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Metals And
Non-Metals
METALS
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Iron, Aluminium, Copper, Silver, Gold, Platinum,

Zinc, Tin, Lead, Mercury, Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium and Magnesium.
NON-METALS
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Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Silicon, Hydrogen,

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Helium,
Neon and Argon

22 non-metals = , 10 non-metals are solids

11 non-metals are gases
1 non-metal is a liquid
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
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Metals are malleable

The property which allows the metals to be
hammered into thin sheets is called malleability
Metals are ductile
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The property which allows the metals to be drawn

into thin wires is called ductility.
Gold is the most ductile metal. Copper and aluminium
metals are also very ductile.
Metals are good conductors of heat
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The cooking utensils and water boilers, etc., are

usually made of copper or aluminium metals because
they are very good conductors of heat.

The poorest conductor of heat among the metals are

lead and Mercury.
Metals are good conductors of Electricity
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Copper metal is the next best conductor of electricity.

The metals like iron and mercury have lower

electrical conductivity.
The electric wires that carry current in our homes
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have a covering of plastic such as Poly Vinyl Learn Practically

Chloride (PVC), an insulator.

Metals are lustrous and can be polished
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The metals lose their shine or brightness on keeping

in air for a long time and acquire a dull appearance
due to the formation of a thin layer of oxide,
carbonate or sulphide on their surface.
Metals are generally hard
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Sodium and potassium are soft metals which can be

easily cut with a knife.
Metals are strong
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They can hold large weights without breaking.

Sodium and potassium metals are not strong.
Metals are solids at room temperature
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Only one metal, mercury, is in liquid state at the

room temperature.
Metals have high melting points and boiling
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Iron = 1535°C Copper = 1083°C

The melting points of gallium and cesium metals are so

low that they start melting in hand.
Metals have high densities
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Density of iron which is quite high.

Sodium and potassium metals have low densities.
Metals are sonorous
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The property of metals to produce sound is called
sonorousness or sonority.

Metals are used for making bells, and strings (wires)

of musical instruments like sitar and violin.
Metals usually have a silver or grey colour
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Copper has a reddish-brown colour

Gold has a yellow colour.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS
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Non-metals are neither malleable nor ductile
Non-metals are brittle (breaking easily)
Non-Metals are non lustrous
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Iodine is a non-metal which is lustrous, having a

shining surface
Non-metals do not conduct heat and electricity
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Carbon (in the form of graphite) is the only non-metal which

is a good conductor of electricity, it is used for making
electrodes.

BUT WHY?????
Non-metals are generally soft
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Only one non-metal carbon (in the form of diamond)

is very hard.
Non-metals may be solid, liquid or gases at the
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Carbon, sulphur and phosphorus are solid non-metal

Bromine is a liquid non-metal
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine are gaseous non-
metals.
Non-metals have comparatively low melting
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points and boiling points Learn Practically

Except diamond which is a non-metal having a high

melting point and boiling point.
Non-metals are non-sonorous
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Non-metals have many different colours

Sulphur is yellow, phosphorus is white or red,
graphite is black, chlorine is yellowish-green whereas
hydrogen and oxygen are colourless.
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1. Metal and non metal which is a liquid ?

2. Lustrous Non metal ?

3. Soft Metal and Hardest Non metal ?

Reaction of Metals with Oxygen
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Room Temperature - Sodium and Potassium

On heating – Magnesium, Aluminium and Zinc

Prolonged heating – Copper

Do not react at all – Silver and Gold

Iron do not react even on strong heating but Iron fillings

do.
At Room temperature
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4Na (s) + O2 (g) 2Na2O (s)

4K (s) + O2 (g) 2K2O (s)

Most of the metal oxides are insoluble in water.

Sodium oxide and potassium oxide are soluble in water (
form akalis)

Na2O (s) + H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq)

K2O (s) + H2O (l) 2KOH (aq)

Potassium and sodium
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React vigorously with the oxygen, catch fire and start

burning when kept open in the air.

Stored under kerosene oil to prevent reaction with the

oxygen, moisture and carbon dioxide of air.
On heating,
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s)
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4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Al2O3 (s)
2Zn (s) + O2 (g) 2ZnO (s)

Magnesium oxide dissolves in water partially

MgO (s) + H2O (l) Mg(OH)2 (aq)

Aluminium metal and zinc metal form amphoteric oxides.

Amphoteric oxides react with both, acids as well as bases
to form salts and water. Learn Practically
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Al2O3 (s) + 6HCl (aq) 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2O (l)

Al2O3 (s) + 2NaOH (aq) 2NaAlO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

ZnO (s) + 6HCl (aq) ZnCl2 ( ZnCl2 (aq))+ 3H2O (l)

ZnO (s) + 2NaOH (aq) Na2ZnO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

On prolonged heating
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2Cu (s) + O2 (g) 2CuO (s)

Black
Iron metal does not burn in air but Iron filings burn
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vigorously. Learn Practically

3Fe (s) + 2O2 (g) Fe3O4 (s)

The Reactivity Series of Metals
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The arrangement of metals in a vertical column in the order Learn Practically

of decreasing reactivities is called reactivity series of

metals (or activity series of metals).
The Reactivity Series of Metals
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The Reactivity Series of Metals
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If a metal is above hydrogen in the activity series, then it Learn Practically

will displace hydrogen from water or acids, that is, it will

react with water and acids to produce hydrogen gas.

On the other hand, if a metal is below hydrogen in the

activity series, then it will not displace hydrogen from water
and acids, that is, it will not react with water and acids to
produce hydrogen gas.
Reaction of Metals with Water
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When a metal reacts with water

Metal + Water Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen

When a metal reacts with Steam

Metal + Steam Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Reaction of Metals with Water
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Cold water – Potassium, Sodium, Calcium

Hot Water – Magnesium

Steam – Aluminium, Zinc, Iron

Cold water
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2K (s) + 2H2O (l) 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g) + Heat

The reaction of potassium metal with water is highly

exothermic, hydrogen gas formed during the reaction
catches fire immediately.

Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Calcium metal with water is less violent.

Hot water
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Magnesium reacts with hot water

Mg (s) + 2H2O (l) Mg(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Magnesium reacts very rapidly with steam

Mg (s) + H2O (g) MgO (s) + H2 (g)

Steam
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2Al (s) + 3H2O (g) Al2O3 (s) + 3H2 (g)

Zn (s) + H2O (g) ZnO (s) + H2 (g)

3Fe (s) + 4H2O (g) Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)

Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
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Metals usually displace hydrogen from dilute acids. Learn Practically

Metal + Dilute acid Metal salt + Hydrogen

Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe

Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
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Sodium metal reacts violently Learn Practically

2Na (s) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H2 (g)

Magnesium reacts quite rapidly

2Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) 2MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
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Aluminium metal at first reacts slowly with dilute Learn Practically

hydrochloric acid due to the presence of a tough protective

layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. But when the thin,
outer oxide layer gets dissolved in acid, then fresh
aluminium metal is exposed which reacts rapidly with
dilute hydrochloric acid.

2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)

Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
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Zinc is less reactive than aluminium Learn Practically

Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Iron is less reactive than zinc.

Fe (s) + 2HCl (aq) FeCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
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Gold, Silver and Copper does not react with dilute Learn Practically

hydrochloric acid (or dilute sulphuric acid) at all.

Cu (s) + HCl (aq) No reaction

Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
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Metals react with dilute sulphuric acid to give metal Learn Practically

sulphates and hydrogen gas.

2Na (s) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

Reaction of Metals with Dilute Acids
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Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. So, as soon as Learn Practically

hydrogen gas is formed in the reaction between a metal

and dilute nitric acid, the nitric acid oxidises this hydrogen
to water.
Nitric acid itself is reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides.

Very dilute nitric acid,

Mg (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Aqua-Regia
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Aqua-regia is a freshly prepared mixture of 1 part of Learn Practically

concentrated nitric acid and 3 parts of concentrated

hydrochloric acid.
Ratio of conc. HNO3 and conc. HCl in aqua-regia is 1 : 3

It is a highly corrosive, fuming liquid

It can dissolve even gold and platinum metals
Reaction of Metals with Salt Solutions
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A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from Learn Practically

its salt solution.

Salt solution of metal B + Metal A

Salt solution of metal A + Metal B

Reaction of Metals with Salt Solutions
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A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from Learn Practically

its salt solution.

CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

Blue Silvery Colorless Red

Solution white solution Brown

ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) No reaction

CuSO4 (aq) + Ag (s) No reaction

Reaction of Metals with Salt Solutions
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A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from Learn Practically

its salt solution.

CuSO4 (aq) + Fe (s) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

Blue Grey Greenish Red

Solution solution Brown

FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) No reaction

Reaction of Metals with Salt Solutions
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A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from Learn Practically

its salt solution.

AgNO3 (aq) + Cu (s) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + Ag (s)

Colorless Red Blue Greyish

Solution Brown solution White
Reaction of Non-Metals with Oxygen
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C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq)

Reaction of Non-Metals with Dilute Acids
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Non-metals do not react with dilute acids.

METALS
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Metals are the elements (except hydrogen) which

form positive ions by losing electrons (or donating
electrons) metals are known as electropositive
elements because they can form positive ions by
losing electrons.
NON-METALS
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Non-metals are the elements which form negative

ions by gaining electrons (or accepting electrons).
Non-metals are known as electronegative elements
because they can form negative ions by gaining
electrons.

Hydrogen (H) is the only non-metal element which

loses electrons to form positive ions, hydrogen ions
(H+)
HOW DO METALS AND NON-METALS REACT
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Metal and Metal – Do not react

Metal and Non metal – Ionic Compounds

Non metal and Non metal – Covalent compounds

HOW DO METALS AND NON-METALS REACT
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Sodium Chloride
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Magnesium Chloride
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Cation and Anion in MgCl2 ???

Ionic Compounds
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The compounds formed in this manner by the transfer

of electrons from a metal to a non-metal are known as
ionic compounds or electrovalent compounds.
PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUND
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Ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids.

Ionic compounds have high melting points and high
boiling points.
Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water but
insoluble in organic solvents (like ether, acetone,
alcohol, benzene, kerosene, carbon disulphide and
carbon tetrachloride).
Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in
water or when melted but they do not conduct electric
current in the solid state.
OCCURRENCE OF METALS
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The elements or compounds, which occur naturally in

the earth’s crust, are known as minerals.

Minerals contain a very high percentage of a particular

metal and the metal can be profitably extracted from it.
These minerals are called ores.
Extraction of Metals
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Metals of low reactivity

Metals of medium reactivity
Metals of high reactivity
Enrichment of Ores
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Gangue - Ores mined from the earth are usually

contaminated with large amounts of impurities such as
soil, sand, etc
Extraction of Metals
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Extraction of Metals
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Extracting Metals towards the Top of the Activity Series
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These metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction. Learn Practically

The metals are deposited at the cathode whereas, chlorine is

liberated at the anode.
Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series
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Present as sulphides or carbonates in nature. Learn Practically

Roasting - The sulphide ores are converted into oxides

by heating strongly in the presence of excess air.

2ZnS(s) + 3O2 (g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2 (g)

Calcination - The carbonate ores are changed into

oxides by heating strongly in limited air.

ZnCO3 (s) ZnO(s) + CO2 (g)

Extracting Metals in the Middle of the Activity Series
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The metal oxides are then reduced to the corresponding Learn Practically

metals by using suitable reducing agents such as carbon.

ZnO(s) + C (s) Zn(s) + CO (g)

To reduce metal oxides to metals, sometimes displacement

reactions can also be used. These displacement reactions are
highly exothermic. ( Manganese and chromium metal )

3MnO2 (s) + 4Al(s) → 3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3(s) + Heat

Thermite reaction
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The process of igniting Aluminium and Ferric oxide is called

thermite reaction. This is an exothermic reaction. Iron obtained
in this process is in molten state.

Fe₂O₃ (s) + Al (s) →Al₂O₃ + 2 Fe(l) + Heat.

Thermite reaction used for the welding of rails (joining metals)

called as thermite welding.
Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series
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2HgS(s) + 3O2 (g) 2HgO(s) + 2SO2 (g)

2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)

2Cu2S(s) + 3O2 (g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2 (g)

2Cu2O(s) 2Hg(l) + O2 (g)

Electrolytic Refining of Metals
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Electrolytic Refining of Metals
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The thick block of impure metal is made the anode. Learn Practically

Thin strip of pure metal is made the cathode.

A solution of the metal salt is used as an electrolyte.

On passing electric current, impure metal dissolves from the

anode and goes into the electrolyte solution. And pure metal
from the electrolyte deposits on the cathode. The soluble
impurities present in the impure metal go into the solution
whereas the insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of
the anode as ‘anode mud’.
Corrosion
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The eating up of metal by the action of air, moisture or

acid on their surface is called corrosion.
Rusting of Iron
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Corrosion of Iron is called Rusting.

Rust – Red Brown flaky Substance

Hydrated Iron ( ||| ) Oxide

Fe2O3.xH2O
Corrosion of other metals
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Silver articles become black after some time when

exposed to air.

„ opper reacts with moist carbon dioxide in the air and

C
slowly loses its shiny brown surface and gains a green
coat.
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