Balhae

Balhae (Korean: 발해, Chinese: 渤海; pinyin: Bóhǎi, Russian: Бохай, romanized: Bokhay, Manchu:
), also rendered as Bohai,[7] was a multi-ethnic kingdom whose land extends to what is today
ᡦᡠᡥᠠ‍ᡳ

Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far East.[8] It was established in 698 by
Dae Joyeong (Da Zuorong) and originally known as the Kingdom of Jin (Zhen) until 713 when its
name was changed to Balhae.
 Balhae (Parhae) / Bohai
渤海  (Korean) (Hanja)

발해 (Hangul)

Balhae

渤海 (Chinese)

Bóhǎi

698–926

The territory of Balhae in 830, during the reign of King Seon (Xuan) of Balhae.[1][2]
Capital Dongmo Mountain

(698–742)

Central capital

(742–756)

Upper capital

(756–785)

Eastern capital

(785–793)

Upper capital

(793–926)[a]

Common languages Goguryeo (Koreanic),

Tungusic,

Middle Chinese,

Classical Chinese (literary)

Religion Buddhism[4][5],

Confucianism,

Shamanism[6]

Government Monarchy
King  
• 698–719 Go (Gao) (first)
• 719–737 Mu (Wu)
• 737–793 Mun (Wen)
• 818–830 Seon (Xuan)
• 907–926 Dae Inseon (Da Yinzhuan) (last)
History  
• Dae Jung-sang begins military campaigns 696
• Establishment in Tianmenling 698
• "Balhae" as a kingdom name 713
• Fall of Sang-gyeong 14 January 926
Population
• 7th–8th century ca. 500,000

Preceded by Succeeded by
Goguryeo Liao dynasty
Mohe Peoples Dongdan
Goryeo
Later Balhae
Jurchens

Today part of China

North Korea

Russia
 Balhae

Korean name

Hangul 발해
Hanja 渤海
Transcriptions

Revised Romanization Balhae

McCune–Reischauer Parhae

Chinese name

Chinese 渤海

Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin Bóhǎi

Wade–Giles Po-hai

Russian name

Russian Бохай

Romanization Bohai

Manchu name

Manchu script
ᡦᡠᡥᠠ‍ᡳ

Romanization Puhai

Balhae's early history involved a rocky relationship with the Tang dynasty that saw military and
political conflict, but by the end of the 8th century the relationship had become cordial and
friendly. The Tang dynasty would eventually recognize Balhae as the "Prosperous Country of the
East".[9][10][11] Numerous cultural and political exchanges were made. Balhae was conquered by
the Khitan-led Liao dynasty in 926. Balhae survived as a distinct population group for another
three centuries in the Liao and Jin dynasties before disappearing under Mongol rule.

The history of the founding of the state, its ethnic composition, the nationality of the ruling
dynasty, the reading of their names, and its borders are the subject of a historiographical dispute
between Korea, China and Russia. Historical sources from both China and Korea have described
Balhae's founder, Dae Joyeong, as related to the Mohe people and Goguryeo.

Name

History

Culture

Society

Government

Language and script

Economy and trade

Controversies

Media

See also

Notes
References

Bibliography

External links

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Balhae&oldid=1122345369"

Last edited 22 days ago by Qiushufang