Chapter17 Current and Resisitance 2020

Chapter
17
Current and Resistance
Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2020

Contents
17.1 Electric Current
Chapter 17
17.3 Current and Voltage Measurements in Circuits
17.4 Resistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law
17.5 Temperature Variation of Resistance
17.6 Electrical Energy and Power

17.8 Electrical Activity in the Heart
2
Section 17.1
Electric Current
o Whenever electric charges of like signs move, an
electric current is said to exist
o
Chapter 17
The current is the rate at which the charge flows
through surface
o The Average Current Iav is equal amount of charge
ΔQ divided by the time interval ΔT
ΔQ
Iav ≡
Current and Resistance Δt
o The SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
1 A = 1 coulomb/second (C/s)
3
Section 17.1
Electric Current
The instantaneous current I: is the limit of average
current as the time interval goes to zero:
Chapter 17 I = lim I av = lim

Δt→0
ΔQ
Δt→0 Δt
o The SI unit of current is Ampere (A)= 1 C/s
o The direction of the current is the

direction of flow of positive charges
§ This is known as conventional
current direction
4
Section 17.1
Electric Current
§ In a common conductor, such as copper, the
current is due to the motion of the negatively
charged electrons
Chapter 17
o It is common to refer to a moving charge as a mobile
charge carrier
§ A charge carrier can be positive or negative

§ For example, the mobile charge carriers in a metal
are electrons
5
Section 17.3
Current & voltage measurements in circuits
How to measure currents and voltages?

An actual circuit used to measure the current in a
Chapter 17
flashlight bulb and the potential difference across it
Circuit Diagram
The battery pumps charge through a

bulb & around the loop
6
Section 17.3
Chapter 17
• An ammeter is used to measure current

• In line with the bulb, all the charge passing

through the bulb also must pass through the
meter
7
Section 17.3
Chapter 17
• A voltmeter is used to measure voltage
(potential difference)
• Current
Connectsand Resistance
to the two ends of the bulb
A Digital Multimeter: used to measure

Current, Voltage and Resistance
8
Section 17.4
Resistance
• In a conductor, the voltage applied across the ends of
the conductor is proportional to the current through the
conductor
Chapter 17
• The constant of proportionality is the resistance of the
conductor
DV
Rº
I
• Units of resistance are ohms (Ω)

Current and Resistance 1Ω=1V/A
• Resistance in a circuit arises due to collisions between the

electrons carrying the current with the fixed atoms inside the
conductor
9
Section 17.4
Resistance
Georg Simon Ohm
Chapter 17
1787 – 1854
• Formulated the
concept of resistance
• Discovered the
proportionality
between current and
voltages
10
Section 17.4
Ohm’s Law
• Experiments show that for many materials,
including most metals, the resistance remains
Chapter 17
constant over a wide range of applied voltages or
currents
• This statement is known as Ohm’s Law
ΔV = I R
• resistor is a conductor provides a specified resistance in
an electric circuit. The symbol for a resistor in circuit
diagrams is a zigzag line:
11
Section 17.4
Ohm’s Law
• Ohm s Law is an empirical relationship that is
valid only for certain materials
Chapter 17
1. Ohmic Materials:
• Obey Ohm’s Law

• The resistance is constant
over a wide range of voltages
• The relationship between
current and voltage is linear
The current–voltage
• The slope is related to the curve for an ohmic
resistance material
12
Section 17.4
Ohm’s Law
2. Non-Ohmic Materials:
• Non-ohmic materials are those

Chapter 17
whose resistance changes with
voltage or current
• The current-voltage relationship

is nonlinear A nonlinear current–
Current and Resistance voltage curve
• A diode is a common example

of a non-ohmic device
13
Section 17.4
Resistivity
• The resistance of an ohmic conductor is

proportional to its length, L, and inversely
Chapter 17
proportional to its cross-sectional area, A
L
R= r
A
§ ρ is the constant of proportionality and is called
the resistivity of the material
§ SI unit : ohm-meters ( Ω.m)
14
Section 17.4
Resistivity
Chapter 17
15
Section 17.5
Temperature variation of Resistivity
• For most metals, resistivity increases with
increasing temperature
Chapter 17
• This correlation can be understood as follows:
§ As the T of material increases, its

constituent atoms vibrate with greater
amplitudes
§ èandThe
Current electrons find it more difficult to
Resistance
pass through the atoms
16
Section 17.5
• For most metals, resistivity increases
approximately linearly with temperature over a
Chapter 17
limited temperature range
r = r [1 + a(T - T )]
o o
§ ρ is the resistivity at some temperature T in oC

§ ρo is the resistivity at some reference temperature
Current
To and
(TResistance
o is usually taken to be 20 °C)
§ a is the temperature coefficient of resistivity

table 17.1
17
Section 17.5
• Since the resistance of a conductor with uniform
cross sectional area is proportional to the
Chapter 17
resistivity, the temperature
resistance can be written
variation of
R = Ro [1 + a(T - To )]
18
Section 17.6
Electrical Energy and Power
Ø The rate at which the energy is lost is the power
Ø From Ohm’s Law, alternate forms of power are
Ã= Chapter 17
DQ
Dt
DV = I DV Ã = I 2R =
DV
R
2
• The SI unit of power is Watt (W)

o I : in Amperes, R: in ohms and ΔV: in Volts
• The unit of energy used by electric companies is the
kilowatt-hour…(kWh)
o This is defined in terms of the unit of power and the
amount of time it is supplied
o 1 kWh = 3.60 x 106 J
19
Section 17.8
Electrical Activity in the heart
• Every action involving
the body’s muscles is
Chapter 17
initiated by electrical
activity
• Voltage pulses cause the

heart to beat

• These voltage pulses are large enough to be detected
by equipment attached to the skin
20
Section 17.8
Chapter 17
21
Section 17.8
Operation of the Heart
The cardiac conduction system
consists of the following
Chapter 17
components:
1. The sinoatrial node (SA

node) :
• Located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior

vena cava
• This is the
Current and natural
Resistancepacemaker of the heart
• It initiates all heartbeat and determines heart rate
• Electrical impulses from the SA node spread throughout both
atria and stimulate them to contract 22
Section 17.8
2. The atrioventricular node (
AV node):
• Located on the other
Chapter 17
side of the right atrium,
near the AV valve
• The AV node serves as
electrical gateway to
the ventricles
• It delays the passage of electrical impulses to the
ventricles
• This delay is to ensure that the atria have ejected all the
blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract
23
Section 17.8
3. The atrioventricular bundle
(AV bundle):
• The AV node receives
Chapter 17
signals from the SA node
and passes them onto
the AV bundle (or bundle
of His).
4. The right and left bundle branches:

• Conduct the impulses toward the apex of the heart
5. Purkinje fibers:
• The signals are then passed onto Purkinje fibers, turning
upward and spreading throughout the ventricular
myocardium 24
Section 17.8
Electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG)
Chapter 17
It Current
is a and
testResistance
that measures the electrical signals that
control Heart rhythm. The test measures how electrical
impulses move through the heart muscle as it contracts
and relaxes
25
Section 17.8
Chapter 17
26
Section 17.8
Ø Electrical activities of
the heart can be
Chapter 17
recorded in the form
of electrocardiogram,
ECG or EKG
Ø An ECG is a composite recording of all the action potentials

produced by the nodes and the cells of the myocardium
Ø Each wave or segment of the ECG corresponds to a certain
event of the cardiac electrical cycle
27
Section 17.8
Ø When the atria are full of blood,
the SA node fires, electrical
atria
Chapter 17
signals spread
and cause
throughout the
them to
depolarize
Ø This is represented by the P
wave on the ECG
Ø Atrial contraction , or atrial
systole starts about 100 mili-
seconds after the P wave begins
28
Section 17.8
Chapter 17
The P-Q segment represents the time the signals travel from
the SA node
Current andto the AV node
Resistance
The QRS complex marks the firing of the AV node and
represents ventricular depolarization
29
Section 17.8
Chapter 17
-Q wave corresponds to depolarization of the

interventricular septum
30
Section 17.8
Chapter 17
- R wave is produced by depolarization of the main mass

of the ventricles
31
Section 17.8
Chapter 17

- S wave represents the last phase of ventricular depolarization
at the base of the heart
- Atrial repolarization also occurs during this time but the
signal is obscured by the large QRS complex 32
Section 17.8
Chapter 17
- The S-T segment reflects the plateau in the myocardial action

potential. This is when the ventricles contract and pump blood
33
Section 17.8
Chapter 17

- The T wave represents ventricular repolarization immediately
before ventricular relaxation, or ventricular diastole. The cycle
repeats itself with every heartbeat
34
Section 17.8
Abnormal EKG, 1
o The QRS portion

is
Chapter 17
wider
normal
than
o This indicates the

possibility of an
enlarged heart
35
Section 17.8
Abnormal EKG, 2
Chapter 17
• There is no constant relationship between P and
QRS pulse
• This suggests a blockage in the electrical conduction
path between the SA and the AV nodes
• This leads to inefficient heart pumping
36
Section 17.8
Abnormal EKG, 3
Chapter 17
• No P pulse and an irregular spacing between the
QRS pulses
• Symptomatic of irregular atrial contraction,
called fibrillation
• The atrial and ventricular contraction are
irregular
37

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Chapter

Dr. Sawsan Abusharkh / Medical Physics Course / Fall Semester 2020

17.1 Electric Current

17.4 Resistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law

17.5 Temperature Variation of Resistance

17.6 Electrical Energy and Power

17.8 Electrical Activity in the Heart

Chapter 17 I = lim I av = lim

o The SI unit of current is Ampere (A)= 1 C/s

o The direction of the current is the

§ A charge carrier can be positive or negative

Current and Resistance

How to measure currents and voltages?

Current and Resistance

The battery pumps charge through a

• An ammeter is used to measure current

• In line with the bulb, all the charge passing

A Digital Multimeter: used to measure

• Units of resistance are ohms (Ω)

• Resistance in a circuit arises due to collisions between the

• Obey Ohm’s Law

• Non-ohmic materials are those

• The current-voltage relationship

• A diode is a common example

• The resistance of an ohmic conductor is

Current and Resistance

§ As the T of material increases, its

§ ρ is the resistivity at some temperature T in oC

§ a is the temperature coefficient of resistivity

Current and Resistance

Ø From Ohm’s Law, alternate forms of power are

• The SI unit of power is Watt (W)

• Voltage pulses cause the

Current and Resistance

Current and Resistance

1. The sinoatrial node (SA

• Located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior

4. The right and left bundle branches:

Current and Resistance

Ø An ECG is a composite recording of all the action potentials

Current and Resistance

-Q wave corresponds to depolarization of the

Current and Resistance

- R wave is produced by depolarization of the main mass

Current and Resistance

Current and Resistance

- The S-T segment reflects the plateau in the myocardial action

Current and Resistance

o The QRS portion

o This indicates the

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