M900/M1800 Base Station Subsystem

Feature Description Contents

Contents

6 Diversity Reception ...................................................................................................................6-1

6.1 Technical Description....................................................................................................................................6-2
6.1.1 Space diversity .....................................................................................................................................6-2
6.1.2 Time diversity ......................................................................................................................................6-2
6.1.3 Frequency diversity..............................................................................................................................6-2
6.1.4 Polarization diversity ...........................................................................................................................6-3

6.2 Parameter ......................................................................................................................................................6-3

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M900/M1800 Base Station Subsystem
Feature Description 6 Diversity Reception

6 Diversity Reception

About This Chapter

The following table lists the contents of this chapter.

Section Describes

6.1 Technical Description Describes the receive diversity technology including the space
diversity, time diversity, frequency diversity, and polarization
diversity.
6.2 Parameter Describes the parameters related to diversity.

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6 Diversity Reception Feature Description

6.1 Technical Description

In radio waves propagation, fading (including slow fading and fast fading) may impact on the
communication quality and may even interrupt the communication.

In this technique, the system receives two or more input signals, which carry identical
information but irrelevant random fading features. To minimize these impacts and enhance the
transmission quality, diversity technique is used. It is an effective approach to overcome fading,
encompasses frequency diversity, time diversity, polarization diversity and space diversity.

6.1.1 Space diversity

Space diversity is implemented by providing two sets of stand-alone receiving equipment
concurrently, including antenna, tower amplifier (optional), feeder, DMUX and receiver. The
receiver is made up of two completely independent paths. The input signals of the two channels
come from the master and diversity antennas. The two signals of space diversity receiving have
different propagation environments and different kinds of fading so they have the feature of
coherence or little coherence. It lowers the impact of propagation factor to adopt diversity
combining technology and make it output powerful useful signals. In the mobile
communication, the wider spacing interval, the more different multipath propagation, and the
less relativity. The interval between antennas can be either vertical or horizontal. The vertical
interval has a poor performance of diversity, so it is rarely used. In the same BTS or cell, if two
sets of antennas with an interval of dozens of wavelength are used to receive the same signal,
the most powerful signals or combined signals with minimum fading can be selected through
diversity combining technology. The diversity gain can be used to indicate the improvement of
space diversity, which value is related with adopted combing technology. However, the
improvement depends on the ratio between the effective height of diversity antenna (he) and
level interval (d), and the incoming wave angle α. When the frontal signal (i. e. α=0o) is
received, the signal coherence coefficient on two sets of antennas is the smallest one and the
gain is the greatest one; when the lateral signal (α=90o) is received, the coherence coefficient is
the greatest one and the gain is the smallest one.

Space diversity is the most effective and most common mode in the mobile communication.

6.1.2 Time diversity

Time diversity can be used to send the same message through a certain delay, or send a part of
message at different times within the allowed range of delay. Interleaving technology is used to
realize time diversity.

6.1.3 Frequency diversity

Frequency diversity is realized through frequency hopping.

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M900/M1800 Base Station Subsystem
Feature Description 6 Diversity Reception

6.1.4 Polarization diversity

It can get a better diversity gain to set two sets of antenna to form a certain angle. Moreover, the
two sets of antenna can be integrated as one set of antenna. Therefore, for a sector, only one set
of Tx antenna and one set of Rx antenna are needed. If the duplexer is used, only one set of
antenna integrated by Tx and Rx antennas is needed.

Huawei BTS uses dual polarization antenna to realize polarization diversity. This can realize
the combination of antenna, tower top amplifier (optional), feeder, and divider.

When the complicated radio transmission conditions result in deterioration in a path of the
received signals, another path of received signals may vary in signal quality as they are from an
irrelevant transmission path. The BTS receives two paths of signals: main and diversity signals,
demodulates and combines them. This gives 3–5 dB diversity gain.

It has been proven that for the space diversity, a better diversity can be achieved when the
distance between 2 sets of antenna is greater than 10 wavelengths. For the polarization diversity,
it has the advantage of convenient antenna extension and saving hoist space and is increasedly
used.

6.2 Parameter
The system needs no extra data configuration to realize the diversity receiving.

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