商業建築 / 從市場到購物中心

唐長安 / 約 600 - 900

Roman Forum / 7th Century BC to 6th Century AD
Vendors

Markets

Stores

Shopping Streets

Supermarkets

Department Stores
Wholesale
Hypermarket

Shopping Malls
Vendors

Markets

Stores

Shopping Streets

Supermarkets

Department Stores
Wholesale
Hypermarket

Shopping Malls
Vendors

Markets

Stores

Shopping Streets

Supermarkets

Department Stores
Wholesale
Hypermarket

Shopping Malls
Vendors

Markets

Stores

Shopping Streets

Supermarkets

Department Stores
Wholesale
Hypermarket

Shopping Malls
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II / 1867 / Milan, Italy
Le Bon Marché / Louis-Auguste Boileau, Gustave Eiffel / Paris, 1838
 Evolution of the escalator

1829 Sir William Congreve

schemes for perpetuum mobile

invention
installations

invention and
installations of
of the
1840

and evolution
evolution of
the escalator
escalator

of the
•• 1859:
1859: revolving
revolving stairs
stairs protoescalator
protoescalator U.S.
U.S. patent
patent

1859 U.S. patent Nathan Ames

the escalator
escalator
revolving stairs - protoescalator

1860
1880
stepless escalator inclined elevator
1892 U.S. patent Jesse W.Reno
U.S. patent Jesse W.Reno
1892 U.S. patent George H.Wheeler
U.S. patent George H.Wheeler •• 1892–96:
1892–96: stepless
stepless escalators
escalators installed
installed in
in Bloomingdale's,
Bloomingdale's, New
New York
York
1896
1896 Reno’s
Reno’s inclined
inclined elevator
elevator •• 1895–96:
1895–96: stepless
stepless escalators
escalators installed
installed in
in Harrod's,
Harrod's, London
London
Coney
Coney Island
Island
1898
1898 European
European patent
patent Escalator prototype 1898
1898 Wheeler’s
Wheeler’s patent
patent sold
sold to
to Charles
Charles D.Seeberger
D.Seeberger
M.Halle
M.Halle stepless
stepless escalator
escalator Otis, Paris Expo 1900 1899
1899 Seeberger
Seeberger partners
partners with
with Otis
Otis
•• 1900:
1900: Otis‘s
Otis‘s first
first escalator
escalator at
at the
the Paris
Paris World
World Fair
Fair •• 1900:
1900: Otis's
Otis's first
first escalator
escalator at
at the
the Paris
Paris World
World Fair
Fair
Seeberger
Seeberger experiments
experiments with
with spiral
spiral moving
moving stairs
stairs under
under Otis
Otis •• 1901:
1901: escalators
escalators installed
installed in
in Gimbel‘s,
Gimbel‘s, Philadelphia
Philadelphia
•• 1901–3:
1901–3: escalators
escalators installed
installed in
in Macy's,
Macy's, New
New York
York
•• 1902–3:
1902–3: patent
patent adaptation
adaptation for
for Luna
Luna Park
Park at
at Coney
Coney Island
Island
1903
1903 Reno’s
Reno’s patent
patent sold
sold to
to Otis
Otis
•• 1905:
1905: 8
8 escalators
escalators in
in aa factory
factory in
in Lawrence,
Lawrence, Mass.
Mass.
1906 Otis’s patent 1906 M.Hocquardt European Fahrtreppe •• 1906:
1906: escalators
escalators installed
installed in
in Bon
Bon Marché,
Marché, Paris
Paris

1900
combines Seeberger’s and Reno’s
combines Seeberger’s and Reno’s 1906: Macy's
;;•• 1906: Macy's counts
counts customers
customers onon escalators
escalators and
and elevators
elevators

•• 1911:
1911: escalator
escalator in
in the
the London
London underground
underground

•• 1914:
1914: escalator
escalator in
in Mitsukoshi
Mitsukoshi store,
store, Japan
Japan

•• 1918:
1918: escalator
escalator profit
profit formula
formula for
for 5
5&& 10
10 Cents
Cents Stores,
Stores, New
New York
York

the escalator enables

the department store
1920 Otis redesign •• 1920:
1920: escalator
escalator redesigned
redesigned for
for horizontal
horizontal stepping
stepping on/off
on/off

1935 Mitsubishi escalator

1920
•• 1935:
1935: Japanese
Japanese Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi escalator
escalator

1938 Schindler escalator

1941 Otis redesign

1

handrail extended

•• 1945:
1945: 1,600 total
total number
number of
of escalators
escalators in
in the
the U.S.
U.S. 1,600
1940

U.S.
•• 1945:
1945: 2,700 total
total number
number of
of escalators
escalators in
in the
the U.S.
U.S. 2700
escalator patent adjudged Otis crisscross escalators •• 1949:
1949: escalator
escalator patent
patent adjudged
adjudged from
from Otis
Otis
3,700 1949 crisscross
crisscross arangements
arangements for
for the
the Buffalo
Buffalo Departmemt
Departmemt store
store
Buffalo, N.Y.

to
the

U.S. -- Escalators
with
to move
the world's
with aa single

Escalators annual
1960

annual sales
sales
world's escalators
move 7,000–8,000

1970
escalators
single escalator

•• 1970:
1970: U.S.:
U.S.: 329 escalators
escalators operate
operate in
in office
office buildings
buildings 1970
escalator able
able

•• 1974:
1974: Mitsubishi:
Mitsubishi: accumulated escalators
accumulated 5,000 escalators
7,000–8,000 people

can move the

ac c
people per

um
u
1980
1980
lati
on
per hour,
hour,

in less than 4 days

•• 1983:
1983: Mitsubishi:
Mitsubishi: accumulated
accumulated 10,000 escalators
escalators
world's population
of e
s
1985 spiral escalator, •• 1985:
1985: Landmark
Landmark Tower,
Tower, Yokohama
Yokohama
cala
escalator with curved plan
1980

tor
Mitsubishi
s
•• 1989:
1989: Mitsubishi:
Mitsubishi: accumulated
accumulated 15,000 escalators
escalators
doubles every ten years

wo
1990
1990 1,404
1,404 1988 wheelchair escalator •• 1988:
1988: Odakyu
Odakyu Shinjuku
Shinjuku Station
Station
1990:
•• 1990: 7,000 escalators
escalators sold
sold anually
anually worldwide
worldwide
rld
for the handicapped w
Mitsubishi
total number of escalators

•• 1993:
1993: Mitsubishi: accumulated 20,000 escalators
Mitsubishi: accumulated escalators
id e
1995: 9,000/year
•• 1995: /year worldwide
worldwide -- 30,000 exists
exists in
in the
the US
US 1,327
1,327 1996 waved escalator •• Kobe
Kobe Harborland
Harborland Canal
Canal Garden
Garden
of 2,050 /year,

0
•• 1996:
1996: OTIS
OTIS reports
reports production
production of /year, 60,000 in in operation
operation
1997: 15,000 escalators
•• 1997: escalators ordered
ordered annually
annually escalator with horizontal midsection

300
600
900
1200
1500
Mitsubishi

0 // year
160,000

year
•• 1997:
1997: OTIS
OTIS plans accumulated 15,000 in
plans accumulated in China
China

300 // year
600 // year
900 // year

year
year
year
1200 // year
1500 // year

year
year
2000

**
Las

The

Italic
Iran

Italic
Iran

New
India
Chile

Israel
India
Chile
Saudi
Hong

Israel
Brazil
China

Czech
South
South
Japan

Brazil
China
Japan
World

Sources:
World

France

Turkey

Cyprus

Jordan
United
United
United

France

Greece

Turkey

Cyprus

Jordan

Austria
Kuwait
Mexico
Europe

Greece

Austria
Kuwait
Mexico
Europe

Canada
Canada

Uganda
Panama

Uganda
Panama

Namibia
Bulgaria
Hungary
Portugal

Namibia
Bulgaria
Malaysia

Romania

Hungary
Portugal
Australia

Malaysia

Bermuda
Germany

Romania
Australia

Bermuda
Germany

Colombia
Las Vegas

Indonesia

Colombia
Vegas

Indonesia

Argentina
Singapore

Argentina
Singapore

Guatemala
Macedonia

Sources: The
Guatemala
Macedonia
Hong Kong

Bangladesh
Kong

Switzerland
Bangladesh

Switzerland
United Arab
South Africa
South Korea

Africa
Korea

Saudi Arabia
Arabia

New Zealand
United States

Zealand
States

Nevada
Includes
Includes
Czech Republic
Republic
The Netherlands
United Kingdom

Netherlands
Kingdom

The Elevator
Includes new

Nevada State
Includes moving
Arab Emirates
Emirates

Elevator World
State Library
moving walks
walks

Library &
new installations
installations

World Source
& Archives
Archives
Source 1999-2000,
—
—
—
—
(196,387)
10
12
18
70
75
80
90
120
140
253
300
312
350
397
400
500
600
607
626
750
750
800
1,120
1,500
1,693
2,000
3,250
3,565
3,850
3,974
4,000
4,515
4,700
5,325
6,000
6,225
11,700
31,000
44,702
50,000
50,000-60,000
160,000

—
—
—
—
(196,387)
00
88
10
12
18
70
75
80
90
120
140
253
300
312
350
397
400
500
600
607
626
750
750
800
1,120
1,500
1,693
2,000
3,250
3,565
3,850
3,974
4,000
4,515
4,700
5,325
6,000
6,225
11,700
31,000
44,702
50,000
50,000-60,000
160,000

Total Escalators 1998*

1999-2000, European
European Escalator
100
10
60
—
—
15
30
20
23
50
64
70
50
—
30
67
116
70
70
77
—
250
179
200
780
50
100
89
—
—
155
—
480
703
928
1,281
2,948
—
—
—

100
10
60
—
00
00
00
22
00
—
15
00
22
30
20
23
50
64
00
70
50
—
30
67
116
70
70
77
—
250
179
200
780
50
100
89
—
—
155
—
480
703
928
1,281
2,948
—
—
—

New Installations 1998

Escalator Association,
Association,
Southdale Center / Victor Gruen / Edina, Minnesota, USA / 1956
Victor Gruen / Vienna / 1904 - 1980
Mercado de Santa Caterina / EMBT / 2005
Markthal / MVRDV / 2014
z
新富町食料品⼩賣市場 / 1935
新富町⽂化市場 / 林友寒 / 2017