THE STUDY OF HISTORY

INTRODUCTION

Diplomacy is a career, activity, or set of abilities used by a country's representatives

overseas to deal with international relations. It is a true art form that fulfills the needs of

individuals and nations. It is believed that “diplomacy” comes from the Greek word

“diploma”, which in ancient Greece meant double plates with inscriptions written on

them. They were issued to envoys as credentials and documents that confirmed their

authority. Diplomacy is a principal activity of heads of states, governments and special

bodies of external relations in implementation of goals, objectives of states foreign

policy, as well as protection of rights and interests of state abroad.

A. TYPES OF DIPLOMACY

1. POLITICS OF PACIFICATION

This sort diplomacy is unwilling to exacerbate or instigate existing tensions

between countries. This type of negotiation presupposes different concessions for

opposing parties on minor, trivial matters. The most well-known examples of this

diplomacy are the efforts of England and France on the eve of World War II to

counter Hitler's aggressive ambitions.

2. GUNBOAT DIPLOMACY
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The essence of gunboat diplomacy is projecting military might in order to

achieve foreign policy objectives. The term "gunboat" was coined to describe a

tiny ship with a powerful artillery armament. The legitimacy of deploying military

force to achieve foreign policy goals is the foundation of gunboat diplomacy.

Unlike traditional policies, which include intricate games and a variety of unions,

simple and primal principles and relationships with those who are unlikely to cause

harm are used.

The notable example of gunboat diplomacy was the Don Pacifico incident in

1850, in which British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston dispatched a squadron

of the Royal Navy to blockade the Greek port of Piraeus in retaliation for the

assault of a British subject, David Pacifico, in Athens, and the subsequent failure.

3.DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

This sort of diplomacy entails the use of economic tools (such as loans) to

achieve a state's objectives. It is the economic enslavement of tiny governments

and their subjugation to the dominance of huge international banks and

corporations. Dollars operate as bullets or weapons in the hands of diplomats in

this situation, and bullets have been used in the past. The purpose of "dollar

diplomacy" is to make tiny countries politically dependent on the country that

gives economic aid. When one of these countries attempted to gain independence,

more drastic measures were usually taken.

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The example of dollar diplomacy in action is the U.s interference in Nicaragua,

China, and Mexico in order to protect American interest.

3. ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY

It is a specific area of modern diplomatic activity connected with the use of

economic problems as an object, means of struggle, cooperation in international

relations. It presupposes diplomatic service activities focused on increasing

exports, attracting foreign investments. Economic diplomacy, like diplomacy in

general, is an integral organic part of foreign policy and international activities of

a state. Foreign policy determines the goals, objectives of economic

The example of economic diplomacy is the country of India they engaged

through the use of trade and aid. For example, in order to build a stronger, more

stable relationship with Bangladesh, India granted it an $800 million soft loan,

and provided $200 million in aid.

4.DIGITAL (ELECTRONIC) DIPLOMACY

It is use of the Internet, information and communication technologies for

solving diplomatic problems. In the framework of digital diplomacy, new media,

social networks, blogs and similar global media platforms are used. The main

goals of digital diplomacy are the promotion of foreign policy interests and

information propaganda via the internet.

The example of digital diplomacy is would be the social media platform twitter

which has been found to be very helpful for communication and information
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dissemination by diplomats, heads of states and other individuals in positions of

prominence.

B. THEORIES OF HISTORY

1. THE GREAT MAN THEORY

The great man theory is a 19 th-century idea according to which can be largely

explained by the impact of great man, or heroes; highly influential and unique

individuals who, due to their natural attributes, such as superior intellect, heroic

courage, extraordinary leadership abilities or divine inspiration.

2. THE GREAT GOD THEORY

Creation myths, which can be found among preliterate peoples, are the most

primitive attempts to explain the origin and development of the world and man. The

one in Genesis that ascribes the creation of heaven and earth, with all its features and

creatures, to Lord God, who worked on a six-day schedule, is the one we are most

familiar with. The basic materials for true history-writing were first gathered in the

annals of kings' reigns and chronicles of kings in the Near East, India, and China's

river valley civilizations.

3. THE GREAT MIND THEORY

The idea that history is pushed forward or propelled forward by some ideal force in

order to fulfill its predetermined ends is a more complex and philosophical form of
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the Great God-Man line of thought. According to the Greek Anaxagoras, Aristotle

believed that God, who was defined as pure mid engaged in thinking about itself, was

the prime mover of the cosmos and thus the ultimate animator of everything within it.

4. THE BEST PEOPLE THEORY

All of these views are tinged with the assumption that history is written by a select

few, the Best Race, the Favored Nation, and the ruling class alone. The Israelites were

thought to be God's chosen people in the Old Testament. The Greeks saw themselves

as the pinnacle of culture, superior to the barbarians in every way. The slave-holding

nobility was seen as innately superior to the lower classes by Plato and Aristotle.

5. THE HUMAN NATURE

Most persistent is the view that history in the last analysis has been determined by

the qualities of human nature, good or bad. Human nature, like nature itself, was

regarded as rigid and unchanging from one generation to another.

C. THE CONCEPT THEORY

The different concept of history are; causality, significance, perspectives and change.

The causality explores the ways that we try to explain why things happened in the

past. The significance explores the process by which certain facts from the past

become part of history. The perspectives explores why there are so many different
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points of view about the past and the concept of change explores how we judge the

extent of change or continuity throughout the past.

Table 1
CAUSALITY SIGNIFICANCE PERSPECTIVES CHANGE

Explain why thigs Certain facts from Why are so many Judge the extent of

happened in the past the past become part different points of change or

of history view about the past continuity

throughout the past

D. INQUIRY QUESTIONS

►What were the major forces and developments during this period?

The major developments of the Renaissance include the developments in astronomy,

humanist philosophy, the printing press, and vernacular language in writing, painting and

sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare’s work.

►What caused these major forces and developments?

The breakup of feudal structures, the strengthening of city-states in Italy, and the

emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England, as well as such cultural

developments as the rise of secular education, culminated in the birth of a self-

consciously new age with a new spirit.

►How did the developments influence peoples’ decisions and actions and vice-versa?
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The developments influences people’s decision and action, they are more competitive and

they created a lot of changes in the renaissance periods

►How did these developments impact societies?

The renaissance marked a renewed interest in many things such as the arts also brought

about change in the areas of class structure; trade; invention and science. These changes

have influenced nearly every social class and industrialized society in the modern world.

E. DIALECTS

1. ILONGGO (HILIGAYNON)

Hiligaynon, an Austronesian language of the Visayan branch endemic to Panay,

Guimaras, and Negros, is the major language. Inter-migrations and intra-

migrations have aided the Hiligaynon diaspora to various parts of the Philippines

over the years. The majority of Hiligaynon live in Iloilo, Negros Occidentales,

Guimaras, Capiz, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato today. An

Ilonggo is known as a "tikalon" or braggart, as well as a peace-loving person.

When angered, the ilonngo declares "tam-an kaisog," meaning he is convinced

that he is correct, and he will fight to the death.

2. BISAYA

The indigenous inhabitants of Malaysia's northwestern Borneo were concentrated

above the Padas River and below Beaufort in Sabah and northern Sarawak. In the
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early twenty-first century, there were 7,000 of them. The majority of Cebuano

speakers refer to Cebuano as Binisaya.

3. MAGUINDANAON

The Maguindanao are one of numerous lowland Filipino ethnic groupings. They are

said to have migrated to the islands from southwest Asia thousands of years ago. The

Maguindanao are also well-known for their visual arts. They have a long history as a

metalworks, creating kris ceremonial swords and other weapons, as well as gongs

with wavy blades. The Shariff Kabunsuan Festival, a spectacular exhibition of

Muslim religion and culture, is celebrated by Maguindanaons. It is a colorful feast

remembering and celebrating Shariff Kabunsuan's entrance in Mindanao via the Rio

Grande River more than 500 years ago.

F. ALPHABET

1. THE MANGYAN ALPHABET

The Buhid or Mangyan alphabet is supposed to have descended from the Javanese

Kawi script, which in turn descended from the Pallava script, one of the southern Indian

scripts inherited from Brahmi. The Buhid people of Mindoro continue to use the Buhid

alphabet in the Philippines. The Latin alphabet is also used to write Buhid. Abugida /

Syllabic Alphabet is a writing system in which each consonant has an inherent vowel [a].

Other vowels are indicated with a separate letter or diacritics. Writing direction:

horizontal lines from left to right Used to write: Buhid and Tagalog
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2. HANUNO’O ALPHABET

Hanunó'o is a Philippine language spoken mostly in Mindoro Oriental Province and

Mindoro Occidental Province in the Philippines. In 2010, there were around 25,100

Hanunó'o speakers. Hanunó'o can also be referred to as Hanonoo, Hanunoo-

Mangyan, or Mangyan. Gubatnon, Binli, Kagankan, Waigan, Wawan, and

Bulalakawnon are some of the dialects. Nowadays, Hanunó'o is primarily written

using a Latin alphabet. There is also a Hanunó'o script, which has been in use since

the 14th century AD and is said to have evolved from Java, Bali, and Sumatra's Kawi

script. The Hanunó'o script is used to create love songs, or ambhan, as well as letters.

Around 70% of Hanunó'o can read and write their language, and at least one person

in every village speaks it.

3. ALIBATA OR BAYBAYIN

In Tagalog, the verb Baybay literally means "to spell." The Spanish had a lot of

information about Baybayin. Some have given it the name Alibata, but this is

incorrect. Modern scripts descended from Baybayin in the Philippines include

Hanunó'o, Buhid, Tagbanwa, and Kapampangan script.

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REFERENCES

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