TAPPING DRILL SIZES

As a rule of thumb, for Metric threads, the tapping drill can be calculated by subtracting the pitch from
the diameter of the thread. eg for an M5x0.75 thread the tapping drill is 5-0.75mm = 4.25mm..

UNC and UNF threads: UNF (Unified National Fine), UNEF (Unified National Extra Fine):

Unified Screw Thread: A thread form used by the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States to
obtain screw thread interchangeability among these three nations. It has 60° thread angle and dimensions
are stated in inch units.

UNC (Unified National Coarse): Most commonly used type for general engineering applications. This thread form is
used in materials with low tensile strength which makes threads more resistance against stripping (internal
threads) .UNC give possibility for quick assembly.

BSW and BSF threads

Roll Tapping Process:

Roll tapping is a process which forms a thread in the hole by displacement of the material into the desired size and
pitch. Roll tapping eliminates the problem of chip disposal. The threads produced with roll tapping are stronger than
cut threads because the grains are continuous and unbroken, and the displaced metal is work hardened. Roll tapping
is a method to be applied to relatively ductile metals such as low-carbon steel, leaded steels, austenitic stainless
steels, wrought aluminium, magnesium, copper, and ductile copper alloys.

What is pitch diameter?

These three diameters are the major diameter, minor diameter, and pitch diameter, as shown in
the diagram below:

We can also see in the diagram above that the thickness of the thread and the space between two
threads are equal along the pitch diameter. At the same time, the sum of these distances also
equates to the thread's pitch, hence the name pitch diameter.
 d2=d−(3×SqRoot3×P/8) OR d2=d−( 0.6495.×P)
where: d2 – Basic pitch diameter; d – Basic major diameter; and P – Thread pitch.

Now figure out the maximum and minimum limits of the pitch diameter.

For external thread (bolt or screw) pitch diameter (d₂):

 d2max =d2+es
 d2min =d2+es−Td2
For internal thread (nut or threaded hole) pitch diameter (D ₂):

 D2max=D2+EI+TD2
 D2min=D2+EI

where:

 es and EI – fundamental deviations, upper and lower deviations, respectively; and

 Td2 and TD2 – thread pitch diameter tolerance for external and internal threads, respectively.

We can calculate the fundamental deviations, es and EI, depending on the thread's tolerance position:

For external threads:

 For e position: es=−(50+11×P)/1000;
 For f position: es=−(30+11×P)/1000 ;
 For g position:  es=−(15+11×P)/1000; and
 For h position: es=0.

For internal threads:

 For G position:  EI=(15+11×P)/1000; and

 For H position:  EI=0.

K- mold device is a fracture test invented by Sanji Kitaoka in Japan in 1973, at Nippon Light Metal
Ltd company. More than forty years this device has been used as a simple shop floor equipment.
The purpose of this equipment is to evaluate the macro cleanliness of molten aluminum melt at
production conditions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8t0dKLwEn2A density Index