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EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS
Article TE-1
Requirements for Examination Procedures and Personnel
Qualification
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TE-120 QUALIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION OF The required hours of training and experience, and limi-
NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION tations or restrictions on examiner certification, shall be
PERSONNEL specified in the Employer’s written practice and on the
certificate of qualification.
TE-120.1 General
(d) The Manufacturer shall certify that each magnetic
(a) Organizations performing and evaluating nonde- particle or liquid-penetrant examination shall be in
structive examinations required by this Section shall accordance with Mandatory Appendices V and VI. Per-
use personnel qualified to the requirements of TE-120.2 sonnel performing these examinations may, as an alter-
through TE-120.5. native, be qualified to ASNT SNT-TC-1A, ASNT CP-189,
(b) For nondestructive examination methods that or ASNT ACCP.
consist of more than one operation or type, it is permissi-
ble to use personnel qualified to perform one or more TE-120.3 Certification of Personnel
operations. As an example, one person may be used (a) The Employer retains responsibility for the ade-
who is qualified to conduct radiographic examination quacy of the program and is responsible for certification
and another who is qualified may be used to interpret of Levels I, II, and III Nondestructive Examination per-
and evaluate the radiographic film. sonnel.
(b) The Employer may use a letter or other certifica-
TE-120.2 Qualification of Personnel tion documents from any technically competent certi-
(a) Personnel performing radiographic or ultrasonic fying organization as evidence of demonstrated
examinations shall be qualified under their Employer’s technical knowledge and proficiency.
written practice, prepared in compliance with the ASNT (c) The examination results shall be included with the
SNT-TC-1A. Alternatively, personnel performing radio- Employer’s records in accordance with TE-120.5.
graphic or ultrasonic examination may be qualified in
accordance with ASNT CP-189 or ASNT ACCP-1 for TE-120.4 Verification of Nondestructive Examination
examination and test requirements. The Employer ’s Personnel Certification
written practice shall address education and experience
requirements. The Manufacturer is responsible for the verification
(b) The written practice and the procedures used for of qualification and certification of nondestructive
examination and qualification of personnel shall be ref- examination personnel employed by subcontractors
erenced in the Employer’s Quality Control System. who provide nondestructive examination services to
(c) The documented number of hours of training and them.
experience may be fewer than required by the referenced
document when examiners are qualified to perform only TE-120.5 Records
one operation of a multiple operation nondestructive Personnel qualification records shall be retained by
examination method or examinations of a limited scope. the Employer.
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Article TE-2
Examination of Welds and Acceptance Criteria
TE-200 TIME OF EXAMINATION OF WELDED the degree of radiographic examination for the various
JOINTS types of welded joints.
Acceptance examinations of welded joints shall be TE-220.2 Examination of Welded Joints
performed during the fabrication process as stipulated
The examination of welded joints shall be dictated by
below during construction.
the assigned joint efficiency of the joints under Parts TD
(a) All butt-welded joints shall be visually examined
and TW (see TW-130.4). These examinations shall be
after completion of any required heat treatment.
performed as specified in this Article.
(b) Magnetic particle or liquid-penetrant examina-
tions of base metal repairs shall be performed after any
required postweld heat treatment, except the welds in TE-230 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC
P-No. 1 material may be examined either before or after EXAMINATION
postweld heat treatment. TE-230.1 General Requirements for Radiographic and
(c) The magnetic particle or liquid-penetrant exami- Ultrasonic Examination
nation of weld surfaces that are not accessible after a
(a) Full Radiography. The following welded joints shall
postweld heat treatment (PWHT) shall be performed
be examined radiographically for their full length in the
prior to PWHT.
manner prescribed in TE-110.2 and TE-250.2(a):
(1) all butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels
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TE-210 EXAMINATION OF WELD EDGE used to contain fluids with United Nations Hazard Clas-
PREPARATION SURFACES sifications 2.1, 2.3, or 6.1 [see TW-100.1(a)].
(2) all butt welds in vessels in which the nominal
(a) When a pressure part is to be welded to a flat thickness at the welded joint exceeds 38 mm (11⁄2 in.),
plate thicker than 13 mm (1⁄2 in.) to form a corner joint or exceeds the lesser thickness prescribed in TE-230.2,
where the peripheral edge will not be covered by weld TE-230.3, TE-230.4, or TE-230.5 for the materials permit-
metal, the weld joint preparation and peripheral edge ted by Part TM; however, except as required by TE-
of the flat plate shall be examined before welding by 230.5(a), Categories B and C butt welds in nozzles and
either the magnetic particle or liquid-penetrant method. communicating chambers that neither exceed NPS 10
After welding, both the peripheral edge of the flat plate nor 29 mm (11⁄8 in.) wall thickness do not require radio-
and any other remaining exposed surfaces of the weld graphic examination.
joint preparation shall be reexamined. (3) all butt welds in nozzles, communicating cham-
(b) Particular attention shall be given to cut edges bers, etc., attached to vessel sections or heads that are
and other parts of rolled plate that would disclose the required to be fully radiographed under TE-230.1(a)(1)
existence of serious laminations, shearing cracks, and or (2); however, except as required by TE-230.5(a), Cate-
other imperfections. gories B and C butt welds in nozzles and communicating
(c) These requirements do not apply if the configura- chambers that neither exceed NPS 10 nor 29 mm (1
tion of the corner joint is such that the toe of the weld 1
⁄8 in.) wall thickness do not require any radiographic
is farther in distance from the peripheral edge of the examination.
flat plate than its thickness. (4) all Categories A and D butt welds in vessel
sections and heads where the design of the joint or part
TE-220 TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS AND THEIR is based on a joint efficiency permitted by TW-130.4(a),
EXAMINATION in which case:
(a) Categories A and B welds connecting the ves-
TE-220.1 Welded Joint Categories sel sections or heads shall be of Type No. (1) or Type
The term Category defines the location of a welded No. (2) of Table TW-130.4.
joint in a tank, but not the type of joint. See TW-130.3 (b) Categories B and C butt welds [but not includ-
for description and location of the various categories of ing those in nozzles or communicating chambers, except
welded joints. See TW-130.4 for permissible types of as required in TE-230.1(a)(2)] that intersect the Category
welded joints for the various welded joint categories and A butt welds in vessel sections or heads shall, as a
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TE-230.1 2004 SECTION XII TE-230.4
minimum, meet the requirements for spot radiography has been notified in advance and cannot be present or
in accordance with TE-250.2(b). Spot radiographs otherwise make the selection, the fabricator may exercise
required by this paragraph shall not be used to satisfy his own judgment in selecting the spots.
the spot radiography rules as applied to any other weld (d) Radiographs required at specific locations to
increment. satisfy the rules of other paragraphs shall not be used
(5) ultrasonic examination in accordance with TE- to satisfy the requirements of spot radiography.
110.3 may be substituted for radiography for the final (c) No Radiography. Except as required in TE-
closure seam of a pressure vessel, if the construction of 230.1(b)(3)(a), no radiographic examination of welded
the vessel does not permit interpretable radiographs joints is required when the vessel or vessel paart is
in accordance with Code requirements. The absence of designed for external pressure only, or when the joint
suitable radiographic equipment shall not be justifica- design complies with TW-130.4(c).
tion for such substitution. (d) In addition to the requirements in TE-
(b) Spot Radiography 230.1(b)(3)(a) and TE-230.1(b)(3)(b), all welds made by
(1) Except as required in TE-230.1(a)(4)(b), butt the electron beam process shall be ultrasonically exam-
welded joints made in accordance with Type No. (1) or ined for their entire length in accordance with the
requirements of Mandatory Appendix IX.
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Type No. (2) of Table TW-130.4, which are not required
to be fully radiographed by TE-230.1(a), may be exam- (e) For radiographic and ultrasonic examination of
ined by spot radiography. Spot radiography shall be butt welds, the definition of nominal thickness at the
in accordance with TE-250.2(b). If spot radiography is welded joint under consideration shall be the nominal
specified for the entire vessel, radiographic examination thickness of the thinner of the two parts joined.
is not required of Categories B and C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating chambers that exceed nei- TE-230.2 Additional Requirements for Vessels
ther NPS 10 nor 29 mm (11⁄8 in.) wall thickness. Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy
Steels
NOTE: This requirement specifies spot radiography for butt welds
of Type No. 1 or Type No. 2 that are used in a vessel, but does In addition to the requirements in TE-230.1, complete
not preclude the use of fillet and/or corner welds permitted by radiographic examination is required for each butt
other paragraphs, such as for nozzle and manhole attachments, welded joint at which the thinner of the plate or tank
welded stays, flat heads, etc., which need not be spot radiographed. wall thicknesses at the welded joint exceeds the thickness
(2) Spot radiography shall be made in accordance limit above which full radiography is required in Table
with the technique prescribed in TE-110.2(a). The mini- TE-230.2.
mum length of spot radiograph shall be 150 mm (6 in.). TE-230.3 Additional Requirements for Vessels
Spot radiographs may be retained or discarded by the Constructed of High Alloy Steels
Manufacturer after acceptance of the tank by the
Inspector. (a) The requirements for radiographic examination in
(3) Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic Exami- Part TE apply to high alloy steels, except as provided
nation in TE-230.3(b) (see TF-410.2).
(a) One spot shall be examined on each tank for (b) Butt-welded joints in vessels conforming to Type
each 15 m (50 ft) increment of weld or fraction thereof 405 welded with straight chromium electrodes and to
for which a joint efficiency from column (b) of Table Types 410, 429, and 430 welded with any electrode shall
TW-130.4 is selected. However, for identical tanks, each be radiographed in all thicknesses. The final radiographs
with less than 15 m (50 ft) of weld for which a joint of all straight chromium ferritic welds, including major
efficiency from column (b) of Table TW-130.4 is selected, repairs to these welds, shall be made after postweld heat
15 m (50 ft) increments of weld may be represented by treatment has been performed.
one spot examination. (c) Butt-welded joints in vessels constructed of aus-
(b) For each increment of weld to be examined, tenitic chromium-nickel stainless steels that are radio-
a sufficient number of spot radiographs shall be taken to graphed because of the thickness requirements of TE-
examine the welding of each welder or welding operator. 230.1, or for lesser thicknesses where the joint efficiency
Under conditions where two or more Welders or Weld- reflects the credit for radiographic examination of Table
ing Operators make weld layers in a joint, or on the TW-130.4, shall be radiographed following post heating
two sides of a double-welded butt joint, one spot may if such is performed.
represent the work of all Welders or Welding Operators.
TE-230.4 Additional Requirements for Vessels
(c) Each spot examination shall be made as soon
Constructed of Nonferrous Materials
as practicable after completion of the increment of weld
to be examined. The location of the spot shall be chosen (a) Tanks or parts of tanks constructed of nonferrous
by the Inspector after completion of the increment of materials shall be radiographed in accordance with the
welding to be examined, except that when the Inspector requirements of TE-230.1.
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TE-230.4 PART TE — EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS TE-240.4
1 Gr. 1, 2, 3 32 (11⁄4 )
3 Gr. 1, 2, 3 19 ( 3⁄4 )
9A Gr. 1 16 ( 5⁄8 )
9B Gr. 1 16 ( 5⁄8 )
10A Gr. 1 19 ( 3⁄4 )
10B Gr. 2 16 ( 5⁄8 )
10C Gr. 1 16 ( 5⁄8 )
10F Gr. 6 19 ( 3⁄4 )
(b) Welded butt joints in tanks constructed of materi- Examination shall be by magnetic particle or liquid-
als listed in Table TM-130.2-5, with the exception of penetrant methods when the material is ferromagnetic,
alloys 200 (UNS No. N02200), 201 (UNS No. N02201), or by liquid-penetrant method when the material is non-
400 (UNS No. N04400), 401 (UNS No. N04401), and 600 magnetic.
(UNS No. N06600) shall be examined radiographically
for their full length as prescribed in TE-230.1 when the TE-240.2 Examination of Welds in Carbon and Low
thinner of the plate or tank wall thicknesses at the Alloy Steel Vessels
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welded joint exceeds 10 mm (3⁄8 in.). All welds around nozzles, including reinforcing plate
(c) Where a defect removed and welding repair is attachment welds, shall be examined by the magnetic
not necessary, care shall be taken to contour notches or particle method or liquid-penetrant method whenever
corners. The contoured surface shall then be reinspected full radiography of butt-welded joints is mandatory (see
by the same means originally used for locating the defect TE-230.2).
to be sure it has been completely removed.
TE-240.3 Liquid-Penetrant Examination of Welds in
TE-230.5 Additional Requirements for Vessels High Alloy Steel Vessels
Constructed of Ferritic Steels That Are Heat All austenitic chromium-nickel alloy steel and austen-
Treated to Enhance Tensile Properties itic-ferritic duplex steel welds, both groove and fillet,
that exceed 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) shall be examined for detection
(a) Radiography. Radiographic examination for the
of cracks by the liquid-penetrant method. This examina-
complete length of weld in accordance with the require-
tion shall be made following heat treatment if heat treat-
ments of Part TE is required for all welded joints of Type
ment is performed. All cracks shall be eliminated.
No. 1 of Table TW-130.4.
(b) Nozzle Attachment Welds. Nozzle attachment welds TE-240.4 Liquid-Penetrant Examination of Welds in
as provided for in TW-130.7, Figs. TW-130.7-1 and TW- Vessels of Nonferrous Materials
130.7-2 shall be radiographically examined in accor-
dance with the requirements of Part TE. (a) All welds, both groove and fillet, in tanks con-
structed of materials covered by UNS N06625 (for Grade
2 only in SB-443, SB-444, and SB-446), UNS N10001, and
TE-240 MAGNETIC PARTICLE AND LIQUID- UNS N10665 shall be examined for the detection of
PENETRANT EXAMINATION cracks by the liquid-penetrant method. This examination
shall be made following heat treatment if heat treatment
is performed. All cracks shall be removed by grinding,
TE-240.1 Examination of Welds on Pneumatically
or grinding and filing. Where a defect is removed and
Tested Vessels
welding repair is not necessary, care shall be taken to
On welded pressure vessels to be pneumatically tested contour notches or corners. The contoured surface shall
in accordance with TT-210(b), the full length of the fol- then be reinspected by the same means originally used
lowing welds shall be examined by the magnetic particle for locating the defect to be sure it has been completely
or liquid-penetrant methods for the purpose of detecting removed.
cracks: (b) Welded joints in tanks or parts of tanks, con-
(a) all welds around openings structed of materials listed in Table TM-130.2-5, with
(b) all attachment welds, including welds attaching the exception of alloys 200 (UNS No. N02200), 201 (UNS
nonpressure parts to pressure parts, having a throat No. N02201), 400 (UNS No. N04400), 405 (UNS No.
thickness greater than 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) N04405), and 600 (UNS No. N06600), shall be examined
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TE-240.4 2004 SECTION XII TE-250.2
by the liquid-penetrant method when they are not machining marks, surface conditions, or an incomplete
required to be fully radiographed. bond between base metal and cladding, may produce
(c) Laser welded lap joints are exempt from liquid- similar indications, which are not relevant to the detec-
penetrant examination requirements of TE-240.4(a) tion of imperfections.
and (b).
TE-250.2 Radiographic Acceptance Criteria
TE-240.5 Examination of Welds in Vessels of Ferritic
Steels That Are Heat Treated to Enhance (a) Full Radiography
Tensile Properties (1) Indications in welds that are shown by full radi-
ography to be any of the following types of imperfec-
(a) Magnetic Particle Method. All welds, including
tions are unacceptable:
welds for attaching nonpressure parts to heat-treated
(a) any indication characterized as a crack or
steel listed in Table TM-130.2-6, shall be examined by
zone of incomplete fusion or penetration
the magnetic particle method after the hydrostatic test,
(b) any other linear indication that has a length
except that those surfaces not accessible after the hydro-
greater than:
static test shall be examined by the magnetic particle
method at the last feasible stage of vessel fabrication. (1) 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) for t < 19 mm (3⁄4 in.)
All welds to be stress relieved shall be examined after (2) t/3 for 19 mm (3⁄4 in.) ≤ t ≥ 57 mm (21⁄4 in.)
the PWHT. A magnetization method shall be used that
where
will avoid arc strikes. Cracks are unacceptable and shall
t p thickness of the weld, excluding any allowable
be repaired or removed. Any relevant indications greater
weld reinforcement. For a butt weld joining two
than 1.5 mm (1⁄16 in.) shall be repaired or removed (see
members having different thicknesses at the
Mandatory Appendix V).
weld, t is the thinner of these two thicknesses.
(b) Liquid-Penetrant Method. As an acceptable alterna-
tive to magnetic particle examination or when magnetic (c) any group of aligned, rounded indications
particle methods are not feasible because of the nonmag- having an aggregate length greater than t in a length of
netic character of weld deposits, a liquid penetrant 12t, unless the minimum distance between successive
method shall be used. For vessels constructed of SA- indications exceeds 6L, in which case the aggregate
333 Grade 8, SA-334 Grade 8, SA-353, SA-522, SA-553 length is unlimited, L being the length of the largest
Types I and II, and SA-645 materials, welds not exam- indication in the group
ined radiographically shall be examined by the liquid-
(d) rounded indications in excess of those shown
penetrant method either before or after the hydrostatic
as acceptable in Mandatory Appendix IV
test. Cracks are unacceptable and shall be repaired or
(2) Evaluation, Repair, and Retest
removed. Relevant indications are those that result from
(a) Unacceptable indications shown on the radio-
imperfections. Any relevant indications greater than 1.5
graphs of welds shall be repaired by removing such
mm (1⁄16 in.) shall be repaired or removed (see Mandatory
defects by mechanical means or by thermal gouging
Appendix VI).
processes, then repair welding, and radiographing the
repair to the requirements of Part TE.
TE-250 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA (b) Repair welding shall be performed using a
TE-250.1 General qualified procedure and a qualified welder in a manner
(a) Linear indications are indications in which the acceptable to the Inspector.
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length is more than three times the width. Rounded (c) At the option of the Manufacturer, the repair
indications on the radiograph are indications, which are may be ultrasonically examined in accordance with TE-
circular or elliptical with the length less than three times 110.3 and to the satisfaction of the Inspector, provided
the width. the defect is confirmed by ultrasonic examination prior
(b) When utilizing magnetic particle examination, to making the repair. This ultrasonic examination shall
mechanical discontinuities at or near the surface will be be noted under Remarks on the Manufacturer’s Data
indicated by the retention of the examination medium. Report Form.
However, all indications are not necessarily imperfec- (b) Spot Radiography
tions, because certain metallurgical discontinuities and (1) The acceptability of welds examined by spot
magnetic permeability variations may produce similar radiography shall be judged by the following methods:
indications, which are not relevant to the detection of (a) Welds in which indication characterized as
unacceptable discontinuities. cracks or zones of incomplete fusion or penetration shall
(c) When utilizing liquid-penetrant examination, be unacceptable.
mechanical discontinuities at the surface will be indi- (b) Welds in which indications are characterized
cated by bleeding out of the penetrant. However, local- as slag inclusion or cavities shall be unacceptable if the
ized surface imperfections, such as may occur from length of any such indication is greater than 2⁄3t, where
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TE-250.2 PART TE — EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS TE-250.5
t is the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable by the three radiographs is acceptable, provided the
reinforcement. For butt welds joining two members hav- defects disclosed by the first of the three radiographs
ing different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner of are removed and the area is repaired by welding. The
these two thicknesses. If a full-penetration weld includes repaired area shall be radiographically examined and
a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall evaluated in accordance with the requirements in TE-
be included in t. If several indications within the above 230.1(b) and TE-250.2(b).
limitations exist in line, the welds shall be judged accept- (2) If either of the two additional spots exam-
able if the sum of the longest dimensions of all such ined shows welding that does not comply with mini-
indications is not more than t in a length of 6t (or propor- mum quality requirements of TE-250.2(b)(1), the entire
tionately for radiographs shorter than 6t) and if the increment of weld represented shall be rejected. The
longest indications considered are separated by at least entire rejected weld shall be removed and the joint shall
3L of acceptable weld metal, where L is the length of the be rewelded or, at the fabricator’s option, the entire incre-
longest indication. The maximum length of acceptable ment of weld represented shall be completely radio-
indications shall be 19 mm (3⁄4 in.). Any such indications graphed and only defects need be corrected.
shorter than 6 mm (1⁄4 in.) shall be acceptable for any (3) Repair welding shall be performed using a
plate thickness. qualified procedure and a qualified welder in a manner
(c) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptable to the Inspector. The repaired area shall be
acceptability of welds not required to be fully radio- reexamined reevaluated at one location in accordance
graphed. with the requirements of TE-230.1(b) and TE-250.2(b).
(2) Evaluation, Repair, and Retests TE-250.3 Ultrasonic Acceptance Criteria
(a) When a spot, radiographed as required in TE-
The ultrasonic examination acceptance criteria shall
230.1(b)(3), is acceptable in accordance with TE-
be as specified in para. IX3 of Mandatory Appendix IX.
250.2(b)(1), the entire weld increment represented by
this radiograph is acceptable. TE-250.4 Magnetic Particle Examination Acceptance
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