Christian Nico O.

Bucoy VII-Rizal

Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is fungal infection of the nails. Fungal nail infection

causes nails to become thick, white, opaque, and brittle. Warm, damp
conditions create a favorable environment for fungus to flourish.
Locker rooms, swimming pool areas, and showers may harbor fungus.
Injury to the nails may increase the risk of fungal nail infection.
Wearing acrylic nails that trap moisture may promote fungal nail
infection.

Medical conditions that impede blood flow or depress immunity may

increase the risk of fungal nail infection. Diabetes and circulatory
disorders may impair blood flow to the nail beds, increasing the
chance of fungal infection.
 Ingrown Toenail

An ingrown toenail occurs when edges from a nail intrudes

into the surrounding skin. It most commonly occurs on the big
toe as a result of improper nail trimming or wearing shoes
that are too tight. The condition may cause pain and, redness,
and can lead to infection. Trimming the toenail straight across
without tapering at the ends may help prevent ingrown
toenails. In some cases, a doctor or podiatrist may perform
minor surgery to remove part of the nail, the nail bed, and
excess skin to correct the problem.
 Clubbed Nails

Clubbed nails are an exaggerated downward curvature

of the nails that may be indicative of systemic disease.
Clubbing may occur in cases of cirrhosis, cystic
fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, congenital heart
disease, and other conditions. Some cases of clubbed
nails are hereditary.
 Discoloration of Nail Plates

The nails are susceptible to discoloration by a

variety of agents. Potassium permanganate is
known to stain nails a brownish-purple color.
Silver nitrate will turn the nails black. The pictured
stains are due to resorcinol. Nail stains may not
look very nice, but they are not dangerous.
 Nail-Patella Syndrome

Nail-patella syndrome, otherwise known as osteo-

onychodysplasia, is a hereditary condition. The
mutation responsible for the condition is on the
gene that encodes transcription factor LMX1B on
chromosome 9 (9q34). People who have the
condition display dysplasia of the fingernails,
posterior conical iliac horns, radial head
abnormalities, and hypoplastic or absent patellae.
People who have this condition are at increased
risk for glaucoma and kidney disease.
 Leukonychia Striata

Leukonychia striata are white streaks that appear

on the nails due to trauma, manicuring, or certain
systemic diseases. Often, the cause of leukonychia
striata cannot be identified and the white streaks
resolve without treatment. Some cases of
leukonychia striata are inherited.
 Leukonychia Totalis

Leukonychia totalis is an inherited disorder that

causes discoloration of the nails. Nails affected by
the condition are largely white due to abnormal
keratinization beneath the nail plate. Inheritance
of the condition is through an autosomal dominant
pattern.