt and water. Examples of Amphoteric oxides are aluminium oxide and zinc oxide.
Question 7: Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals which will not.
Answer: Metals that are more reactive than hydrogen displace it from dilute acids. For example:
Iron and aluminium will displace hydrogen from dilute acids as they more reactive than hydrogen. Metals that are
less reactive than hydrogen do not displace it. For example: Silver and copper cannot displace hydrogen from dilute
acids as they are less reactive than hydrogen.
Question 8: In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the electro-
lyte?
Answer: In the electrolytic refining of a metal M:
Anode  Impure metal M
Cathode Thin strip of pure metal M
Electrolyte  Aqueous solution of soluble salt of the metal M.
Question 9: Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it.

He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube over it, as shown
in figure below.
(a) What will be the action of gas on
(i) dry litmus paper?
(ii) moist litmus paper?
(b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Answer: (a) (i) There will be no action on dry litmus paper.
No change in the colour of litmus paper.
(ii) The colour of litmus paper will turn red because sulphur is a non-metal and the oxides of non-metal are acidic in
nature.
(b) The balanced chemical equation involving the formation of gas is
Question 10: State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.

Answer: Two ways to prevent the rusting of iron are:
(i) By applying a coating of greese or paint on the surface of iron.
(ii) By depositing a layer of zinc on the surface of iron. The process is called galvanisation.
Question 11: What type of oxides is formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?
Answer: When non-metals are combined with oxygen then acidic oxides are formed. Examples
C + O2  CO2
Non-metal Acidic oxide
Question 12: Give reasons: (a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
(c) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process.
Answer: (a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery because these are low reactive metals and placed
at the bottom of the activity series, so rarely corrosion occur (In silver) and hence do not loose their shine and lustre.
Gold and platinum are even known as noble metal. They are not affected by air, water and even by chemicals. Since
they have bright lustre, jewellery can be made from them.
(b) Potassium, sodium, and lithium all react violently in the presence of water. The hydroxide compounds of all three
metals are much more thermodynamically stable than the pure substance. This means that they will release energy (in the
form of heat in this case) when they react with the water to form the hydroxide compounds. All three metals will actually
ignite and burn under water. The reason they are stored in oil, is because oil and water (or moisture in the air) don't mix.
(c) This is because aluminium is good conductor of heat and electricity. To prevent its reaction with food at high tem-
perature a protective layer of aluminium oxide (Al2O3 ) is formed which prevent further corrosion.
(d) Metal oxides can be easily reduced to metallic form with coke (C) or any other suitable reducing agent. Therefore,
carbonates and sulphides are converted to the oxide form by process of calcination and roasting.
Question 13: You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. Explain why
these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels.
Answer: Copper metal slowly reacts with water, carbon dioxide and oxygen present in air to form basic copper carbonate
which is green in colour. Its layer slowly gets deposited on the surface of the metal. Now lemon juice contains
2 Cu + H2O + CO 2 + O2  Cu (OH)2CuCO3
Present in air Basic Copper carbnate (green)
Citric acid is present in lemon while tartaric acid is in tamrind. Both these acids react with basic copper carbonate
to form soluble salts such as copper citrate ( with citric acid) and copper tartarate ( with tartaric acid). ( The equations
for the reaction are complicated and are not given.) These salts are removed from the surface of the copper metal and the
surface of the metal shines.
Question 14: Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their chemical properties.
Answers:
Basis of points Metal Non-metals

A. Nature of oxide Metal form basic oxides, some are Non-metals form acidic or neutral
amphoteric. oxides.
B. Displacement of hydrogen from acids Metals displace hydrogen from acids Non-metals do not displace hydrogen
and form salts. from acids.
C. Reaction with chlorine Metals react with Cl2 to form electrova- Non-metals react with Cl2 to form
lent chlorides. covalent chlorides.
D. Reaction with hydrogen With hydrogen, only a few metals With hydrogen, non-metals form
combine to form electrovalent hydrides. many stable hydrides which are
E. Electropositive or electronegative Metal are electropositive in character. covalent.
character Non-metals are electronegative.
F. Oxidising and reducing agent Metal act as reducing agent. Non-metals act as oxidising agents.
Question 15: A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old and dull gold
ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped in a particular solution. The bangles
sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The lady was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a
hasty retreat. Can you play the detective to find out the nature of the solution he had used?
Answer:- The man had actually used the solution of aqua regia ( mixture of conc. HCl and conc. HNO3 in the ratio of 3 :
1 by volume) which has dissolved gold forming soluble auric chloride (Au2Cl6). Since gold actually reacted, there was a
loss in mass of the gold bangles. With the removal of the dull layer of gold from the surface, there was original shine on
the bangles.
Question 16: Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron).
Answer: Copper does not react with cold water, hot water, or steam. However, iron reacts with steam. If the hot water
tanks are made of steel (an alloy of iron), then iron would react vigorously with the steam formed from hot water.
That is why copper is used to make hot water tanks, and not steel.
Some Extra Questions:

Q.1:- Name a metal which can be cut with a knife? Ans:- Sodium.
Q.2:- Which metal is the best conductor of electricity? Ans:- silver.
Q.3 Name the element which is abudant in the earth’s crust.
Ans:- Aluminium (Al) is the most abudant metal in the earth’s crust. It is present to the extent of 8.1
% by mass.
Q.4 Which metal is most ductile? Ans.:- gold
Q.5 Which metal is best conductor of heat ? Ans:- silver(and copper)
Q.6:- Which metal other than mercury is liquid at room temperature? Ans:- Gallium
Q.7:- Which metal is poorest conductor of heat? Ans:- lead (and mercury)
Q.8:- What is the nature of oxides of metal? Ans:- Basic
Q.9:- What is the nature of oxides of non- metal?Ans:-Acidic
Q10:-Which non-metal conduct electricity?
Ans:-Graphite, allotrope of carbon conduct electricity.
Q.11:- Which non-metal is lusturous? Ans:- iodine
Q.12:- Why metals are hard and have high melting point?
Ans:- because of their crystalline structure metals are hard.
Q.13:- What is an amalgam? Ans:- An alloy of two metals in which one is mercury is called amalgam.
Q.14:- What are the constituents of solder?
Ans:- tin and lead
Q.15:- Name the green coloured compound which appears on the surface of copper utensils?
Ans:- Basic copper carbonate
Q.16:- Why the item made of silver turns black when exposed to air?
Ans:- due to formation of silver sulphide
Q.17:- What are amphoteric oxides? Give an example.
Ans:- Oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salt and water are called ampho-
teric oxides .for example:- Al2O3 . ZnO
Q.18:- Why sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil?
Ans:- because sodium is a highly reactive metal and sodiums react with air and water violently to form
compounds.
Q.19:- Which gas is produced when dil. HCl is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction
when iron reacts with dil. H2SO4?
Ans:- hydrogen gas is produce when dil. HCl is added to a reactive metal.
Fe(s) + H2SO4(dil.) ------> FeSO4(aq) +H2(g)
Q.20:- Why metals like potassium and sodium catch fire when treated with water?
Ans:- The reaction between sodium and water is so violent that the H2 gas released catches fire.
Reaction:- 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ----------> 2NaOH(aq) + H2(s) + heat energy
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5. Position of metal and non-metals in the periodic table:-

6. Physical properties of metals:-

9. Some exceptions to general trends

(vi) Graphite, unlike other non-metals, is good conductor of electricity.

Aluminium forms aluminium oxide

Al2O3 + 6HCl > 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaAlO2 + H2O

* ZnO is an amphoteric oxide.

ZnO + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2O

Na2O( s ) + H2O (l ) > 2NaOH ( aq )

K2O( s ) + H2O (l ) > 2KOH ( aq )

2K(s) + 2H2O(l) > 2KOH (aq) + H2(g)

2Al (s) + 3H2O(g) > Al2O3 (s ) + 3H2(g)

10 ( C ). REACTION BETWEEN METALS AND ACIDS For example:-

2Na (s) + 2HCl(aq) > 2NaCl (aq) +H2(g)

Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag

10 ( D ). Reaction of metals with solutions of other metals:

11. Reactivity series of metals:- On the basis of reactivity of different

( ii ) Formation of Magnesium Chloride :- Atomic number of magnesium (Mg) = 12

( iii ) Formation of Magnesium Oxide:-

Atomic number of oxygen (O) = 8

# DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THIS TOPIC

19. The important characteristic properties of ionic compounds are :

ZnO (s) + C (s)  Zn (s) + CO (g)

Similarly, aluminium is obtained by the electrolytic reduction of aluminium oxide.

Electrolytic refining of copper

Copper sulphate solution contains copper, Cu2+ and sulphate,

sulphate solution go to the cathode (negative electrode) and get

A quick round up of the chapter:

Question 2: Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.

Question 4: Write equations for the reactions of:

C. No reaction No reaction No reaction Displacement

D. No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction

(ii) Formation of Sodium Chloride Na2O :- Atomic number of sodium (Na) = 11

Formation of Magnesium Oxide:-

Atomic number of oxygen (O) = 8

Question 9: Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

Oxides of more reactive metals are reduced by electrolysis.

In which cases will you find displacement reactions taking place?

Question 14: Which metals do not corrode easily?

Question 9: Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it.

Question 10: State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.

Basis of points Metal Non-metals

Some Extra Questions:

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