Chapter Objectives

 Determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded

member
 Apply the principle of superposition for total effect
of different loading cases
 Deal with compatibility conditions
 Use ‘force method’ of analysis.
4.1 Saint-Venant’s Principle

• Saint-Venant’s principle states that both

localized deformation and stress tend to
“even out” at a distance sufficiently
removed from these regions.
4.2 Elastic Deformation of an Axially
Loaded Member
• Using Hooke’s law and the definitions of
stress and strain, we are able to develop
the elastic deformation of a member
subjected to axial loads.
• Suppose an element subjected to loads,
P x  Px dx
L
dδ
 and ε   
Ax  dx 0
Ax E
 = small displacement
L = original length
P(x) = internal axial force
A(x) = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
4.2 Elastic Deformation of an Axially
Loaded Member
Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area
• When a constant external force is applied
at each end of the member,
PL

AE

Sign Convention
• Force and displacement is positive when
tension and elongation and negative will
be compression and contraction.
 Example 4.2

The assembly consists of an aluminum tube AB having a cross-sectional area of

400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid collar and
passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod, determine
the displacement of the end C of the rod. (Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa )

Solution:
Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.

C / B 
PL


 80103  0.6 
 0.003056 m 
AE  0.005 20010 9
 
Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,

B 
PL


 80103  0.4 
 0.001143  0.001143 m 

AE 40010  7010 
6 9
  (Ans)
Since both displacements are to the right,  C   C   C / B  0.0042 m  4.20 mm 
Example 4.4

A member is made from a material that has a specific weight

and modulus of  and elasticity E. If it is formed into a cone,
find how far its end is displaced due to gravity when it is
suspended in the vertical position.

Solution:
Radius x of the cone as a function of y is determined by proportion,
x ro ro
 ; x y
y L L

The volume of a cone having a base of radius x and height y is

 ro2
V yx 
2
y3
3 3L2
Solution:
Since W  V , the internal force at the section becomes

ro2
   Fy  0; P y   y3
3L2
The area of the cross section is also a function of position y,

ro2
A y   x  2
y2
L2
Between the limits of y =0 and L yields

 
L
P y dy

L

ro2 3L2 dy L2


0

A y E 0 ro L E
2 2
6E
(Ans)

4.3 Principles of Superposition

• Principle of superposition is to simplify

stress and displacement problems by
subdividing the loading into components
and adding the results.
4.1 Statically Indeterminate Axially
Loaded Member
• A member is statically indeterminate when
equations of equilibrium are not sufficient
to determine the reactions on a member.
 Example 4.5

The steel rod has a diameter of 5 mm. It is attached to the fixed wall at A, and
before it is loaded, there is a gap between the wall at and B’ and the rod of 1 mm.
Find the reactions at A and B’ if the rod is subjected to an axial force of P = 20 kN.
Neglect the size of the collar at C. (Est = 200 GPa)

Solution:
Equilibrium of the rod requires

   Fx  0;  
 FA  FB  20 103  0 (1)
The compatibility condition for the rod is  B / A  0.001 m .
By using the load–displacement relationship,
FA LAC FB LCB
 B / A  0.001  
AE AE
FA 0.4  FB 0.8  3927.0 N  m (2)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 yields FA = 16.6 kN and FB = 3.39 kN. (Ans)
Example 4.8

The bolt is made of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy and is tightened so it compresses a

cylindrical tube made of Am 1004-T61 magnesium alloy. The tube has an outer
radius of 10 mm, and both the inner radius of the tube and the radius of the bolt are
5 mm. The washers at the top and bottom of the tube are considered to be rigid and
have a negligible thickness. Initially the nut is hand-tightened slightly; then, using a
wrench, the nut is further tightened one-half turn. If the bolt has 20 threads per inch,
determine the stress in the bolt.

Solution:
Equilibrium requires
   Fy  0; Fb  Ft  0 (1)
When the nut is tightened on the bolt, the tube will shorten.

   t  0.5   b
Solution:
Taking the 2 modulus of elasticity,
Ft 60 Fb 60
 
   
 10 2  52 45 103
0 .5
   
 52 75 103
5 Ft  125 1125  9 Fb (2)

Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get

Fb  Ft  31556  31.56 kN

The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore

Fb 31556
b    401.8 N/mm 2  401.8 MPa (Ans)
Ab  5
Ft 31556
s    2
 133.9 MPa (Ans)

At  10  5
2 2

133.9 N/mm
Example 4.9

The A-36 steel rod shown has a diameter of 5 mm. It is attached to the fixed wall at
A, and before it is loaded there is a gap between the wall at and the rod of 1 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and B’.

Solution:
Consider the support at B’ as redundant and using principle of superposition,
 0.001   p   B (1)
Thus,

P 
PLAC

  
20 103 0.4 
 0.002037 m
AE   
 0.0025 200 10 9

FB 1.2 
F L
 B  B AB 
AE   
 0.0025 200 10 9
 0. 3056 106

FB
Solution:
By substituting into Eq. 1,

 
0.001  0.002037  0.3056 106 FB
 
FB  3.39 103  3.39 kN (Ans)
From the free-body diagram,

   Fx  0;  FA  20  3.39  0
FA  16.6 kN (Ans)
4.6 Thermal Stress

• Change in temperature cause a material to

change its dimensions.
• Since the material is homogeneous and
isotropic,
T  TL
 = linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material
T = algebraic change in temperature of the member
T = original length of the member
 T = algebraic change in length of the member

Note:
Homogeneous material – same physical and mechanical properties throughout its volume
Isotropic material – has these same properties in all directions
Example 4.11

The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6
aluminum. The posts each have a length of 250 mm when no load is applied to the
bar, and the temperature is T1 = 20°C. Determine the force supported by each post
if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed load of 150 kN/m and the temperature
is raised to T2 = 20°C.

Solution:
From free-body diagram we have

   Fy  0;  
2Fst  Fal  90 103  0 (1)

The top of each post is displaced by an equal amount and hence,

   st   al (2)
Solution:
The final position of the top of each post is equal to its displacement caused by the
temperature increase and internal axial compressive force.

   st   st T   st F
   al   al T   al F

Applying Eq. 2 gives

  st T   st F   st T   al F

With reference from the material properties, we have

Fst 0.25 Fal 0.25
  
 12 10 6 80  200.25      
6
    
     
23 10 80 20 0.25
 0.022 200 109  0.032 73.1 109
 
Fst  1.216 Fal  165.9 103 (3)

Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields Fst  16.4 kN and Fal  123 kN (Ans)
4.7 Stress Concentrations

• Stress concentrations occur when cross-

sectional area changes.
• Maximum stress is determined using a stress
concentration factor, K, which is a function of
geometry.

 max
K
 avg
Example 4.14

The steel strap is subjected to an axial load of 80 kN. Find the maximum normal
stress developed in the strap and the displacement of one end of the strap with
respect to the other end. The steel has a yield stress of σY = 700 MPa, and Est = 200
GPa.

Solution:
Maximum normal stress occurs at the smaller cross section (B-C),
r 6 w 40
  0.3,  2
h 20 h 20

Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.6. Thus the maximum stress is

 max
P
 K  1.6
 
 80 103 
  640 MPa (Ans)
A  0.02 0.01 
Solution:
Neglecting the localized deformations surrounding the applied load and at the
sudden change in cross section of the shoulder fillet (Saint-Venant’s principle), we
have

 A/ D 
PL 
 2
 
80 103 0.3  

 
80 103 0.8 
AE  0.04 0.   
01 200 10 9  
  0.02 0.  
01 200 10 9 

 2.20 mm (Ans)
4.8 *Inelastic Axial Deformation

• Member may be designed to yield and

permanently deform; this is referred to as being
elastic perfectly plastic or elastoplastic.

Pp    Y dA   Y A
A

• The yield stress and A is the bar’s cross-

sectional area at section a–a.
Example 4.16

The bar is made of steel that is assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic, with σY = 250
MPa. Determine (a) the maximum value of the applied load P that can be applied
without causing the steel to yield and (b) the maximum value of P that the bar can
support. Sketch the stress distribution at the critical section for each case.

Solution:
a) Finding the stress concentration factor,
r 4 w 40
  0.125,   1.25
h 40  8 h 40  8

Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.7. We have

 PY 
 max  K avg ;  Y  K 
 A
 
250106   1.75
PY
     PY  9.14 kN (Ans)
 0.002 0.032 
Solution:
b) As P is increased to the plastic load it gradually changes the stress distribution
from the elastic state to the plastic state.

Pp
Y 
A

  0.002P0.032
250 106 
p

Pp  16.0 kN (Ans)