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BASIC HANDS TOOLS

Introduction
Hand tool, any of the implement used by craftsperson in manual operation, such as
chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries
to shaping tools, include such implements as the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A
craftsperson may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements. The rule, divider,
square and other. POWER TOOLS usually handheld motor-powered implement such as an
electrical drill or electrical saw-perform many of the old manual operations and such maybe
considered hand tools.

A tool in a implement or device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a
desired from. The earliest known tools, found in 2011 and 2012 in a dry riverbed near Kenya’s
lake Turkana, have been date to 3.3million years ago. The present array of tools has as common
ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival. In the course of a vast
interval of time. Single purpose tools came into being with twin development of agriculture and
animal domestication. Way of life led to a higher degree of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were
clearly established more than 4,000 years ago.

The common denominator for this tool is removal of material from a workpiece,
usually by some of cutting. The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristics of most
tools, and the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improve
cutting edge. Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting and fitting of a handle to a
piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tools with better control, more energy, or both
LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON BASIC HANDTOOLS & WELDING

A Thesis

Presented to

The faculty of

Tiblac National High School

Brgy. Tiblac,Ambaguio

In partial fulfillment

Of the Requirement in

Practical Research

By

SMAW student

Manilyn Palangyo
Beltran Guzman
Riko Ligmayo
Jayson Binwag
Cristobal Maddawat
Mannyjeic Agguhip
Shepherd Manawit
  CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Nowadays, welding is very popular it is very in demand not only in the Philippines but

also in other countries. But what is the use of being in demand if the welder doesn’t know how to

prevent possible harm or trouble in their work or simply the precautionary measures in welding

industry. As a welder we need to make sure that we are safe not just only for ourselves but also

for our love ones. It is very important that we know the precautionary measures to make sure that

we can work well and safe. According to Brown (1998). Arc welding is a safe process when

sufficient are taken to protect the welders from potential hazard and when proper operating

practices are followed. Laws (2017) There are several hazards central to welding that must be

accounted for in welders training, equipment, and set up for a job. This include electric shock,

welding fumes, fire and injuries that can be caused by wearing PPE that is not sufficient to

protect against the level of hazard encounter during the task. Most welding equipment has a

voltage that present a risk of electric shock.” the most common type of electric shock is

secondary voltage shock from an arc welding circuit, which ranges from 20 to 100 volts. Bear in

mind that even shock of 50 volts or less can be enough to ensure or kill an operator, depending

on the condition”, an article OHS OH and S published three years ago pointed out.

The precautionary measure must be effective and proportional does not appear to be the

final word. for instance, what types of precautionary measures are there to choose from? Should

measures be contemplated at the international, the national, or both levels? What to do when

precautionary action intended to prevent one environmental hazard itself entails another
environmental risk? And once taken, how long should precautionary measures be left in force?

(Tickner Metal 2000).

According to Lincoln Electric Company (2016). Safety is a critical consideration for

any welding project. Arc welding is a safe occupation when proper precautions are taken. But if

safety is ignored, welders face an array of hazard which can be potentially dangerous. Arc

welding is also safe occupation when sufficient measures are taken to protect the welder from

potential hazard. When these measures are overlooked or ignored, however, welder can

encounter such danger as electric shock, overexposure to fumes and gases, arc radiation, fire and

explosion, which hazards due to lack in knowledge about the precautionary measure that is very

important to our safety. In this study therefore, the researcher wants to know the precautionary

measures use by the welder and to propose possible intervention/activity that can be done to

increase the level of awareness of welding shops and its welders on precautionary measures.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to…. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1.What are the precautionary measures used by the SMAW student in TNHS

2.What intervention/activity can be done to increase the level of awareness of welders on

precautionary measure?

3.What is the level of acceptability on the intervention /activity?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Moreover, this study will anticipate to contribute additional information to serve the following
individual and organization:

Welders - This will give the welders enough information about using precautionary measure that
is very important to their safety.
Customer - This will serve as a guide and will help them to became aware to their safety inside
the welding shop.

FUTURE RESEARCHER - The result of this research may help the new researcher to develop
their findings ang can be the source of information that will support their study about
precautionary measure.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

SMAW student in TNHS use as a sample in conducting the survey. Focuses on the current year
2022

 –

 This study will also use question are. Its main purpose is to know the precautionary measures
use by the SMAW student and to propose possible intervention/activity to increase the level of
awareness and knowledge about precautionary measures.

Definition of Terms

What Does Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Mean?

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is a fusion welding process that uses a consumable, flux-
coated electrode to create an arc between the electrode and the work piece. Molten metal travels
from the electrode via the electrical arc and is deposited into the work piece. The flux coating is
also melted and it surfaces on top of the molten weld pool in the form of slag.

Shielded metal arc welding is one of the oldest arc welding processes and is one of the simplest
and affordable welding processes that can be used to make quality weldments. This is due to the
simplicity of the equipment needed for shielded metal arc welding. All the process requires is a
constant current power source, an electrode, an electrode holder, a ground clamp and a work
piece.
 Carnosinemia Explains Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

Shielded metal arc welding electrodes have a flux coating. This flux coating is used to protect the
molten weld metal from the atmosphere and oxidation. This is necessary because no external
shielding gas is used for this welding process. When the flux coating is deposited into the weld,
it resurfaces as slag. This slag must be cleaned away prior to making another weld pass or it
could result in a weld defect. Some shielded metal arc welding electrodes, such as low hydrogen
electrodes, must be stored in a rod oven to prevent moisture from compromising the electrode's
low hydrogen qualities.

Shielded metal arc welding does not produce welds as fast as gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
and it is not as versatile as gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). However, it is still used quite
frequently because of its portability and simplicity. Shielded metal arc welding also does well in
outdoor applications because the flux-coated electrodes make it less likely to be negatively
impacted by windy conditions.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter present the review of related literature and related studies that will act as a
supporting idea to the study. It also includes the conceptual framework and the definition of
terms.

RELATED STUDY

According to OSH (2018). There are several hazards central to welding that must be accounted
for in welders' training, equipment, and set-up for a job. These include electric shock, welding
fumes, fire, and injuries that can be caused by wearing PPE that is not sufficient to protect
against the level of hazard encountered during the task. Most welding equipment has a voltage
that presents a risk of electric shock. "The most common type of electric shock is secondary
voltage shock from an arc welding circuit, which ranges from 20 to 100 volts. Bearing mind that
even a shock of 50 volts or less can be enough to injure or kill an operator, depending on the
conditions," an article OH&S published three years ago pointed out. Exposure to welding fumes
and gases is a primary hazard. Welders must be acquainted with safety data sheets for the
welding consumable products they are using, as well as the use of ventilation to ensure exposures
are minimized. Permissible exposure limits come into play here, limits established by OSHA and
the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Welders rely on respiratory
protection, ventilation, and a variety of products for fume extraction. The PPE standard says step
one is the employer's hazard assessment, followed by PPE selection and worker training. Once
trained, workers should understand when PPE is needed and what types of PPE are needed; how
to put on and take off their PPE properly; the limitations of their PPE; and the proper care and
maintenance of this protect
equipment. According to 2nd International Iron and Steel Symposium (2017). Ifproper
precautions are taken, safe working environment can be provided. Arcwelding includes various
hazards like dust, gas and smoke, compressed gas cylinders, harmful rays, high temperature and
electric shock. These hazards can cause accidents which may occur before, during or after
welding. Especially breathing dust, gas and smoke or exposure to the harmful rays may lead to
occupational diseases in long term. In this paper, physical and chemical risks that may arise
during the TIG welding process are searched and safety measures that set by international and
national standards are presented. Storage and use of compressed gas cylinders, safety instructions
for TIG welding machine, workplace safety, personal protective equipment specifications and
measures must be taken against occupational disease constitute content of
tpost. According to Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2015). Primary preventive actions are
developed and organized to avoid or minimize risks posed to the heath of individuals or a
collective. Preventive measures somewhat express priorities established and directed by public
policies. In the specific case presented here, primary prevention focuses on reducing diseases
caused by the exposure of welders and future workers to harmful compounds. In this context, the
primary preventive measure we propose to enhance the well-being of these workers and future
workers is risk communication. Risk communication refers to an interactive process in which
information and opinions are exchanged among interested parties, and include messages
concerning events that pose risks to workers and how to identify, analyze and manage such risks.
For risk communication to be effective, the characteristics of the event posing a risk to workers
need to be identified because these characteristics influence the individuals’ perceptions of risks.
Thus, risk communication, along with public participation and conflict resolution, encourages the
modification of individual and collective behavior in the face of events that pose risks to health.
The use of risk communication as a primary prevention tool is found in different working
environments, such as among farmers chemical industries, and technological education schools,
among others. This study’s aim was to apply the communication of risks in welding
apprenticeship programs. The Laboratory of Socio-Environmental Process Studies and
Collective Health Promotion (LAMSA) research group has developed research in this contesting
the Socio-Environmental Laboratory of Occupational Health at the School of Nursing, Federal
University of Rio Grande. The perceptions of welding apprentices concerning welding fumes as
associated with respiratory and cardiovascular disorders was used to classify events that pose
risks to health and that can be communicated in the apprenticeship process. The reason is that the
awareness of apprentices concerning this event can be strengthened or even modified during the
training process to ensure safer occupational practices. Welding is a common industrial process
but one with the potential to be extremely harmful, and detrimental to the health of welders. One
of the main risk factors to which welders are exposed is welding fumes and gases. The main
disorders caused by such exposure include respiratory disorders as reported in studies conducted
in Denmark, Iran and Malaysia, and cardiovascular disorders as reported by studies conducted in
the United States and Denmark. There are, however, few studies addressing welding
apprenticeship programs and the implementation of risk communication as a primary prevention
tool to advise future workers concerning the exposure of welding fumes being associated with
respiratory and cardiovascular disorders.

RELATED LITERATURE

 According American Welding Society (2008). Like other jobs or careers, welders must wear
suitable protective equipment. In general, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must protect
against hazards such as burns, sparks, spatter, electric shock, and radiation. The use of PPE is a
good safe practice and may be required by regulatory agencies. For example, OSHA requires the
use of PPE when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective. Welding
and cutting can produce hazards such as sparks, spatter, radiation (infrared, ultraviolet, and blue
light), slag, heat, hot metal, fumes and gases, and even electric shock. Since these hazards may
cause burns, injury, or death, it is important to wear proper PPE at all times.

 According to Gambo (2015). Welding is associated with various inherentoccupational hazards
which may result in severe consequences on health of workers performing this task. Very little
information exists regarding health hazards and how they are controlled among welders in
developing countries. For instance, there is limited information on use of personal protective
equipment or work-related health problems within this occupational group. Little information is
published concerning welders in Zambia, although the number of welders is increasing,
especially in small scale enterprises. Thus, the study aimed to gather information about
occupational hazards and use of personal protective equipment (PPE)among small scale welders
in Lusaka, Zambia. Acute health effects experienced by the welders were also explored as well
as the welders’ awareness regarding occupational hazards and use of PPE. This was a cross
sectional study of 430small scale welders conducted in Lusaka, Zambia. A pretested structured
interview guide and checklist was used to collect data on demographic characteristics, work
experience and occupational hazards, awareness of PPE and hazards, use of PPE and acute health
effects experienced. Descriptive statistics were used in the analyses of data, Chi square and
ANOVA tests were used for comparing study variables and a generalized linear model with a log
link function was used to derive relative risks. It was found that welders were exposed to
welding hazards such as intense bright light, heat, noise, fumes and gases. Other hazards arose
from poor housekeeping, unsafe work structures and tools such as grinders. Although the
majority (98%) of welders were aware of at least one type of welding hazard or PPE, about 2%
were not aware of any hazards or any personal protective measures. None of the welders used all
the recommended PPE at any time during their work. A high prevalence of self-reported eye
(88%) nasal (78%), metal fume fever (68%) and respiratory (64%) related symptoms was found
in addition to burns (87%) and cuts (79%) on hands/arms. Education was associated with
awareness regarding hazards and PPE as well as use of PPE Welders in this study worked under
poor and dangerous conditions that exposed them to several safety and health hazards. Although
most welders were aware of occupational hazards and related PPE for their work, this awareness
did not translate into use of PPE. Their use of protective measures did not offer the level of
protection required considering that a high prevalence of acute health effects was found among
the welders in the study. This calls for concern and need for more preventive measures within
this occupational group to avoid injuries and diseases.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Based from the related readings, the researchers felt that the precautionary measures are very
important to the safety of welder. Thea forementioned review of related literature and studies
guided the researchers in determining the level of awareness on the precautionary measure in
welding industry.

 RESEARCH PARADIGMINPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Conduct a study about the precautionary measure used by the SMAW student in TNHS

 Development of the questionnaire

 Permission to conduct a study

  Propose intervention/activity about precautionary measure in welding industry

  Increased level of awareness towards the precautionary measures in welding industry.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Acute Health effects: Health effects experienced as a result of

exposure to hazards during or immediately after work, or within a period of two weeks after
exposure to hazards at work.
Hazards: a source of danger

Occupational Hazard: Any activity, process or materials related to welding with the potential to
cause harm or adverse health effects on people performing this task.

PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

 Personal Protective Equipment: Devices (i.e., goggles, respirators/face masks, welding

helmets/shield, safety boots, fire resistant aprons, work suit/coverall and insulated gloves) used
to prevent or reduce exposure of the welders to workplace hazards.

Precautionary measures: is something that is done to prevent possible harm or trouble from
happening in the future.

Risk: The probability of harm or an adverse health effect occurring to a person exposed to a
hazard. Small Scale Enterprise: A business entity whose total number of workers is less than 10.
These may or may not be registered with the company registrar of Zambia.

Welder: Any person who performs welding processes including apprentices.

Welding: The process of joining metal pieces by means of molten metal that is produced at the
joint by heat, pressure or both heat and pressure.
 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the locale of the study, research method population, instrumental and data
gathering procedures.

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted at TNHS SMAW student to determine their level of awareness on
precautionary measures.

RESEARCH METHOD

This study used quantitative research, employing questionnaire and surveying the welders of
SMAW student which concerned the nature and status of the study.

RESEARCH POPULATION AND SAMPLE

The respondent will be the teacher and its SMAW student. The respondents were selected using
purposive convenience sampling technique where the intended respondent are the teacher and
student, because the SMAW student and teacher of the welding area is the only capable to
determine the necessary data that the study aims to find.

  RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In order to gather the data, the researchers used a self-constructive checklist questioner as
instrument for the study. It was conceptualized though reading related to precautionary measures
in welding industry.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers secure a permit from the school principal of Tiblac National Highschool in order
to commit the researcher’s intent during the conduct of the study. A letter of intent was also
served to the selected respondents. The research instrument was served personally to the
respondents.