OUR laCURE

MATHEMATIOAL TABLES

OTTOMLEY
 IN MEMORIAM
FLORIAN CAJO
 » • • I U. > U •
A,^ B - 11-

^
:l
 FOUR FIGURE
MATHEMATICAL TABLES.
f
 FOUR FIGURE
MATHEMATICAL TABLES
COMPRISING LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL TABLES, AND
TABLES OF SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, AND RECIPROCALS.

BY

J. T. BOTTOMLEY, M.A, LL.D., D.Sc,

F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.C.S.,
LATE LECTURER IN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW.

MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited

NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1905

A/i rights reserved

 First Edition 18S7.
Reprinted 1890, 1893, 1894, 1S96, i?97, 1899 (twice), 1900, 1901,

1902, 1903 (twice). With additions 1904, 1905 (twice).

CAJORI

GLASGOW PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

:

BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD.

 ' > > ' J 1 ) J * ' »

«i> » » • JO

» > ) > .J

EXPLANATIONS AND RULES

FOR THE

USE OF THE ACCOMPANYING TABLES.

The logarithm of a number consists in general of two parts, an

integer part and a decimal. The integer part is called the Index or
Characteristic ; the decimal part is called the Mantissa.

RULE I, The Index of the logarithm of a number greater than

unity is the number which is less by one than the number of digits in
the integral part of the given number.

Thus, the index of the logarithm of 47320 is 4.

473-2 is 2.

4732 is o.

RULE n. The Index of the logarithm of a number less than unity,

and reduced to the form of a decimal fraction, is negative, and is a
higher number by one than the number of zeros that follow the decimal
point of the given number.

Thus, the index of the logarithm of '4732 is - i

•004732 is 3 -
To denote that the index is negative the sign minus is often
written above it ; thus T, 3.

RULE III. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a given number

consisting of four figures. —
Find the Jirst two figures in the left hand
column of the Pass along the corresponding horizontal line and
table.
take the number in the vertical column headed by the third figure.
To this number add the number found in the difference columns under
the fourth figure of the given number. The sum with a decimal point
prefixed is the required mantissa.

911380
 — •

6 MATHEMATICAL TABLES.
Example. Find the mantissas corresponding to the sequences of
figures 4732 and 6985.
473 : ;
-':
- - - - 6749
; '2.from dif. col. - - 2
.CC C,f«CC I •

• »
•6751

698 8439
5 from dif. coL - - 3

•8442

RULE IV. To find the logarithm of a given number consisting of

four figures.— Find the mantissa corresponding to the given four figures,
and to it prefix the proper index. The number thus obtained is the
required logarithm.
Exa//:p/es.
log 47320 - - - is 4-6751
log 47-32 - - - is 1-6751
log 6-985 - - - is 0-8442
log 0-006985 - - - is 3 8442

A^o^e. —A logarithm whose index is negative really consists of a

positive mantissa with a negative index algebraically added to it.
Thus:— 7-8442 = +0-8442- I. It is important to bear this in mind
in numerical operations on logarithms. For example, in taking the
square root of 0-6985, the logarithm of that number is divided by 2,

and in taking the cube by 3. The simplest way of doing this is

as follows :

|(-8442- i) = 1(1-8442 -2) = -9221 -I

IC8442- = ^2-8442 -3; = -9481 - I
RULE V. To find the anti-logarithm of a given logarithm, i.e., the
number corresponding to the given logarithm. —
Find in the table of
anti-logarithms, proceeding as in Rule III., the sequence of figures cor-
responding to the man/issa of the given logarithm. To these figures
place a decimal point, in the position indicated by the index of the
given logarithm, prefixing or affixing zeros, if necessary. (See Rules I.

and II.) The number thus obtained is that required.

Examples. Given the logarithm 27834 find the anti-logarithm.

783 6067
4 from dif col. - - 6

6073
Hence the number whose logarithm is 2-7834 is 607-3.
 EXPLANATIONS AND RULES. f
The number corresponding to the logarithm 67834 is 6073000 ; that
corresponding to 47834 is "0006073.

A'otc. — The use of Rules which are commonly given for

I. and II.,

the purposes of finding the index and of placing the decimal point
in an anti-logarithm, may be dispensed with altogether if the prin-
ciple on which these rules are founded is kept in view ; and in
reality the principle is more simple than the rules and easier to
remember. The logarithm, to the base 10, of any number greater than
I and less than 10 is a positive proper fraction, and is given in the

tables as a decimal without whole number. On the other hand the

anti-logarithm of a decimal without whole number is a number greater
than I and less than 10.
Thus log 7"32 = o"8645 ; and the logarithm o'693i corresponds to the

number 4'9j3.
Any number such as 7320, or '000732 is derived from 7*32 by
multiplying or dividing by a power of 10 and the corresponding
;

change in the logarithm is made by adding or subtracting the index of

that power of 10.
Thus 7320 = 7*32 X 10^ ; log. 7320= '8645 -1-3
000732 = 7"32 X I o"* ; log. '000732 = "8645 -4
In the same way since '6931 as a logarithm corresponds to 4"933, it

follows that 2'693i, or '6931-1-2, corresponds to 4*933 xio^; and

3'693i, or "6931 —3, corresponds to 4*933 x io~^.
RULE VI. Given any angle less than 90° to find its natural sine,
cosine, tangent, etc., or its value in radian measure.* — Find the
degrees in the hand column of the proper table. Pass along the
left

corresponding horizontal line, and take out the number in the vertical
column headed by the number of minutes lower than, and nearest to,
the given number of minutes. Take the difference between the number
of minutes given and the number of minutes just found, and from the
difference columns find in the same horizontal line the corresponding
correction. This correction is additive in the cases of the sine, tangent,
secant, and radian measure. In the cases of cosine, cotangent, and
cosecant it is subtractive.

Note. — be observed that the main division of the degree in

It will

the trigonometrical tables is into parts of 6' each. This corresponds

to decimals of the degree. Thus, I2°i8'=i2°'3.
Note. — In the tables of natural sines and cosines the decimal points
are omitted. In the other tables the decimal points and the whole
numbers which precede them are omitted in all the columns except
* Formerly called " circular measure."
8 MATHEMATICAL TABLES.
that headed and excepting also the case of a few numbers at the
o' ;

extremities of the tables, where the variation of the trigonometrical

function is extremely rapid. At the extremities of some of the tables
differences are not given, as the variation of the function is so rapid as
to make the differences unserviceable.
Examples. Find the sine and cosine of i8°27', and the tangent and
secant of 58°44'.
From table of sines l8°24' . - - '3156
3' - - 8

sin i8''27' •3164

From table of cosines i8°24' •9489
3'
3

cos i8°27' •94S6

From table of tangents s8°42' 1-6447
2' 21

tan 58°44' 1-6468

From table of secants 58°42' 1-9249
2' 18

sec 58°44' I -9267

RULE VII. To find the logarithmic sine, tangen , cosine, cotangent,

secant, or cosecant of an angle less than 90°, Proceed as in Rule VI.,
using the proper table.

The sines of all angles, and the tangents of angles less than
iV(?/^.-—

45°,being less than unity, the logarithms of these sines and tangents
are preceded by a negative index. In order to avoid the writing of
these negative indices the number 10 is added to the nvz/ value of the
log. sin. log. tan. and the number so found is entered in the
etc.,

tables. In all calculations this must be borne in mind, and allowance

must be made.

RULE VIII. To find the angle in degrees and minutes, or in

degrees and decimals of a degree, corresponding to any given natural
or logarithmic sine, cosine, tangent, etc. Find in the proper table the
number nearest by means of
to that given, interpolating, if necessary,
the difference columns; and by reversing the process of Rules VI. and
VII. obtain the corresponding number of degrees and minutes, or
degrees and decimals of a degree.

The preceding explanations are easily applicable to the remaining

 EXPLANATIONS AND RULES. 9

tables of squares, square roots,and reciprocals. With regard to the

tables of squares and square roots, it is to be noticed that while the
square of such a number as 528 is found from the square of 5'28 simply
by multiplying by a power of 10, a similar relation does not hold
always in the case of the square root. It is necessary, therefore, to have
—
two tables of square roots one extending from i or 100 to 9.99 or 999,
and the other from 10 or 1000 to 99.99 or 9999.*
RULE IX. To find the Neperian or hyperbolic logarithm of a
number. — If the number be greater than i and less than 10 its Neperian

logarithm is found directly from the proper table in the manner

explained in Rule 111. If the number is greater than 10 or less than
I, it may always be expressed as the product of two factors, of which
one is a power of 10, and the other a n'jmber greater than i and less
than 10 ; the latter being simply the original series of figures with the
decimal point suitably moved. The sum of the Neperian logarithms of
these two factors is the Neperian logarithm of the given number. A
table of Neperian logarithms of powers of 10 is given on pp. 54, 55.
Exaviplcs.
Find the Neperian logarithms of 3'24i, 324T, and •0003241.
(I)
 ^ —

lo MATHEMATICAL TABLES.

RULE X. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a reciprocal.

Write down the difference between the mantissa of the logarithm of
the given number and I'oooo or simply, commencing at the left hand,
;

write down the series of numbers which will make each figure of the
mantissa of the logarithm of the number up to be equal to 9, except
the last significant figure, which must be made up to 10.
RULE XL Otherwise To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a
:

reciprocal. — Proceed as in Rule II L, using the Table of Logarithms of

Reciprocals.

RULE XIL To find the index for the logarithm of a reciprocal.

If the given number consist of a whole number and a decimal,
the index is ecjual to the number of the digits which constitute the
whole number, and is negative. If the given number is a decimal
without a whole number the index is equal to the number of zeros
which follow the decimal point and is positive.
Examples. Find

log —
237-4
Mantissa of co-log from table, p. 16. - - '6246.
Index —3
log ="6246-3 or r6246
237'4

log = '6246 + 2 or 2 '6246

-002374
Re7nark. — In finding the logarithm of the reciprocal of a trigono-
metrical function it is only necessary to subtract the tabular logarithm
from 10. This will readily be seen from an example.
Since (see Note to Rule VII.),
log sin 36° = Tab. log sin 36°- 10
we have
log i— —^ j= -log sin 36°= 10- Tab. log sin 36°.

The subtraction from 10 is most easily performed by writing down

the numbers which make up the figures of the tabular logarithm to 9,
as in Rule X., except in the case of the last significant figure, for
which write the number which, if added to it, would make it up to
be 10.
An example of calculation is given here in order to show a con-
venient way of writing down the given numbers and their logarithms.
It is scarcely possible to overestimate the importance of strict ad-

herence to method ; for instance, in physical calculations. In the

 EXPLANATIONS AND RULES. n
first place errors are thus most easily avoided or detected ; and it is

also frequently useful to be able to return on the arithmetical steps in

order to make an alteration of form, or, if improved data are forth-
coming, to obtain a result true to a closer degree of approximation.
Example. Calculate the value of
2734XOT325 X sin 29°
I4"23 X •00176 X tan 34°"
Numbers. Logs.
27'34 -4368 + 1

0-1325 (see table, p. 12) - '1222-1

sin 29° 9-6856-10
1/14-23 -8468-2
1/-00176 7545 + 2
i/tan34° 0-1710 +

-0169 + 2
Result - - 1-040x10^.

In bringing out a Second Edition of this Rook of Tables, I desire

to acknowledge the kind assistance of friends ; and in particular the

valuable criticisms and suggestions which I have received from Prof.

Sir G. Gabriel Stokes, Bart., Pres. R. S., and from Prof. G. H.
Darwin, F.R.S.

J. T. B.

February 18, 1890. •

12
LOGARITHMS OF RECIPROCALS looo to 1409.
13
14 LOGARITHMS.

10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53

54
 LOGARITH^IS. 15

65

66
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76.
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
i6
LOGARITHMS OF RECIPROCALS.

10

n
12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

24
25
26

27
28
29

30
18 ANTILOGARITHMS.

•00

01
•02
•03

•04
•05
•06

•07
•08
09
•10
 ANTILOGARITHMS. 19

•50
20 LOGARITHMIC SINES.

0°

1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
~27^
28
29
30
 . LOGARITHMIC SINES. ^^^ /^^^^ 4.^1,^/

45^

46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61

62
63
64
65

66
67
68
69
70
71

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
£3
84
£5
86
87
88

89
22
LOGARITHMIC COSINES. 23
24 LOGARITHMIC TANGENTS.

0'

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

44
 LOGARITHMIC TANGENTS. 25

45°
26
28 LOGARITHMIC SECANTS.
LOGARITHMIC SECANTS. 29
3°
LOGARITHMIC COSECANTS. 31
32 NATURAL SINES.

0°
34
NATURAL COSINES. 35
36
 NATURAL TANGENTS.- ^^••37

45°

46
47
48
49
50
51

52
53
54
55
56
57
58
69
60
61

62
63
64
65
66
67
68

69
70
71

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81

82
83
84
85
38
NATURAL COTANGENTS. 39
40 NATURAL SECANTS.
 NATURAL SECANTS. 41

45"

46
47
48
49
50
51
42 NATURAL COSECANTS,

0°

1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9

10
 NATURAL COSECANTS. 43
1
44 RADIAN MEASURE.

0°

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

17
18
19

20

21
22
23

24
25
26

27
28
29

30

31
32
33

34
35
36

37
38
39

40
41
42
43

44
 RADIAN MEASURE. 45

45'

46
47
48
49
60
51
52
53
64
55
66
57
58
59
60
61

62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

72
73
74
75

76
77
78

79
80
81

82
83
84
85

86
87
88

89
46 SQUARES.

1-0

1-1
1-2
1-3

1-4
1-5
1-6

1-7
1-8
1-9

2-0

2-1
2-2
2-3

2-4
2-5
2-6
 C5-0-IN-

48
rAcL
 C/lXAV

5°
 '

CnX/>v

,<-
SQUARE ROOTS from iooo to 9999. 51

6 8 9 123 456 789

65 74-16 74"23 74*30 74'36 74*43 74-50 74-57 74-6; 74-70 74-77 I I 3 3 4 5 5 6

56 74-83 74-9074 9775-03 75 1075-17 75-23 75-30 75-37 75-43 I 2 3 3 4 5 6

57 75-50 75-5675' 6375-70 75 7675-83 75-89 75-96 76-03 76*09 I 2 3 3 4 5 6
58 76-16 76-22 76' 2976-35 76; 4276-49 76-55 76-62 76-68 76-75 I 2 3 3 4 5 6
59 76-81 76-88 76 -9477-01 77' 0777 1477-20 77-27 77-33 77-40 I 2 3 3 4 5 6
60 77-46 77-52 77 -59,77-65 77 7277 7877-S5 77-91 77-97 78-04 I 2 3 3 4 5 6
61 78-10 78-17 78-23'78-29 78 •367S 42 78-49 78-55 78-61 78-68 I 2 3 3 4 5 6
62 78 747s So 78' 87 78 78 99,79 -06 79-12 79-18 79-25 79-3 I 2 3 3 4 5 6
63 79-37 79*44 79' 50,79 79 6279 -69 79-75 79-81 79-87 79-94 I 2 3 3 4 5 6
64 80-0080-06,80 1280 80 25S0 80-37 80-44 80-50 80-56 I 2 234 5 6
65 80-62 80-6880-7580-81 80-S780-93 80-99 81 -06 81-12 81-18 I 2 2344 5 5

66 81 -2 48 1-3081 3681 42
81 49,81 5581-61 81-67 81-73 81-79 I 2 234 5 5
67 81-85 8i-9i[8i 98,82 04 82 'IoS2' 1682-22 82-28 82-34 82-40 I 2 234 5 5
68 82-46 82-5282 5882 64 82 7082' 76 82-8: 82-89 82-95 83-01 I 2 234 5 5

69 83-07 •3-1383 1983 83- 37 83 -43 83-49 j 55 83-61 I 2 234 5 5

70 83-67 13-7383 7983 90 83- 96 84-02 84-08 84-14 84-20 I 2 234 5 5
71 84-26 84-3284-38 84 84-5084-56 84-62 84-68 84-73 84-79 I 2 234 5 5

72 84-85 84-91 84 9785 85 85 85-21 85-26 S5 32 85-38 I 2 233 5 5

73 85-44 85-5085 5685 85 85 85-79 85-85 85-91 85-97 I 2 233 5 5
74 86-02 86-0886 14S6 86 86' 86-37 86-43 86-49 86-54 I 2 233 5 5

75 86-6086-66 8672^86-78 86-83 86 -89 86-95 S7-01 87-06 87-12 I 2 4 5 5

76 87-18 87-24 •2987 87 87 87-52 87-58 87-64 8769 I 2 233 S 5

77 87-75 87-81 •8687 87 88 88-09 88-15 88 -20 88 -26 I 2 233 4 5
78 88-32 88-37 -4388 88 88-66 88-71 88-77 88-83 I 2 233 4 5
79 88-8888-9488-9989-05 89 85 8q-22 89-27 89-33 89-39 I 2 233 4 5
80 89-4489-5089-5589-61 89 89 89-78 89-83 89-89 89-94 I 2 233 4 5
81 90-00 90-06 90-1 1 90-17 90 90' 90-33 90-39 90-44 90-50 I 2 233 4 5

82 90-55 90*61 90*66 90*72 90 •83 90-88 90-94 90-99 91-05 I 2 4 5

83 9i-i09i*i69i-2ij9i-27 91 •38 91-43 91-49 91-54 91-60 I 2 233 4 5
84 91-65917191-7691*82 91 92 91-98 92-03 92*09 92*14 I 2 233 4 5

85 92-20 92-25'92-3o 92-36 92-41 92-47 92-52 92-57 92-63 92-68 I 2 233 4 4 5
86 92 7492 7992 8492*90 92 93-01 93-06 93*11 93-17 93-22 I 2 233 4 5
87, 93-27 93-33,93
38I93-43 93
93-54 93-59 93-65 93-70 93-75 I 2 233 4 5
88 93-81 93-8693 9193-97 94 94*07 94-13 94-18 94-23 94-29 I 2 233 4 5
89 94-34194-39 94-45,94-50 94' 60 94-66 94-71 94-76 94-8 I 2 233 4 5
90 94-87 94-92 94-97,95-03 95 13 95-18 95-24 95-29 95-34 I 2 233 4 5
91 95-39 95-45 95-5095-55 95 -66 95-71 95-76 9581 95-86 I 2 233 4 5

92 95-92 95-9796-0296*07 96' •1896*23 96*28 96-33 96-38 I 2 233 4 5

93 96*44 96*4996*54196-59 96 7096*75 96-80 96-85 96-90 I 2 233 4 5
94 96-95 97*01 97*0697*11 97 •21 97*26 97-31 97-37 97-4 I 2 233 4 5

95 97-47 97-5297-57,97-62 97-67 97-72 97-78 97-83 97-88 97-93 I 2 2 3 4 4 5

96 97-98 98-03:98 -oS;98-i; 98 98 -2398-29 98-34 98-39 98-44 I 2 233 4 5

97 98-49 98-5498-5998-64 98 98 •749879 98-84 98-89 98-94 I 2 233 4 5
98 98-99 99*0599-1099*15 99 99*25199*30 99-35 99-46 99-45 I I 223 4 4

99 !]99-5099-5599-6o99-65 99-7099*7599-80 99-85 99-90 99-95 o I I 2 2 3 3 4 4

1J2
52
54
 56

O
vo
 — .

USEFUL FORMULAS AND NUMBERS.

Binomial Theorem.
n.n I o .
n.n- \.n —
(i±.)^ :ne- '^H&c.

Hence, when ne is so small that its square and higher powers may-
be neglected, (i ±d')" N ± ne. i

Examples
c='o\ ;
(i + *oi)2= i-q: (i + -oi)J=^roo5; (H-'oi)-i ==0-9967.

—
Barometric Formula. Let P and p be the atmospheric pressures
observed by the barometer at the lower and upper stations respec-
tively ; and let T and t be the respective atmospheric tempera-
tures on the Fahrenheit scale ; then H, being the difference of
levels in feet,
r+/-64\
//= 60360 {log P- log ;^} 1 +
(^ 986
Base of Hyperbolic or Neperian Logarithms, .... 6 = 271828.
To convert common into hyperbolic logarithms, multi-
ply by 2-30258.
To convert hyperbolic into common logarithms, multi-
ply by 0-43429.
Ratio of circumference of circle to diameter, ^ = 3-14159.
Number of degrees in one radian (the unit angle, which is the angle
subtended by arc equal to radius), 57°'295S = 57° 17' 45" = 206265".
Logarithm.
T=3"i4i59 o^"497iS
€ = 271828 0-43429
Metre in inches, 39"37043 Cubic inch of distilled
Foot in centimetres. 30 "4797 water at 4°C, 252-89 grains,
Mile in kilometres,
Gramme in grains.
Pound in grammes,
1-6093
IS '43235
453 '593
4°C,
Cubic inch of mercury
....
Cubic foot of water at
62-43 ^t)S.

Kilogramme in pounds 2-2046 ato°C, 3439 grains.

British ton in French tons Do. do., -4913 lbs.
of 1000 kilos., 1-016 Litre of dry air at o°C,
Litre in cubic inches 61-0253 76o'"-"'- pressure, I "2932 grms.
Cubic inch in cubic centimetres, 16-3866 Cubic foot ,, ,, 565-1 grains.
Cubic foot in cubic centimetres, 28316-0 Density of mercury, 13 •596.
57
 , .

58

I centim.
I metre
gramme
kilogramme
.......
...... 981 ergs.
9 81 X 10''.
I
I
ft.

ft.
lb
poundal (independent of^.) ....
.....
3
1 '56 X 106 ergs.
421390 ergs.
I joulewatt for i second)
I horse power.
( I
.......
I watt (rate of working of i volt through i ohm, or of i
10" ergs.
7 '46 X io9 ergs per sec.
volt carrying i ampere)
= io~ ergs per second.
Earth's mean radius, 6*371 x lo^centiras Mass of moon, 1/ . ! I "5 of earth's mass
Earth's mean radius Distance of moon
(approx.), . . 21 X 10* feet. from earth, 3'8 X 10'" centims.
Mass of earth, as- Sun's radius. 697 X 10* centims.
suming 5 "67 as Mass of sun. 324000 earth's mass.
mean density, . 6'i4X 10" grammes Distance of sun
Earth's mass (ap- from earth. I "498 X 10^' centims.
proximately), . i3'5 X
10-* lbs. = Distance of sun
6 X 10'-' tons. from earth, 93'i X 10^ miles.

Seconds pendulum at Mass in grammes which

Greenwich, . . 39'i39 inches = concentrated at a
99'4i4 centims. point I centimetre
Gravity of i pound distant from a point at
at Greenwich, 32*i9i poundals. . which another equal
Gravity of i pound mass is concentrated
mass in lat. 55° 35' would attract it with a
(approximately thai force of I dyne, 3928 grammes.
of Edinburgh or Same where the foot,
Glasgow), . 32'2 poundals. . pound, and poundal
Gravity of i gramme are units of length,
in same latitude, . 981 "424 dynes. mass, and force, 31,075 lbs.

Height of Homogeneous atmosphere at Greenwich at c°C, 26,210 ft.=

7*988 X 10^ centims.

Newtonian velocity of sound in air at c°C, . . 9i8"5 feet per second,

= 27996 centims. per second.

True velocity at /^C = 33240 J + '00366 /

i centims. per second.

Joule's Equivalent. 777'2 Greenwich foot-pounds of work will raise

I lb. pure water from 60° to 61° Fahrenheit.

This is equivalent to 1399 ft.-lbs. per pound degree centigrade, — or
41*84 X 10'' ergs per gramme degree centigrade, — or 42600 centi-
metre-grammes per gramme degree.

Latent heat of water, 79*25. Latent heat of steam at ico", 537

Specific heat of air pressure constant, 0*237 ;

sp. heat of air pres. const .

^ - .

sp. heat of air vol. const.

I litre of hydrogen at o°C and 760 mm. pressure weighs 0*0896 gm.

Density of hydrogen compared with air =0*0693=—^

I4'43
—
 ;

59

Conductivity of heat. Quantity, in gramme-water-centigrade units

conducted per second ; per square centimetre of area ; per degree,
per centimetre of thickness, of difference of temperature of two
sides of plate.
Copper, "996
Iron, 15 to "19
Stone, 01 to 005

Velocity of light in vacuum = 3*004 x iqI" centims. per second.

Mean wave length 5"3 x lo"^ centim.

One electromagnetic unit=3X lo^** electrostatic units of electricity

I B. A. Unit = -9866 Ohm. i Ohm=roi358 B. A. Unit.

Resistance of 100 metres of pure annealed round wire, i mm. in

diameter, at o°C,
J>
Copper, .... 2"028 ohms.
12-34
11-50
4i'i7

1-07 volt.
I "95 „
1-435 volt.
i-43S[i--ooo77(/-i5)]
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