Tutorial 2

Quick Recap
• To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.
• The term analog signal refers to information that is continuous; digital signal
refers to information that has discrete states.
• Analog signal take on continuous values. Digital signal take on discrete values.

• Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

• In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and nonperiodic
digital signals.
Time period and frequency
• Frequency and period are the inverse of each
other.

• The power we use at home has a frequency of 60

Hz. The period of this sine wave can be
determined as follows:
Phase
• Phase describes the position of the
waveform relative to time 0.
Time and Frequency domain
• A complete sine wave in the time domain can be represented by one single
spike in the frequency domain.
 Units of period and frequency

1. Given the frequencies listed below, calculate the corresponding periods.

a) 24Hz
b) 8 MHz
c) 40 KHz
2. Given the following periods, calculate the corresponding frequencies.
a. 5 s
b. 220 ns
3. Express a period of 100 ms in microseconds.
4. The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in kilohertz?
Signal
1. Draw a sine wave with a frequency of 1Hz. Label this “Sine 1”
2. Draw a sine wave 90 degrees ahead of the earlier wave. Label this “Sine 2”.
3. Draw a sine wave double the frequency of Sine 1.
4. Draw another sine wave half the frequency of Sine 1.
5. Draw another sine wave double the amplitude of Sine 1.
6. Draw another sine wave half the amplitude of Sine 1.
7. Comparing Sine 1 and Sine 2, which sine wave will complete one cycle first? If so,
why?
Signals
8. Draw two sine wave and add them together. The sine wave are as follows
a) F(x) = sin (x)
b) G(x) = sin (x + π/2)

9. What is the phase shift for the foIlowing?

a) A sine wave with the maximum amplitude at time zero
b) A sine wave with maximum amplitude after 1/4 cycle
c) A sine wave with zero amplitude after 3/4 cycle and increasing
Review Questions
1. Differentiate between an analog and a digital signal.
2. What are three important characteristics of an analog signal?
3. How many radians are there in a complete circle of 360 degrees?
4. What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a sine wave?
5. What is the relationship between a spectrum and its bandwidth?