Microtrauma describes the scenario whereby a toenail suffers repetitive injury in the form of

pressure from shoes or even tapping of the tips of the toes on the ground or insole. Running in
shoes that are too small are a perfect example of this. Pressure to the tips of toes can be caused
by deformity of the toes themselves .

Not all thick discolored nails are toenail fungus. Many of these nails have thickness of the nail bed called
hyperkeratinization. It’s a callusing of the nail bed. It usually occurs because of microtrauma to the nail.
This microtrauma is usually caused by an underlying abnormality of the bone structure or foot movement.
A simple example is a hammertoe deformity. The toe bends downward leading to constant rubbing of the
nail against the bottom of the shoe. Most people don’t feel the rubbing. The body responds to friction by
building up callus to protect itself. The nail will become thick and often has a yellow or brown color. To
determine whether the nail has fungus or just hyperkeratin a biopsy can be performed.

Microtrauma describes the scenario whereby a toenail suffers repetitive injury in the form of
pressure from shoes or even tapping of the tips of the toes on the ground or insole. Running in
shoes that are too small are a perfect example of this. Pressure to the tips of toes can be caused
by deformity of the toes themselves . Not all thick discolored nails are toenail fungus. Many of these
nails have thickness of the nail bed called hyperkeratinization. It’s a callusing of the nail bed. It usually
occurs because of microtrauma to the nail. This microtrauma is usually caused by an underlying
abnormality of the bone structure or foot movement. A simple example is a hammertoe deformity. The toe
bends downward leading to constant rubbing of the nail against the bottom of the shoe. Most people don’t
feel the rubbing. The body responds to friction by building up callus to protect itself. The nail will become
thick and often has a yellow or brown color. To determine whether the nail has fungus or just hyperkeratin
a biopsy can be performed.

Microtrauma describes the scenario whereby a toenail suffers repetitive injury in the form of
pressure from shoes or even tapping of the tips of the toes on the ground or insole. Running in
shoes that are too small are a perfect example of this. Pressure to the tips of toes can be caused
by deformity of the toes themselves . Not all thick discolored nails are toenail fungus. Many of these
nails have thickness of the nail bed called hyperkeratinization. It’s a callusing of the nail bed. It usually
occurs because of microtrauma to the nail. This microtrauma is usually caused by an underlying
abnormality of the bone structure or foot movement. A simple example is a hammertoe deformity. The toe
bends downward leading to constant rubbing of the nail against the bottom of the shoe. Most people don’t
feel the rubbing. The body responds to friction by building up callus to protect itself. The nail will become
thick and often has a yellow or brown color. To determine whether the nail has fungus or just hyperkeratin
a biopsy can be performed.

Microtrauma describes the scenario whereby a toenail suffers repetitive injury in the form of
pressure from shoes or even tapping of the tips of the toes on the ground or insole. Running in
shoes that are too small are a perfect example of this. Pressure to the tips of toes can be caused
by deformity of the toes themselves . Not all thick discolored nails are toenail fungus. Many of these
nails have thickness of the nail bed called hyperkeratinization. It’s a callusing of the nail bed. It usually
occurs because of microtrauma to the nail. This microtrauma is usually caused by an underlying
abnormality of the bone structure or foot movement. A simple example is a hammertoe deformity. The toe
bends downward leading to constant rubbing of the nail against the bottom of the shoe. Most people don’t
feel the rubbing. The body responds to friction by building up callus to protect itself. The nail will become
thick and often has a yellow or brown color. To determine whether the nail has fungus or just hyperkeratin
a biopsy can be performed.