Structural Steel Design

Compression members
Team Teaching
Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2020
 Introduction

Compression Members: Structural elements that are subjected to axial

compressive forces only are called columns. Columns are subjected to
axial loads thru the centroid.
P
Stress: fs 
A
Where, f is assumed to be uniform over the entire cross-section.
 Column Buckling
• If an axial load P is applied and increased slowly, it will
ultimately reach a value Pcr that will cause buckling of
the column.
P
(a) Pcr (b)

Pcr = critical buckling

load of the column.

 2E I
Pcr 
K L 
2

P
Pcr
Euler Formula

P P x
y
x
Buckled deflected shape
L
y
(a) P

Pcr
P y
P
M=Py
d
y
(b) (c)

Figure 5-4 Buckling of a column

 d2y M
M  Py  
dx EI
d2y P d2y
 y0  ky  0
dx EI dx
P Differential equation solution
k
EI
y  A sin kx  B cos kx

BC’s: x=0  y=0

x=L  y=0

From 2 boundary Conditions : B=0 and AsinkL=0

solution: A=0  trivial solution
sinkL=0  non trivial solution
kL=nл
P
k 
2
 k 2 L2  n 2 2
EI
P 2 n 2 2 EI
L n  P
2 2

EI L2

Fundamental mode n=1,

 2 EI  2E
Pcr   Fcr 
L2
L r 
2 Euler Equation

where, r2 = I/Ag
Euler Formula
 Ideal Column
Formula Euler is based on assumption :
• Steel material is in linear elastic stage
• There is no residual stress
• The column is perfectly straight
• The load is axial thru the centered, with no eccentricity.
• The column in pinned at both ends
This ideal state is never reached. The stress-state will
be non-uniform due to:
• Accidental eccentricity of loading with respect to
the centroid
• Member out-of –straightness (crookedness), or
• Residual stresses in the member cross-section
due to fabrication processes (cooling process)
 • Nonlinear Stress - Strain
Actual Column • There is residual stress
• Initial Slenderness
• Non- homogenous material
• Initial eccentricity
• Inaccurate Dimension
• Restrain Condition

 2E Actual Column ≠ Ideal Column

Pcr Pe  Ag
2
(L / r)
(Fcr) < (Fcr)ideal
Py
Range of test results

Rasio kelangsingan, L/r

Elastic Buckling :

 2 EI
Pcr  Pe  2
Euler equation
Lk
1 Lk f y
c  Column Slenderness
 r E
fy
Pcr  2 Ag
c
Where Lk = Effective length = K L
K = buckling coefficient
fy = yield stress of material
Elastic Buckling :

Euler stress in the elastic range :

Critical Stress in the elastic range is reduced to account for

the effect of initial crookedness
 Inelastic Buckling :

For inelastic columns, the tangent modulus equation, is

replaced by the exponential equation

Critical Stress in the inelastic range

The boundary between inelastic and elastic columns, give the

same value of Fcr. This occurs when KLr is pproximately

KL E
 4.71
r Fy
 Column Design Strength fcPn (AISC)

fc Pn = 0.9 Ag Fcr

Inelastic KL E Fy  Fy

 4.71  2.25
Fcr   0.658 Fe F
buckling or
r Fy F
  y
e

 
Fy
Fcr  0.877 Fe 
Elastic KL E or  2.25
 4.71
buckling r Fy F e

 2E
Fe  2
 KL 
 
 r 
Design Strength Chart

Inelastic
buckling
elastic
buckling

Max KL/r = 200

 Effective Length for different
Restraint Condition

Buckled shape of
column is shown by
dashed line

Theoritical Kvalue 0.50 0.70 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended design
value when ideal condi 0.65 0.80 1.2 1.0 2.10 2.0
tions are approximate

Rotation fixed and translation fixed

Rotation free and translation fixed
End condition code
Rotation fixed and translation free
Rotation free and translation free

Effective length factors for idealized column end conditions. Courtesy the
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.

..\hasil download purdue

univ\column
buckling.mpg
Different Effective length due to
Lateral Support on Minor Axis
Example : (1) Determine the buckling strength (Pcr) of a W 12 x 50 column. Its
length is 20 ft. For major axis buckling, it is pinned at both ends. For minor
buckling, is it pinned at one end and fixed at the other end.

• Major axis means axis about which it has

greater moment of inertia (Ix > Iy)

• W12 x 50: E = 29000 ksi

Ix = 391 in4. Iy = 56.3 in4

• Major X axis : pin-pin

Kx = 1.0 (theory ) Kx = 1.0 (recommended)
Unsupported length Lx = 20 ft.
Effective length :
Kx Lx = 1.0 x 20 = 20 ft. = 240 in.

• Minor Y axis : pin-fix

Ky = 0.7 (theory) Ky = 0.8 (recommended)
• Unsupported length Ly = 20 ft.
x • Effective length f:
Ky Ly = 0.8 x 20 = 16 ft. = 192 in.

y
  2E I y
• Critical load Pcr 
K y Ly 
2

 2  29000 391
buckling about x – axis Pcr-x = Pcr-x = 1942.9 kips
2402
 2  29000 56.3
• buckling about y-axis Pcr - y= 1922 Pcr-y = 437.12 kips

• Buckling strength of the column : Pcr = 437.12 kips

Minor (y) axis buckling governs.

..\hasil download
purdue a) Major axis buckling; (b) minor axis buckling
univ\slenderness
ratio.mpg
 Example : (2) Calculate the design strength of W14 x 74 with length of
20 ft and pinned ends. A36 steel is used.

• rx = 6.04 ry = 2.48 Ag = 21.8 in2 KL E

• Kx = Ky = 1.0 (pin end)  4.71
r Fy
• Lx = Ly = 20 x 12 = 240 in.
 Fy

• Slenderness ratio Fcr   0.658 Fe F
  y
KxLx/rx = 240/6.04 = 39.735  
KyLy/ry = 240/2.48 = 96.77 (govern)
Fcr = 21.99 ksi
 E
2
 * 29000
2
Fe    30.56ksi
 KL 
2
96.77 
2 fcPn = 0.9 (Ag Fcr)
  = 0.9 (21.8 x 21.99)
 r  = 431.4 kips
E 29000
Cek the limit :
4.71  4.71  133.68 Design strength of column
Fy 36
= 431 kips (inelastic
buckling)
 A992 Fy = 50ksi
Fu = 65ksi

Ag = 17 inc2

E 29000 KL E
4.71  4.71  133.68  4.71
Fy 36 r Fy

 Fy
  2E  2 * 29000
Fe    96.08ksi
Fcr   0.658 Fe F  KL 
2
54.552

  y  
   r 
Fcr = 40.21 ksi

fcPn = 0.9 (Ag Fcr)

= 0.9 (17x40.21) = 615.3 Kips ((inelastic buckling on major axis)
 KL Fy
fy c   1.5
fPn  0.9 Ag f cr  0.9 Ag r E

fy
f cr 

Ag = gross area, mm2
fcr = critical stress, MPa
c  0,25    1 fy = yield stress, MPa
ω = buckling coefficient
1,43 depend on slenderness
0,25 c 1,2    ratio
1,6  0,67c
c  1,2    1,252c
Comparison Graph LRFD TCPSBuBG vs AISC

300

250

BJ41, Fy=250 MPa

200

Fc rT( c)
150
Fc rA( c)

100

50

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
c

Perbandingan persamaan kekuatan tekuk Fcr

antara TCPSB uBG dan AISC untuk BJ41
ω Graph

 ( c)

0 0
0 1 2
0 c 2.60
 500

450

400

350
Critical stress Fcr (M Pa)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Slenderness ratio kL/r
BJ34
BJ37
BJ41
BJ50
BJ55

 according to Load
Critical column stress Fcr vc Slenderness ratio
and Resistance Factor Design, for various yield stresses.
 Local Buckling Limit State
• AISC assume that column buckling is the governing limit state for
column strength.
• Column section made from thin (slender) plate elements can fail due
to local buckling of the flanges or the webs.
• If all the elements of the cross-section have slenderness (b/t) ratio
less than r then the local buckling limit state will not control.
• Hence, to prevent local buckling :   r
• Then, use compact or non compact section
(no local buckling)
• The minimum slenderness ratio
of compression member :

Lk
   200
r
Slenderness Ratio
Width-Thickness Parameters for hot-rolled I and H shapes

Element  < p

Flange bf < 0.56 E

2t f Fy
h E
Web tw < 1.49
Fy

For other shapes, please see Figure 4.9 W.T Segui 4th
edition
Local STABILITY

The strength corresponding to any buckling mode

cannot be developed, however, if the elements of
cross section are so thin that local buckling occur.
They are :
- flange local buckling (FLB),
- web local buckling (WLB).

This buckling strength will depend on the width-

thickness ratio of the compression elements of the
cross section.

The strength must be reduced if the shape has

any slender elemen
..\hasil download
purdue univ\local
buckling.mpg
https://www.google.com/search?q=lateral+torsional+buckling+example&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=606&tbm=isch&tb
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 Effective Length of Column in Frame
• When individual column is part of a frame, their ends are connected to
other members (beams etc.).
• Effective length factor K depend on the restraint offered by the other
members connected at the ends.
• Effective length factor K depend on the relative rigidity (stiffness) of the
members connected at the ends.

• Effective length factor for columns in frames :

1. Check whether the column is part of a braced or unbraced frame.
• Braced frame : 0.5 < K ≤ 1
• Unbraced frame : 1 < K ≤ ∞
2. Determine the relative rigidity factor G for both ends of the column
E Ic
 L
G c
E Ib
 L
b
KL for Braced Frame, Unbraced Frame

P P P P

L kL>2L
0,7L<kL<L

(a) Braced Frame, hinged base (b) Unbraced Frame, hinge based
P P P P

L 0,5L<kL<0,7L
L<kL<2L

(c) Braced Frame, fixed base (d) Unbraced Frame, fixed base
Alignment Chart to calculate K

A GA

A L
B
B GB
(b) Panjang tekuk kolom
(a) Deformasi frame pada kondisi instabilitas dipengaruhi kekakuan
batang ynag bertemu
E Ic
 Lc
dititik Adan B
G G : the ratio of the summation of
E Ib
 L the rigidity (EI/L) of all columns
coming together at an end to the
b
summation of the rigidity (EI/L) of
all beams coming together at the
same end.
Boundary Condition

• Pin ended : Σ(IBB/LBB) = 0  GB - ~

This ideal state is never reached,
Recomended value : GB= 10

• Perfectly fixed end : Σ(IBB/LBB) = ~  GB  0,

This ideal state is never reached,
Recommended value : GB= 1

E Ic
 L
G c
E Ib
 L
b
Alignment Charts for effective column length in
a continuous frame
Design Concept : LRFD TCPSBuBG 2002

Pu  fc Pn

Where :
Nu = ultimate axially loaded fator
Nn = compressive nominal strength = Agfcr
fcr = critical buckling stress
fc = 0,9
 Calculate the effective length factor for the W12 x 79 column AB of the frame shown below.
Assume that the column is oriented in such a way that major axis bending occurs in the plane of
the frame. Assume that the columns are braced at each story level for out-of-plane buckling.
The same column section is used for the stories above and below.
• Unbraced frame.
• W 12 x 79 : Ix = 425 in4
10 ft. • W14x68 Ix = 723 in4
W14 x 68 • Lx = Ly = 12 ft.
• Ky = 1.0
10 ft.
• Kx depends on boundary conditions,
W14 x 68 A
which involve restraints due to beams
and columns connected to the ends of
column AB.
12 ft.
W14 x 68
B Ic 425 425
 
L c 10  12 12  12 6.493
W12 x 79

W12 x 79

W12 x 79

15 ft.
GA     1.021
Ib 723 723 6.360
 
L b 18  12 20  12
Ic 425 425
18 ft. 18 ft. 20 ft.  
L c 12  12 15  12 5.3125
GB     0.835
Ib 723 723 6.360
 
L b 18  12 20  12
• from Alignment
Chart Kx=1.3

• KyLy = 1.0 x 12
= 12 ft.
• Kx Lx = 1.3 x 12
= 15.6 ft.
 Tekuk lentur-torsi

Unsur tekan yang terdiri dari siku ganda atau profil berbentuk T, dengan
elemen-elemen penampang mempunyai rasio lebar-tebal, λr lebih kecil
daripada yang ditentukan dalam Tabel 7.5-1, harus memenuhi

Nu  fn N nlt
dimana: f n  0,85
N nlt  Ag f clt

 f cry  f crz   4 f cry f crz H 

   1  1  
 f cry  f crz  
f clt 2
 2 H  
 GJ
f crz 
Ar02 Keterangan:
Ix  Iy
r0 
2
 x02  y02 ř0 = jari-jari girasi polar terhadap
A pusat geser
 x02  y02  x0,y0 = koordinat pusat geser terhadap
H  1   

 r0
2
 titik berat, x0=0 untuk profil siku
fy
ganda dan profil T
f cry  Untuk tekuk lentur terhadap sumbu

lemah y-y
Lky f y Lky = panjang tekuk dalam arah sumbu
c 
ry E lemah y-y
5.7 Komponen struktur tersusun dihubungkan dengan pelat
melintang

(1) Komponen tersusun yang disatukan pada seluruh panjang,

boleh dihitung sebagai batang tunggal
(2) Dihubungkan dengan pelat melintang pada tempat-tempat
tertentu:
Kekuatan: Terhadap sumbu bahan
Terhadap sunmbu bebas bahan
(3) Kelangsingan:
Lkx
(a) tegak lurus sumbu x-x: x 
rx
(b) tegak lurus sumbu
m 2
bebas bahan y-y iy   y  l
2

(kelangsiangan ideal): 2
 Lky
dimana: y 
ry
Ll
l 
rmin
Keterangan:
m = konstanta seperti pada gambar
Lky = panjang tekuk komponen struktur tersusun pada tegak lurus
sumbu y-y
ry = jari-jari girasi terhadap sumbu y-y
Ll = spasi antara pelat kopel
rmin = jari-jari girasi elelemn komponen struktur terhadap sumbu
yang memberikan nilai terkecil
Persyaratan dipakainya rumus kelangsingan ideal:

(a) Pelat-pelat kopel membagi komponen struktur tersusun

menjadi sama panjang
(b) Pembagian minimum 3
(c) Hubungan pelat kopel dengan elemen kaku
(d) Pelat kopel cukup kaku:
Ip Il
 10
a Ll
Dimana: Ip = momen inersia pelat kopel, untuk tebal t dan
tinggi h, maka Ip = 2x1/12 t h3, mm4.
Il = momen inersia elemen komponen terhadap
sumbu l-l, mm4.
a = jarak dua pusat titik berat komponen,mm.
Potongan struktur tersusun, dihubungkan dengan pelat
melintang:

nilai m; komponen struktur tersusun

y l y l y l y l

x xx x x x x x
l

a a a a
m=2 m=2 m=2 m=2
y y
l l

x x x x

l
a a a
m=3 m=4
 y l
a
Potongan 1-1 x x

a
m=2
a
Gambar Pelat kopel 1 1
a
D/2
Ll D/2
L1/2
T

T L1/2

DL1/2

h
(4) Koefisien Tekuk dan kuat nominal tekan:
Koefisien tekuk ωx dan ωy ditentukan oleh harga-harga λx dan
λiy, dan kuat tekan nominal diambil sebagai nilai terkecil dari
diantara:

Ag f y
Nn  dan
x
Ag f y
Nn 
 iy

(5) Selanjutnya perencanaan komponen struktur dihitung dari:

N u  fc N n
(6) Persyaratan kestabilan elemen-elemen penampang:

 x  1,2l
iy  1,2l dan
l  50
(7) Pelat-pelat kopel direncanakan terhadap gaya lintang yang
bekerja pada seluruh panjang, sebesar:
Du  0,02 Nu

Dengan Nu = kuat tekan perlu komponen struktur tersusun akibat

beban-beban terfaktor.
Gaya yang bekerja pada kopel ditunjukkan pada Gambar 5.x.(b).
Gaya akibat gaya lintang Du: Gaya pada pelat kopel

Nu D/2 D/2
D

L1
T
T= D.L1/a

D
L1

T
L1

a
h
D Nu
D/2 D/2
Gaya pada pelat kopel
y l

x x

a
m=2
D/2
D/2
Gambar 5.16
T L1/2
Gaya pelat kopel

T L1/2

DL1/2
5.8 Komponen struktur tersusun dengan jarak antara sama
dengan tebal pelat kopel

O O Y
X Y
X Y l l
Y l
l
X X X X

Y l X l
X Y l O Y l
Y
O
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Gambar 5.17
(1) Baja siku dobel seperti Gambar 5.17 (a) dan (b), hanya perlu
dihitung terhadap tekuk pada arah sumbu bahan x-x;

(2) Untuk baja siku tidak sama kaki pada Gambar 5.17 (b),
persamaan pendekatan rx = 0,87 r0;

(3) Gambar 5.17 (c) dan (d), perlu dihitung terhadap tekuk pada
arah sumbu bahan dan arah sumbu bebas bahan;

(4) Untuk Gambar 5.17 (c) dan (d), λ iy dapat diambil λy;
 REFERENSI
• William T Segui, “ Steel Design”
• SNI Baja
• Hands Out and Video from Purdue
University