M900/M1800 Base Station Subsystem

Feature Description Contents

Contents

7 Aggressive Frequency Reuse Pattern .....................................................................................7-1

7.1 Aggressive Frequency Reuse ........................................................................................................................7-2
7.2 Advanced Aggressive Frequency Reuse........................................................................................................7-2
7.3 1x3 Frequency Multiplexing .........................................................................................................................7-5
7.4 Applied Conditions for Aggressive Frequency Reuse...................................................................................7-6

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Feature Description Figures

Figures

Figure 7-1 Principle of hierarchical aggressive frequency reuse........................................................................7-3

Figure 7-2 1x3 frequency multiplexing mode ....................................................................................................7-5

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Feature Description Tables

Tables

Table 7-1 The maximum configuration under different bandwidths ..................................................................7-2

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Feature Description 7 Aggressive Frequency Reuse Pattern

7 Aggressive Frequency Reuse Pattern

About This Chapter

The following table lists the contents of this chapter.

Section Describes

7.1 Aggressive Frequency
Reuse
7.2 Advanced Aggressive
Frequency Reuse
7.3 1x3 Frequency
Multiplexing
7.4 Applied Conditions for
Aggressive Frequency Reuse
Introduces the necessity and functions of the aggressive
frequency reuse technology.
Describes the advanced aggressive frequency reuse
technology.
Describes the 1x3 frequency multiplexing technology.
Describes the conditions for the aggressive frequency
reuse technology.

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7.1 Aggressive Frequency Reuse

With the development of network, the subscribers increase gradually, the contradict between
short frequency resource and great demand is particularly obvious. In order to increase capacity,
the technology of aggressive frequency reuse should be used to improve the frequency
utilization. According to the actual network circumstance and requirements, the system can
adopt hierarchical aggressive frequency reuse and 1x3 multiplexing technology. The
comparison of adopting different aggressive frequency reuse is as shown in Table 7-1.

Table 7-1 The maximum configuration under different bandwidths

Frequency 4x3 Hierarchical 1x3 multiplexing

band multiplexing multiplexing

6 MHz S(2/2/2) S(3/3/3) S(4/4/4)

10 MHz S(4/4/4) S(6/6/6) S(8/8/8)

z S (4/4/4) indicates three synchronous cells with each carrier number being 4.
z In 4x3 multiplexing, 4 indicate four sites, 3 indicate three cells, and totally there are twelve cells as
frequency cluster. Different cells in the same cluster have different frequencies; while cells of other
clusters reuse one certain group of frequency in these twelve frequency clusters.

7.2 Advanced Aggressive Frequency Reuse

Hierarchical aggressive frequency reuse

Hierarchical aggressive frequency reuses supports that there can be several different
frequencies multiplexing modes working simultaneously in the same GSM network. For
example BCCH adopts 4x3 multiplexing mode and TCH adopts 3x3 and 2x3 modes.

The nature of hierarchical aggressive frequency reuse is a method of frequency planning. It has
no special requirements of software and hardware for equipment. Hierarchical aggressive
frequency reuse divides all available frequencies into several groups and each group serves as a
carrier layer. The principle of hierarchical aggressive frequency reuse is as shown in Figure 7-1.

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Figure 7-1 Principle of hierarchical aggressive frequency reuse

｛1,2,3,4,...36,37｝

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

BCCH TCH1 TCH2 TCH3 MICRO

After the hierarchical aggressive frequency reuse is used, frequency hopping, DTX and
dynamic power control should be started to improve C/I thus to satisfy the requirement of
C/I>12 dB. The frequency hopping can get the frequency diversity gain and interference
diversity gain.

For example: the maximum configuration S (4/4/4) packet mode can be divided into: BCCH,
TCH1, TCH2 and TCH3.

carrier packet
There are two modes of carrier packet.

z Continuous packet: The ARFCNs of frequencies assigned in the same layer are
continuous.
z Interval packet: The ARFCNs of frequencies assigned in the same layer have intervals.
The following examples illustrate these two packets. Provided that frequency range is
512–561, totally 50 frequencies. 12 frequencies are assigned for BCCH, 38 for TCH.
z Continuous packet mode
BCCH (12): 512–523;
TCH (38): 524–561.
z Interval packet mode
BCCH (12): 512, 514, 516, 518, 520, 522, 524, 526, 528, 530, 532, 534;
TCH: 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 523, 525, 527, 529, 531, 533, 535–561.
Both these two packet modes have their advantages and disadvantage. The comparison is
made as follows.
In the case of continuous packet, the interference between BCCH carrier layer and TCH
carrier layer is little. However, both same frequency and adjacent frequency interference

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should be considered as a restriction for the planning of BCCH layer. Meanwhile, BCCH
layer and TCH layer are quite independent and there is only one frequency between BCCH
and TCH layers, therefore, BCCH layer can be easily modified without interference to
TCH layer.
The employment of interval packet mode can guarantees that there is no adjacent
frequency interference between BCCHs. Moreover, the planning of BCCH carrier layer is
relatively easy since the same frequency interference is considered as a main restriction.
However, the interference between BCCH and TCH layers is strong. Therefore, the
planning of TCH layer after the planning of BCCH layer becomes difficult. Under the
condition of the same number of frequencies, the continuous packet mode of BCCH
carrier layer is more difficult than the interval packet mode, for more consideration should
be given to the restriction of adjacent frequency interference. (In the system with
frequency hopping adopted, the less consideration can be given to the restriction of
adjacent frequency interference.
The principle for different carrier layer multiplexing ratios: Assign frequency layer by
layer, try to apply different multiplexing ratios for different layers, and realize aggressive
frequency reuse layer by layer.
General principle: BCCH>TCH1>TCH2>TCH3
When multiple frequency multiplexing is adopted, C/I value will be decreased due to the
aggressive frequency reuse being adopted for each TCH layer. Then the requirement that
the same frequency interference C/I is greater or equal to 12 dB in GSM system is not
guaranteed. Moreover, the different frequencies have different interference situations. The
less frequencies in the layer, the more serious interference. If frequency hopping and other
measures are not adopted, the above-mentioned interference between frequencies will take
place thus the communication quality is not guaranteed. Therefore, the system must adopt
measures such as frequency hopping, discontinuous transmission, and dynamic power
control to minimize these kinds of interference. Frequency hopping can get the frequency
diversity gain and interference diversity gain so as to avoid Rayleigh fading and same
frequency interference.
It should be noted that the purpose for different carrier layers using different multiplexing
ratios is to avoid interference at most. This is shown in the flowing aspects.
Under the circumstance of non-uniform network sites, it is not the case for every cell to
use the TRX of last layer or the most last layers. So the TRX of last layer or the most last
layers can realize a higher aggressive frequency reuse ratio (even without the employment
of frequency hopping).
Since the system tries to s are tried to use different multiplexing modes for each carrier
layer, frequencies of any two cells in network are not completely the same, i. e. there is no
the real same frequency cell. After multiple frequency multiplexing is realized, though
interference is increased, the TRX also increased. This makes more frequencies to
participate in frequency hopping and the gain is increased. If the frequency with weak
interference and frequency with strong interference coexist in the same cell, they will be
mixed after frequency hopping is adopted. The system can still use the interfered
frequencies according to the feature of decoder.
So for each burst, C/I is changeable. But for a specified connection, its quality depends on
C/I equalizing value and the equalizing value is not fluctuated.

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7.3 1x3 Frequency Multiplexing

1x3 frequency multiplexing technology is a kind of aggressive frequency reuse. The following
is a simple example to illustrate the principle of 1x3 frequency multiplexing. Provided that the
maximum configuration site is S (8/8/8) in a certain area, the available frequency band is 14. 4
MHz, 9 frequencies are reserved for micro-cellar, 12. 6 MHz is left, and there are totally 63
frequencies. Among these 63 frequencies, 15 are assigned for BCCH carrier (the assignment on
the frequency is continuous), and 48 TCH frequencies are left. Then frequencies are divided
into 3 groups (combiner hopping mode is adopted):

Group 1: 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74;

Group 2: 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75;

Group 3: 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76.

1x3 frequency multiplexing has the advantage of high frequency efficiency, easy planning
method, and easy assignment of frequency. Meanwhile, HSN and MAIO should be carefully
planned and the BTS should support radio frequency hopping. In large cities, there are many
BTSs and the site is complicated. The employment of 1x3 frequency planning method can
greatly reduce workload and good performance can be achieved in the case of small
multiplexing ratio. 1x3 multiplexing uses the principle that the number of FH frequencies is
greater than the number of carrier frequencies in the cell to avoid interference and to reduce
same frequency collision probability. For a specified connection, its quality depends on C/I
equalizing value. It has been proven that whether the C/I is good or not depends on same
frequency collision probability after radio frequency hopping. And the collision probability is
only related with the frequency utilization. 1x3 frequency multiplexing mode is as shown in
Figure 7-2.

Figure 7-2 1x3 frequency multiplexing mode

A1

A3 A2 A1

A1 A3 A2

A3 A2 A1

A3 A2

The frequency planning of 1x3 frequency multiplexing is easy and practical, as well as some
disadvantages. For example: when sites are distributed irregularly and the landforms are greatly
different, the collision probability will be greatly increase Moreover, in the network in which
1x3 planning is implemented, there is also requirement for network load. When TCH
multiplexing ratio is over 40% and the load is over 80%, the network quality will be decreased

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rapidly. If the TCH multiplexing ratio is higher, for example, over 50% and the load is over 60%
or 70%, the network quality will also be decreased rapidly.

7.4 Applied Conditions for Aggressive Frequency Reuse

To adopt aggressive frequency reuse to improve the frequency utilization and the network
capacity, a series of anti-interference measures should be taken to reduce the same frequency
and adjacent frequency interference caused by aggressive frequency reuse.

According to the specifications, carrier interference ratio index (engineering value) is:

Same frequency carrier interference ratio: C/I is greater than or equal to 12 dB;

Adjacent frequency carrier interference ratio: C/I is greater than or equal to-6 dB;

Carrier interference ratio when carrier has an offset of 400 kHz: C/I is greater than or equal to
-38 dB.

Currently, the following measures are taken to improve the network anti-interference capability
so as to satisfy the carrier interference ratio index: Frequency hopping, DTX and power control.
The following introduces the effect on improvement of network same frequency C/I and
adjacent frequency C/I by frequency hopping.

Frequency hopping has two functions: frequency diversity and interference diversity.

The frequency diversity gain of frequency hopping depends on propagation environment, MS

speed, frequency number of frequency hopping sequence number, and the inter-frequency
relativity. It is no greater than 6 dB. When MS has a high, frequency hopping has no function of
frequency diversity. Generally, the electromagnetic wave of mobile communication consists of
direct wave component and scattered wave component. When direct wave is in a dominant
position, the frequency diversity of frequency hopping is not obvious. Its gain is about 0–3 dB.
On the contrary, when scattered wave in a dominant position, the gain is obvious, which is
about 3–6 dB. For a typical environment in which propagation environment, MS speed, and
interval between frequencies are satisfied to achieve the maximum FP frequency gain, the
maximum gain for three-frequency hopping reaches 3. 3 dB, 6 dB for four-frequency hopping,
no greater than 5.5 dB for 9-frequency hopping. The maximum gain of frequency diversity is no
greater than 6 dB.

The interference diversity capability of frequency hopping is related to interference distribution,

frequency number of frequency hopping sequence number, and the inter-frequency relativity.
Generally, for the narrow band interference, interference diversity functions apparently; for the
broadband interference, it does not function apparently. It has been proven that when
interference is distributed as narrow band and the number of FH frequencies is 3, 5, 7, the
interference diversity gain for interfered frequency is 3.2 dB, 4.6 dB , 5.5 dB respectively. The
function of interference diversity is shown on the equalization of interference. Therefore, the
interference diversity gain for a single frequency is 0 by default and is sent in the system
information

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