Joey De Guzman Jr.

Picture of Leukonychia Totalis

Leukonychia totalis is an inherited disorder that causes discoloration of the nails. Nails affected
by the condition are largely white due to abnormal keratinization beneath the nail plate.
Inheritance of the condition is through an autosomal dominant pattern.

Symptoms

For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease
may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called
the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have
been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access
more in-depth information about a symptom.

Treatment

There is no universally successful treatment for the whitening of the nails in people with
leukonychia totalis.[3] However, if the condition is known to have an underlying cause, treating
that cause (when possible) may improve the condition.
 Onychomycosis is fungal infection of the nails. Fungal nail infection causes nails to
become thick, white, opaque, and brittle. Warm, damp conditions create a favorable
environment for fungus to flourish. Locker rooms, swimming pool areas, and showers
may harbor fungus. Injury to the nails may increase the risk of fungal nail infection.
Wearing acrylic nails that trap moisture may promote fungal nail infection.
The most commonly used oral drugs for treatment of onychomycosis is griseofulvin,
terbinafine, itraconazole and ketoconazole. The disadvantages of oral antifungal agents are,
they require a longer treatment period and they have more side effects.
Brittle nails that chip or break easily. Discoloration of nail bed and skin around the nail to white
or yellow. Dry or scaly skin around nail. Foul smell.

.
An ingrown toenail occurs when edges from a a nail intrudes into the surrounding skin. It most
commonly occurs on the big toe as a result of improper nail trimming or wearing shoes that are
too tight. The condition may cause pain and, redness, and can lead to infection. Trimming the
toenail straight across without tapering at the ends may help prevent ingrown toenails. In some
cases, a doctor or podiatrist may perform minor surgery to remove part of the nail, the nail bed,
and excess skin to correct the problem.
Symptoms
Ingrown toenail symptoms include:

 Pain and tenderness in your toe along one or both sides of the nail

 Redness around your toenail

 Swelling of your toe around the nail

 Infection of the tissue around your toenail

Treatment

Lifting the nail. For a slightly ingrown nail (redness and pain but no pus), your doctor may
carefully lift the ingrowing nail edge and place cotton, dental floss or a splint under it. This
separates the nail from the overlying skin and helps the nail grow above the skin edge. At
home, you'll need to soak the toe and replace the material daily.

 Partially removing the nail. For a more severe ingrown toenail (redness, pain and pus),
your doctor may trim or remove the ingrown portion of the nail. Before this procedure,
your doctor may temporarily numb your toe by injecting it with an anesthetic.

 Removing the nail and tissue. If you have the problem repeatedly on the same toe, your
doctor may suggest removing a portion of the nail along with the underlying tissue (nail
bed). This procedure may prevent that part of your nail from growing back. Your doctor
will use a chemical, a laser or other methods.
 Clubbed nails are an exaggerated downward curvature of the nails that may be indicative of
systemic disease. Clubbing may occur in cases of cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel
disease, congenital heart disease, and other conditions. Some cases of clubbed nails are
hereditary.
Treatment

 a combination of chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, and surgery to treat cancer

 a combination of medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lifestyle
changes to alleviate symptoms of cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or
asbestosis
 medications or lifestyle changes to treat intestinal inflammation
 surgery to correct TOF or another heart defect

Symptoms

 Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)

 Coughing up clear, yellow, light brown, or green mucus
 Cough that gets more severe over time
 Difficulty breathing
 Loose, wet cough that produces thick white or yellow phlegm
 Rapid breathing (tachypnea) or shortness of breath
 Wheezing (a whistling sound made with breathing)
 Picture of Discoloration of Nail Plates

The nails are susceptible to discoloration by a variety of agents. Potassium permanganate is

known to stain nails a brownish-purple color. Silver nitrate will turn the nails black. The pictured
stains are due to resorcinol. Nail stains may not look very nice, but they are not dange

Symptoms

 Dry Nails

 Dry Skin

 Skin Discoloration

Treatment

 mixing tea tree oil with a carrier oil and applying it to the affected nail

 soaking the affected nail in hot water mixed with baking soda

 applying vinegar to the affected nail

 including a sufficient amount ofvitamin E in the diet

 soaking the affected nail in a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and hot water
Picture of Nail-Patella Syndrome

Nail-patella syndrome, otherwise known as osteo-onychodysplasia, is a hereditary condition.

The mutation responsible for the condition is on the gene that encodes transcription factor
LMX1B on chromosome 9 (9q34). People who have the condition display dysplasia of the
fingernails, posterior conical iliac horns, radial head abnormalities, and hypoplastic or absent
patellae. People who have this condition are at increased risk forglaucoma and kidney disease.

Treatment
Treatment for nail-patella syndrome may include physical therapy or surgery for joint
problems. Other treatments depend on the symptoms present in each person
Symptoms
Nail-patella syndrome is caused by genetic changes (pathogenic variants or mutations) in
the LMX1B gene in about 95% of people with the syndrome. The LMX1B gene gives the body
instructions to make a protein that is thought to control when other genes are "turned on."
These other genes make proteins important for the development of the nails, kneecaps,
elbows, kidneys, and eyes. However, the exact function of theLMX1B gene, and the effect of
pathogenic variants on its function, are not completely understood.[1][
Picture of Leukonychia Striata

Leukonychia striata are white streaks that appear on the nails due to trauma, manicuring, or
certain systemic diseases. Often, the cause of leukonychia striata cannot be identified and the
white streaks resolve without treatment. Some cases of leukonychia striata are inherited.

Treatment
There is no treatment for leukonychia. However, the white spots usually disappear over time as
the nail grows. If leukonychia is caused by other medical conditions, that condition must be
treated separately

Symptoms

 Tiny pointed dots

 Large lines across the nail
 Large individual dots