Lesson 15 SectionV

API 570: PIPING INSPECTION CODE: Inspection,
Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping

Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
Section V NDE
Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 1

FROM THE API 510 BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
III.NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
ASME Section V, Nondestructive Examination
NOTE: The examination will cover ONLY the main body of
each referenced Article, except as noted.

A. Article 1, General Requirements:
The inspector should be familiar with and understand;
1. The Scope of Section V,

2. Rules for use of Section V as a referenced Code,
3. Responsibilities of the Owner / User, and of
subcontractors,
4. Calibration,
5. Definitions of "inspection" and examination",
6. Record keeping requirements.

T – 110 Scope Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping

Section V
(a) Unless otherwise specified by the referencing Code

Section or other referencing documents, this Section of
the Code contains requirements and methods for
nondestructive examination which are Code requirements to
the extent they are specifically referenced and required by
other Code Sections.

T – 130 Equipment
It is the responsibility of the Manufacturer, fabricator, or

installer to ensure that the examination equipment being
used conforms to the requirements of this Code Section.

T – 150 Procedure Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
(c) When required by the referencing Code Section, all

nondestructive examinations performed under this Code
Section shall be done to a written procedure.
This procedure shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of
the Inspector. The procedure or method shall comply with
the applicable requirements of this Section for the particular
examination method….

T – 150 Procedure
…Where so required, written procedures shall be made

available to the Inspector on request. At least one copy
of each procedure shall be readily available to the
Manufacturer’s Nondestructive Examination Personnel for
their reference and use.
T – 170 Examinations and Inspections

a)… Throughout this Section of the Code, the word
Inspector means the Authorized Inspector who has
been qualified as required in the various referencing
Code Sections.

T – 170 Examinations and Inspections
(b) …In the ASTM Standard Methods and Recommended

Practices incorporated in this Section of the Code by
reference or by reproduction in Subsection B, the words
inspection or inspector, which frequently occur in the
text or titles of the referenced ASTM documents, may
actually describe what the Code calls examination or
examiner….
T – 180 Evaluation
The acceptance standards for these methods shall be as
stated in the referencing Code Section.

T – 190 Records / Documentation
Records/Documentation shall be in accordance with the

referencing Code Section and the applicable requirements of
Subsection A and/or B of this Code Section.

The Manufacturer, fabricator, or installer shall be
responsible for all required Records/Documentation.

B. Article 2, Radiographic Examination:
1. The Scope of Article 2 and general requirements,
2. The rules for radiography as typically applied on pressure vessels

such as, but not limited to:
a. required marking
b. type, selection, number, and placement of IQI’s,
c. allowable density
d. control of backscatter radiation
e. location markers
3. Records
Article 2 Radiographic
Examination

Section V
T – 210 Scope
The radiographic method described in this Article for

examination of materials including castings and welds shall
be used together with Article 1, General Requirements.
Definitions of terms used in this Article are in Mandatory
Appendix V of this Article……

T – 223 Backscatter Radiation
A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 1/2 in.

in height and 1/16 in. in thickness, shall be attached to the
back of each film holder during each exposure to determine
if backscatter radiation is exposing the film.

T – 224 System of Identification
A system shall be used to produce permanent

identification on the radiograph traceable to the contract,
component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as
appropriate. In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol or name
and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and
permanently included on the radiograph. This identification
system does not necessarily require that the information
appear as radiographic images. In any case, this
information shall not obscure the area of interest.

T – 225 Monitoring Density Limitations of

Radiographs
Either a densitometer or step

wedge comparison film shall be
used for judging film density.

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design
IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type. Hole-type
IQIs shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the
requirements or alternates allowed in SE-1025. Wire-type IQIs
shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the
requirements or alternates allowed in SE-747, except that the
largest wire number or the identity number may be omitted. ASME
standard IQIs shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type
and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type.


Table T-233.1 Hole Type IQI Thickness and Hole Diameters
Questions that come from this table are directed at such

things as looking up the thickness of the IQI based on a
Designation Number or a specific hole diameter such as 1T,
2T, or 4T for a IQI Designation Number.
It is interesting to note that all the Designation Numbers
directly relate to the thickness of the Hole Type IQI except
for three, numbers 7, 12 and 17. Let’s have a look.
* These types of questions should be expected on the first half,
Open Book portion of the exam.

Another feature of the Designation Number is in reference to the

specific hole such as 1T, 2T, or 4T. The T is the thickness of a
given IQI Designation such Number 15 for example. So the 1 x T
hole has a diameter of 0.015” and thus the 2 x T hole = 0.030”, 4 x
T = 0.060”.
However this rule does not hold for the smaller IQI Numbers 5 and
7 which are both identical to Number 10. To say it another way,
Numbers 5, 7 and, 10 all have the same diameter of 1T, 2T and
4T holes. Take a look!

Table T-233.2 IQI Designation, Wire

Diameter, and Wire Identity
The alternative and, some think better,

Image Quality Indicator (IQI) it the Wire
Type.

Table T-233.2 IQI

Designation, Wire Diameter,
and Wire Identity
The alternative and, some

think better, Image Quality
Indicator (IQI) it the Wire Type.

Typical question on the Open Book

portion of the exam are what is the
diameter of a given wire size.
For Example:
What is the wire size of a Set A # 4

wire?
Answer: 0.0063” (0.16 mm).

There’s not much tricky here, just read
carefully.
T – 274 Geometric Unsharpness

Geometric Unsharpness shall be determined in accordance
with:
Ug = Fd/D

T-274.2 Geometric Unsharpness
Limitations. Recommended maximum values for

geometric unsharpness are as follows:

T – 274 Geometric Un-sharpness

T – 275 Location Markers

Location markers (see Fig. T-275), which are to appear as
radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the
part, not on the exposure holder / cassette.

Their locations shall be permanently marked on the surface
of the part being radiographed when permitted, or on a map,
in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph
to be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for the
required retention period of the radiograph. Evidence shall
also be provided on the radiograph that the required
coverage of the region being examined has been obtained.
Location markers shall be placed as follows.
T – 275.1 Single-Wall Viewing

(a) Source-Side Markers. Location markers shall be placed
on the source side when radiographing the following:
(1) flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or
conical components;
(2) curved or spherical components whose concave side
is toward the source and when the “source-to material”
distance is less than the inside radius of the component;
(3) curved or spherical components whose convex side
is toward the source.


Using Fig. T-275 we have these three examples ;


(b) Film-Side Markers
(1) Location markers shall be placed on the film side when
radiographing either curved or spherical components
whose concave side is toward the source and when the
“source-to-material” distance is greater than the inside
radius.


(c) Either Side Markers. Location markers may be placed
on either the source side or film side when radiographing
either curved or spherical components whose concave
side is toward the source and the “source-to-material”
distance equals the inside radius of the component.

T – 275.2 Double-Wall Viewing
For double-wall viewing, at

least one location marker
shall be placed adjacent to
the weld (or on the material
in the area of interest) for
each radiograph.

T – 275.3 Mapping the Placement

of Location Markers
When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the

placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 and T-275.2,
a dimensioned map of the actual marker placement shall
accompany the radiographs to show that full coverage has
been obtained.

T – 276.1 IQI Material Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
IQI’s shall be selected from either the same alloy material

group or grade as identified in SE-1025 or from an alloy
material group or grade with less radiation absorption than
the material being radiographed.

T – 276.2 Size
The designated hole IQI or essential wire shall be as

specified in Table T-276. A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI
may be substituted for any section thickness listed in Table
T-276, provided an equivalent IQI sensitivity is maintained.
See T-283.2.
(a) Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on which the

IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thickness plus the
estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the maximum
permitted by the referencing Code Section. Backing rings or
strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI
selection. The actual measurement of the weld
reinforcement is not required.
T – 276.2 Size

T – 276.2 Size
(b) Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness on which

the IQI is based is the nominal single-wall thickness.
Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the
weld thickness in IQI selection.

Table T – 276.1 IQI Selection

For the exam you may be required to select the proper IQI
for a radiograph. This is by establishing the part thickness as
previously discussed, the type of shot, “Source Side” or
“Film Side” and apply Table T-276.1
Example: For a film side shot of a part thickness that is

0.500: (12.7 mm) what would be the required Hole Type IQI
Number?
Answer: # 15
Be careful, don’t answer with the wire number when asked
for the hole type designator!

Table T – 276.1 IQI Selection

T-277.1 Placement of IQIs

(1) The IQI on the source side of the separate block shall
be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the
part being radiographed.
(2) The separate block shall be placed as close as
possible to the part being radiographed.
(3) The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI
dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of
the IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.
(b) Film-Side IQI(s). Where inaccessibility prevents hand
placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s) shall be
placed on the film side in contact with the part being
examined. A lead letter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or
on the IQI(s), but shall not mask the essential hole where
hole
Section 15 IQIs are used. Haward Technology Middle East 41
T-277.1 Placement of IQIs Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
(c) IQI Placement for Welds — Hole IQI s. The IQI (s) may
be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification
number (s) and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be
in the area of interest, except when geometric configuration
makes it impractical.
(d) IQI Placement for Welds — Wire IQI s. The IQI (s) shall
be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is
perpendicular to the length of the weld.

T – 277.2 Number of IQIs Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at

least one IQI image shall appear on each radiograph except
as outlined in (b) below.
(a) Multiple IQI s. If the requirements of T-282 are met by
using more than one IQI, one shall be representative of the
lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of
interest; the intervening densities on the radiograph shall be
considered as having acceptable density.
(b) Special Cases
(1) For cylindrical components where the source is
placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure,
at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120 deg. apart,
are required under the following conditions:
T – 277.3 Shims Under
Hole IQIs
For welds, a shim of material radiographically similar to the

weld metal shall be placed between the part and the IQI, if
needed, so that the radiographic density throughout the area
of interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than) the
radiographic density through the IQI. The shim dimensions
shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of
at least three sides of the IQI image shall be visible in
the radiograph.

T – 281 Quality of Radiographs

All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or

other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are
not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area
of interest of the object being radiographed. Such blemishes
include, but are not limited to:
(a) fogging;
(b) processing defects such as streaks, watermarks,
or chemical stains;
(c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static
marks, smudges, or tears;
(d) false indications due to defective screens.

T – 282.1 Density Limitation
The transmitted film density through the radiographic image

of the body of the appropriate hole IQI or adjacent to the
designated wire of a wire IQI and the area of interest shall be
1.8 minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made
with an X-ray source and 2.0 minimum for radiographs
made with a gamma ray source. For composite viewing of
multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall
have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum density shall
be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing. A tolerance of
0.05 in density is allowed for variations between
densitometer readings.

T – 282.2 Density Variation

(a) General. If the density of the radiograph anywhere
through the area of interest varies by more than minus
15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of
the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire
IQI, within the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges
specified in T-282.1, then an additional IQI shall be used for
each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph retaken.
When calculating the allowable variation in density, the
calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the
range specified in T-282.1.
(b) With Shims. When shims are used the plus 30% density
restriction of (a) above may be exceeded, provided the
required IQI sensitivity is displayed and the density
limitations
Section 15 of T-282.1 are not exceeded. Haward Technology Middle East 47
T – 283 IQI Sensitivity Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
Radiography shall be performed with a technique of

sufficient sensitivity to display the designated hole IQI image
and the 2T hole, or the essential wire of a wire IQI. The
radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying numbers
and letters. If the designated hole IQI image and 2T hole, or
essential wire, do not show on any film in a multiple film
technique, but do show in composite film viewing,
interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film
viewing.


T – 283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type

Sensitivity
A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI than the required IQI may
be substituted, provided an equivalent or better IQI
sensitivity, as listed in Table T-283, is achieved and all other
requirements for radiography are met. Equivalent IQI
sensitivity is shown in any row of Table T-283, which
contains the required IQI and hole. Better IQI sensitivity is
shown in any row of Table T-283, which is above the
equivalent sensitivity row. If the required IQI and hole are not
represented in the table, the next thinner IQI row from Table
T-283 may be used to establish equivalent IQI sensitivity.

T – 283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type

Sensitivity

T – 284 Excessive Backscatter
If a light image of the “B,” as described in T-223,

appears on a darker background of the radiograph,
protection from backscatter is insufficient and the
radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A
dark image of the “B” on a lighter background is
not cause for rejection.
This seems to be on almost every examination,

API 510, 570 and, 653. It can be open or closed
book.

Liquid Penetrant Testing Section V

C. Article 6, Liquid Penetrant Examination, including
Mandatory Appendices II and III:

The inspector should be familiar with and understand:
1. The Scope of Article 6,

2. The general rules for applying and using the liquid
penetrant method such as, but not limited to;
a) procedures
b) contaminants
c) techniques
d) examination
e) interpretation
f) documentation and
g) record keeping

T – 600 Scope
The liquid penetrant examination method is an effective

means for detecting discontinuities which are open to
the surface of nonporous metals and other materials.
Typical discontinuities detectable by this method are cracks,
seams, laps, and porosity. In principle, a liquid penetrant is
applied to the surface to be examined and allowed to
enter……

T – 620 General
Liquid penetrant examination shall be performed in

accordance with a written procedure. Each procedure shall
include at least…………. :
(a) the materials, shapes, or sizes to be examined, and the

extent of the examination;
(b) type (number or letter designation if available) of each
penetrant, penetrant remover, emulsifier, and developer;
(c) processing details for pre-examination cleaning and
drying, including the cleaning materials used and minimum
time allowed for drying;
T – 642 Surface Preparation
(a) In general, satisfactory results may be obtained when

the surface of the part is in the as-welded, as rolled, as-
cast, or as-forged condition. Surface preparation by
grinding, machining, or other methods may be necessary
where surface irregularities could mask indications of
unacceptable discontinuities.
(b) Prior to each liquid penetrant examination, the surface to

be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in.
shall be dry and free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding
flux, weld spatter, paint, oil, and other…………

T – 650 Procedure / Technique Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
T – 651 Techniques
Either a color contrast (visible) penetrant or a fluorescent

penetrant shall be used with one of the following three
penetrant processes:
(a) water washable

(b) post-emulsifying
(c) solvent removable
The visible and fluorescent penetrants used in

combination with these three penetrant processes result
in six liquid penetrant techniques.

T – 651 Techniques
1. Visible water washable

2. Visible post-emulsifying
3. Visible solvent removable
4. Fluorescent water washable
5. Fluorescent post-emulsifying
6. Fluorescent solvent removable

T – 652 Techniques for Standard Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping
Temperatures
As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant

and the surface of the part to be processed shall not be
below 40°F (5°C) nor above 125°F (52°C) throughout the
examination period. Local heating or cooling is permitted
provided the part temperature remains in the range of 40°F
to 125°F (5°C to 52°C) during the examination. Where it is
not practical to comply with these temperature limitations,
other temperatures and times may be used, provided the
procedures are qualified as specified in T-653.

T – 653 Techniques for Nonstandard Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping
Temperatures
When it is not practical to conduct a liquid penetrant

examination within the temperature range of 40°F to
125°F, the examination procedure at the proposed lower or
higher temperature range requires qualification. This shall
require the use of a quench cracked aluminum block, which
in this Article is designated as a liquid penetrant comparator
block.

Comparator Block Appendix III

T – 654 Technique Restrictions
Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a color

contrast penetrant examination. Intermixing of penetrant
materials from different families or different
manufacturers is not permitted. A retest with water
washable penetrants may cause loss of marginal indications
due to contamination.

T – 671 Penetrant Application
The penetrant may be applied by any suitable means, such

as dipping, brushing, or spraying. If the penetrant is
applied by spraying using compressed-air-type apparatus,
filters shall be placed on the upstream side near the air inlet
to preclude contamination of the penetrant by oil………...

T – 672 Penetration Time Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
Penetration time is critical. The minimum penetration time

shall be as required in Table T-672 or as qualified by
demonstration for specific applications.


T – 673 Excess Penetrant Removal
After the specified penetration time has elapsed, any

penetrant remaining on the surface shall be removed, taking
care to minimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities.

T – 673.1 Water Washable Penetrants
Excess water washable penetrant shall be removed with a

water spray. The water pressure shall not exceed 50 psi,
and the water temperature shall not exceed 110°F .

T – 673.3 Solvent Removable Penetrants

Excess solvent removable penetrant shall be removed by

wiping with a cloth or absorbent paper, repeating the
operation until most traces of penetrant have been removed.
The remaining traces shall be removed by lightly wiping the
surface with cloth or absorbent paper moistened with
solvent. To minimize removal of penetrant from
discontinuities, care shall be taken to avoid the use of
excess solvent. Flushing the surface with solvent,
following the application of the penetrant and prior to
developing, is prohibited.

T – 674 Drying After Excess Penetrant Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping
Removal
(a) For the water washable or post-emulsifying technique,

the surfaces may be dried by blotting with clean materials or
by using circulating air, provided the temperature of the
surface is not raised above 125°F (52°C).
(b) For the solvent removable technique, the surfaces may
be dried by normal evaporation, blotting, wiping, or forced
air.

T – 675 Developing
The developer shall be applied as soon as possible after

penetrant removal; the time interval shall not exceed that
established in the procedure. Insufficient coating thickness
may not draw the penetrant out of discontinuities;
conversely, excessive coating thickness may mask
indications. With color contrast penetrants, only a wet
developer shall be used. With fluorescent penetrants, a wet
or dry developer may be used.

T – 675.3
Developing time for final interpretation begins immediately

after the application of a dry developer or as soon as a
wet developer coating is dry. The minimum developing
time shall be as required by Table T-672.

T – 676.1 Final Interpretation
Final interpretation shall be made within 10 to 60 min after

the requirements of T-675.3 are satisfied. If bleed-out does
not alter the examination results, longer periods are
permitted. If the surface to be examined is large enough to
preclude complete examination within the prescribed or
established time, the examination shall be performed in
increments.

T – 676.2 Characterizing Indications
The type of discontinuities are difficult to evaluate if the

penetrant diffuses excessively into the developer. If this
condition occurs, close observation of the formation of
indication (s) during application of the developer may assist
in characterizing and determining the extent of the indication.

Article 6 Appendix II
II-610 Scope
This Appendix contains requirements for
the control of contaminant content for all
liquid penetrant materials used on nickel
base alloys, austenitic stainless steels,
and titanium.

Article 6 Appendix II Contaminants
This is a 1-1/4 page Appendix which

details the required tests for contaminants
in penetrant materials. All you can do is
read this as it is one of those subjects that
may or may not be on any given exam.
Historically they are usually one or two
questions over this Appendix if any at all.

Article 6 Mandatory Appendix II

Article 6 Mandatory Appendix II
This is a 1-1/2 page Appendix which

details the required tests for nonstandard
temperature tests using penetrant
methods. It has a description of for
making Penetrant Comparator Blocks and
the methodology for qualifying both below
40 o F and above 125 o F.
Just like Appendix II just read this one.
Article 6 Mandatory Appendix III

Nonstandard Temperatures

Magnetic Particle Testing Section V

D. Article 7, Magnetic Particle Examination (Yoke and
Prod techniques only)
The inspector should be familiar with and understand the

general rules for applying and using the magnetic particle
method such as, but not limited to;
1. The Scope of Article 7,
2. General requirements such as but not limited to
requirements for:
a. procedures
b. techniques (Yoke and Prod only)
c. calibration
d. examination
e. Interpretation
2. Documentation and record keeping
T – 710 Scope Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping
Section V
When specified by the referencing Code Section, the

magnetic particle examination techniques described in this
Article shall be used. In general, this Article is in
conformance with SE-709, Standard Guide for Magnetic
Particle Examination. This document provides details to be
considered in the procedures used………………..

T – 720 General Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping
The magnetic particle examination method may be applied

to detect cracks and other discontinuities on or near the
surfaces of ferromagnetic materials. The sensitivity is
greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes
rapidly with increasing depth of subsurface discontinuities
below the surface. Typical types of discontinuities that can
be detected by this method are cracks, laps, seams,………..

T – 720 General
…….., maximum sensitivity will be to linear discontinuities

oriented perpendicular to the lines of flux. For optimum
effectiveness in detecting all types of discontinuities, each
area should be examined at least twice, with the lines of flux
during one examination approximately perpendicular to
the lines of flux during the other.

T-721 Written Procedures

T – 721.1 Requirements
Magnetic particle examination shall be performed in

accordance with a written procedure, which shall as a
minimum contain the requirements listed in Table T-721.
The written procedure shall establish a single value, or a
range of values, for each requirement.

Table T – 721

T – 721.2 Procedure Qualifications

When procedure qualification is specified by the referencing

Code Section, a change of a requirement in Table T-721
identified as an essential variable shall require requalification
of the written procedure by demonstration.
A change of a requirement identified as a nonessential

variable does not require requalification of the written
procedure.
All changes of essential or nonessential variables from those

specified within the written procedure shall require revision
of, or an addendum to, the written procedure

T-731 Examination Medium

The finely divided ferromagnetic particles used for the

examination shall meet the following requirements.
(a) Particle Types. The particles shall be treated to impart

color (fluorescent pigments, nonfluorescent pigments, or
both) in order to make them highly visible (contrasting)
against the background of the surface being examined.
(b) Particles. Dry and wet particles and suspension vehicles
should be in accordance with SE-709.
(c) Temperature Limitations. Particles shall be used within
the temperature range limitations set by the manufacturer of
the particles. Alternatively, particles may be used outside the
particle manufacturer’s recommendations providing the
procedure is qualified in accordance with Article 1, T-150 at
the15 proposed temperature
Section Haward Technology Middle East 88
T – 741 Surface Conditioning Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping

T- 741.1 Preparation
(a) Satisfactory results are usually obtained when the surfaces
are in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged
conditions. However, surface preparation by grinding or
machining may be necessary where surface irregularities
could mask indications due to discontinuities.
(b) Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be
examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in………..
1in is the standard distance for all the surface examinations.

T – 741.1 Preparation
(d) If nonmagnetic coatings are left on the part in the area

being examined, it must be demonstrated that indications
can be detected through the existing maximum coating
thickness applied. When AC yoke technique is used, the
demonstration must be in accordance with Mandatory
Appendix I of this Article.

T – 750 TECHNIQUE Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping

T- 751 Techniques
One or more of the following five magnetization techniques

shall be used:
(a) prod technique:

(b) longitudinal ….. Not on Exam
(c) circular …….Not on Exam
(d) yoke technique:
(e) multidirectional….. Not on Exam

T – 752 Prod Technique
T-752.1 Magnetizing Procedure. For the prod technique,

magnetization is accomplished by portable………..
T-752.2 Direct or rectified magnetizing current shall be used.

The current shall be 100 (minimum) amp/in. to 125
(maximum) amp/in. of prod spacing for sections 3/4 in. thick
or greater. For sections less than 3/4 in. thick, the current
shall be 90 amp/in. to 110 amp/in. of prod spacing.

T – 752 Prod Technique
T-752.3 Prod spacing shall not exceed 8 in . Shorter spacing

may be used to accommodate the geometric limitations of
the area being examined or to increase the sensitivity, but
prod spacing of less than 3 in are usually not practical due to
banding of the particles around the prods. The prod tips shall
be kept clean and dressed. If the open circuit voltage of the
magnetizing current source is greater than 25 V, lead, steel,
or aluminum (rather than copper) tipped prods are
recommended to avoid copper deposits on the part being
examined.

T – 755 Yoke Technique
T-755.1 Application. This method shall only be applied to

detect discontinuities that are open to the surface of the part.
T-755.2 Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique

alternating or direct current electromagnetic yokes, or
permanent magnet yokes shall be used.
Note: For materials 1/4” or less in thickness, alternating

current yokes are superior to direct or permanent magnet
yokes of equal lifting power for the detection of SURFACE
discontinuities.

T – 760 Calibration of
Equipment
(a) Frequency. Each piece of magnetizing equipment with an
ammeter shall be calibrated at least once a year, or
whenever the equipment has been subjected to major
electric repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment
has not been in use for a year or more, calibration shall be
done prior to first use.
(b) Procedure. The accuracy of the unit’s meter shall be
verified annually by equipment traceable to a national
standard. Comparative readings shall be taken for at least
three different current output levels encompassing the
usable range.
(c) Tolerance. The unit’s meter reading shall not deviate by
more than ±10% of full scale, relative to the actual current
value as shown by the test meter.
T – 762 Lifting Power of Yokes

(a) Prior to use, the magnetizing power of electromagnetic

yokes shall have been checked within the past year. The
magnetizing power of permanent magnetic yokes shall be
checked daily prior to use. The magnetizing power of all
yokes shall be checked whenever the yoke has been
damaged or repaired.
(b) Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have
a lifting power of at least 10 lb at the maximum pole
spacing that will be used.
(c) Each direct current or permanent magnetic yoke
shall have a lifting power of at least 40 lb (18.1 kg) at the
maximum pole spacing that will be used.

T – 764 Magnetic Field Adequacy and Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping
Direction
T-764.1 Magnetic Field Adequacy. The applied magnetic

field shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory
indications, but shall not be so strong………..
T-764.1.1 Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator. The

indicator, shown in Fig. T-764.1.1 shall be positioned on the
surface to be examined, such that the copper-plated side is
away from the inspected surface. A suitable field strength is
indicated when a clearly defined line………………….
T-764.1.2 Artificial Flaw Shims. The shim, shown in Fig. T-

764.1.2 shall be attached to the surface to be examined,
such that the…………….
Fig. T – 764.1.1

T – 764 Magnetic Field Adequacy and Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping
Direction
T-764.1.2 Artificial Flaw Shims. The shim, shown in Fig. T-
764.1.2 shall be attached to the surface to be examined,
such that the…………….

T – 773 Method of Examination

The ferromagnetic particles used in an examination medium

can be either wet or dry, an may be either fluorescent or
nonfluorescent. Examination(s) shall be by the continuous
method.
(a) Dry Particles. The magnetizing current shall remain

on while the examination medium is being applied and while
any excess of the examination medium is being removed.
(b) Wet Particles. The magnetizing current shall be turned

on after the particles have been applied. Flow particles
shall stop with the application of current…………

T – 774 Examination Coverage

All examinations shall be conducted with sufficient field

overlap to ensure 100% coverage at the required
sensitivity (T-753).

T – 777.1 Visible (Color Contrast) API 570: PIPING INSPECTION CODE: Inspection,
Magnetic
Particles
………... A minimum light intensity of 100 fc (1000 Lx) is

required to ensure adequate sensitivity during the
examination and evaluation of indications. The light source,
technique used, and light level verification is required to be
demonstrated one time, documented, and maintained on file.

T – 777.2 Fluorescent Particles
With fluorescent particles, the process is essentially the

same as in T-777.1 . The examination shall be performed
as follows:
(a) It shall be performed in a darkened area.
(b) The examiner shall be in the darkened area for at least 5
min prior to performing the examination to enable his
eyes to adapt to dark viewing. If the examiner wears
glasses or lenses, they shall not be photosensitive.
(c) The black light shall be allowed to warm up for a
minimum of 5 min prior to use or measurement of the
intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted.
T – 778.2 Fluorescent Particles

(d) The black light intensity shall be measured with a black

light meter. A minimum of 1000 W/cm2 on the surface of the
part being examined shall be required. The black light
 once every 8 hr,
intensity shall be verified at least
whenever the work station is changed, or whenever the
bulb is changed.
(e) The black light intensity shall be measured with a black

light meter prior to use, whenever the light’s power source is
interrupted or changed, and at the completion of the
examination or series of examinations.

T – 780 Evaluation Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
(a) All indications shall be evaluated in terms of the

acceptance standards of the referencing Code Section.
(b) Discontinuities on or near the surface are indicated by

retention of the examination medium. However, localized
surface irregularities due to machining marks or other
surface conditions may produce false indications.
(c) Broad areas of particle accumulation, which might mask

indications from discontinuities, are prohibited, and such
areas shall be cleaned and reexamined.

Visual Test Section V

T-910 SCOPE
Article 9, Visual Examination. The inspector should be

familiar with and understand the general rules for applying
and using the visual examination method including, but not
limited to the following:
a) The scope of Article 9

b) General requirements such as but not limited to:
• Procedures
• Physical requirements
• Procedure/technique
• Evaluation
c) Documentation and record keeping

T-910 SCOPE
(a) This Article contains methods and requirements

for visual examination applicable when specified by
a referencing Code Section. Specific visual
examination procedures required for every type of
examination are not included in this Article,
because there are many applications where visual
examinations are required. Some examples of
these applications include nondestructive
examinations, leak testing, in-service examinations
and fabrication procedures.

T-910 SCOPE
(b) The requirements of Article 1, General

Requirements, apply when visual examination, in
accordance with Article 9, is required by a
referencing Code Section.
(c) Definitions of terms for visual examination
appear in Article 1, Appendix I – Glossary of Terms
in Nondestructive Examination, and Article 9,
Appendix I.

T-921 Written Procedure Requirements

T-921.1 Requirements. Visual examinations shall

be performed in accordance with a written
procedure, which shall, as a minimum, contain the
requirements listed in Table T-921. The written
procedure shall establish a single value, or range of
values, for each requirement.

T-921 Written Procedure

Requirements

T-921.2 Personnel Requirements
When procedure qualification is specified by the referencing

Code Section, a change of a requirement in Table T-921
identified as an essential variable shall require requalification
of the written procedure by demonstration. A change of a
requirement identified as a nonessential variable does not
require requalification of the written procedure. All changes
of essential or nonessential variables from those specified
within the written procedure shall require revision of, or an
addendum to, the written procedure.

T-922 Personnel Requirements
The user of this Article shall be responsible for

assigning qualified personnel to perform visual
examinations to the requirements of this Article. At
the option of the manufacturer, he may maintain
one certification for each product, or several
separate signed records based on the area or type
of work, or both combined.

T-922 Personnel Requirements
Where impractical to use specialized visual

examination personnel, knowledgeable and trained
personnel, having limited qualifications, may be
used to perform specific examinations, and to sign
the report forms. Personnel performing
examinations shall be qualified in accordance with
requirements of the referencing Code Section.

T-942 Physical Requirements
Personnel shall have an annual vision test to

assure natural or corrected near distance acuity
such that they are capable of reading standard J-1
letters on standard Jaeger test type charts for near
vision. Equivalent near vision tests are acceptable.
.

T-952 Direct Visual Examination
Direct visual examination may usually be made

when access is sufficient to place the eye within 24
in. (610mm) of the surface to be examined and at
an angle not less than 30 deg. to the surface to be
examined. Mirrors may be used to improve the
angle of vision, and aids such as a magnifying lens
may be used to assist examinations. Illumination
(natural or supplemental white light) for the specific
part, component, vessel, or section thereof being
examined is required. The minimum light intensity
at the examination surface/site.
.
T-952 Direct Visual Examination
The minimum light intensity at the examination

surface/site shall be 100 foot candles (1000 lux).
The light source, technique used, and light level
verification is required to be demonstrated one time,
documented, and maintained on file.

T-953 Remote Visual Examination
In some cases, remote visual examination may

have to be substituted for direct examination.
Remote visual examination may use visual aids
such as mirrors, telescopes, borescopes, fiber
optics, cameras, or other suitable instruments. Such
systems shall have a resolution capability at least
equivalent to that obtainable by direct visual
observation.
.
T-990 DOCUMENTATION
T-991 Report of Examination

T-991.1 A written report of the examination shall
contain the following information:
(a) the date of the examination;
(b) procedure identification and revision used;
(c) technique used;
(d) results of the examination;
(e) examination personnel identity, and, when
required by the referencing Code Section,
qualification level;
(f) identification of the part or component examined.
Leak Testing Section V

Article 10, Leak Testing (Including Mandatory appendix I

Bubble Test –Direct Pressure Technique):
The inspector should be familiar with and understand the
general rules for applying and using the leak testing method
including, but not limited to the following:
a) The scope of Article 10,

b) General requirements such as but not limited to :
• Procedures
• Equipment
• Calibration
• Test
• Evaluation
c) Documentation and record keeping

T-1000 INTRODUCTION
T-1010 SCOPE
This Article describes methods and requirements
for the performance of leak testing.
(a) When a leak testing method or technique of
Article 10 is specified by a referencing Code
Section, the leak test method or technique shall be
used together with Article 1, General Requirements.
(b) Definition of terms used in this Article are in
Mandatory Appendix VII of this Article.
(c) The test methods or techniques of these
methods can be used for the location of leaks or the
measurement of leakage rates.
T-1020 GENERAL Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
T-1021 Procedure Requirements

Leak testing shall be performed in accordance with a
written procedure. Each procedure shall include at
least the following information, as applicable:
(a) extent of the examination;
(b) type of equipment to be used for detecting leaks
or measuring leakage rates;
(c) surface cleanliness preparation and type of
equipment used;
(d) method or technique of the test that will be
performed;
(e) temperature, pressure, gas, and percent
concentration to be used.
T-1020 GENERAL Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
T-1021 Procedure Requirements

Leak testing shall be performed in accordance with a
written procedure. Each procedure shall include at
least the following information, as applicable:
(a) extent of the examination;
(b) type of equipment to be used for detecting leaks
or measuring leakage rates;
(c) surface cleanliness preparation and type of
equipment used;
(d) method or technique of the test that will be
performed;
(e) temperature, pressure, gas, and percent
concentration to be used.
T-1030 EQUIPMENT
T-1031 Gages
(a) Gage Range. When dial indicating and recording
pressure gage (s) are used in leak testing, they should
preferably have the dial (s) graduated over a range of
approximately double the intended maximum pressure,
but in no case shall the range be less than 1-1/2 nor
more than four times that pressure. These range limits
do not apply to dial indicating and recording vacuum
gages. Range requirements for other types of gages
given in an applicable Mandatory Appendix shall be
as required by that Appendix.

T-1030
T-1031 Gages EQUIPMENT
(b) Gage Location. When components are to be

pressure /vacuum leak tested, the dial indicating gage (s)
shall be connected to the component or to the component
from a remote location, with the gage (s) readily visible
to the operator controlling the pressure /vacuum
throughout
the duration of pressurizing, evacuating, testing, and
depressurizing or venting of the component.

T-1030 EQUIPMENT
T-1031 Gages
For large vessels or systems where one or more gages
are specified or required, a recording type gage is
recommended, and it may be substituted for one of
the two or more indicating type gages.
(c) When other types of gage (s) are required by an
applicable Mandatory Appendix, they may be used in
conjunction with or in place of dial indicating or
recording type gages.

Mandatory Appendix I Bubble Test Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
Direct Pressure Technique
I-1000 INTRODUCTION
I-1010 SCOPE
The objective of the direct pressure technique of
bubble leak testing is to locate leaks in a pressurized
component by the application of a solution or by
immersion in liquid that will form bubbles as leakage
gas passes through it.

Mandatory Appendix I Bubble Test Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
I-1021 Written Procedure Requirements
I-1021.1 Requirements. The requirements of T-1021.1, Table I-

1021, and the following as specified in this Article or
referencing Code shall apply.
(a) soak time
(b) pressure gage
(c) test pressure
(d) acceptance criteria

Mandatory Appendix I Bubble Test

I-1021.2 Procedure Qualification. The requirements
of T-1021.3 and Table I-1021 shall apply.


I-1030 EQUIPMENT
I-1031 Gases
Unless otherwise specified, the test gas will normally
be air; however, inert gases may be used.
NOTE: When inert gas is used, safety aspects of oxygen

deficient atmosphere should be considered.


I-1032 Bubble Solution
(a) The bubble forming solution shall produce a film that

does not break away from the area to be tested, and the
bubbles formed shall not break rapidly due to air drying or
low surface tension. Household soap or detergents are not
permitted as substitutes for bubble testing solutions.
(b) The bubble forming solution shall be compatible
with the temperature of the test conditions.


I-1033 Immersion Bath
(a) Water or another compatible solution shall be
used for the bath.
(b) The immersion solution shall be compatible with
the temperature of the test conditions.
I-1070 TEST
I-1071 Soak Time
Prior to examination the test pressure shall be held
for a minimum of 15 min.


I-1072 Surface Temperature
As a standard technique, the temperature of the
surface of the part to be examined shall not be below
40°F (4°C) nor above 125°F (52°C) throughout the
examination. Local heating or cooling is permitted
provided temperatures remain within the range of 40°F
(4°C) to 125°F (52°C) during examination. Where it
is impractical to comply with the foregoing temperature
limitations, other temperatures may be used provided
that the procedure is demonstrated.


I-1073 Application of Solution
The bubble forming solution shall be applied to the

surface to be tested by flowing, spraying, or brushing
the solution over the examination area. The number of
bubbles produced in the solution by application should
be minimized to reduce the problem of masking bubbles
caused by leakage.


I-1074 Immersion in Bath
The area of interest shall be placed below the surface
of the bath in an easily observable position.
I-1075 Lighting and Visual Aids

When performing the test, the requirements of Article
9, T-952 and T-953 shall apply.


I-1076 Indication of Leakage

The presence of continuous bubble growth on the
surface of the material indicates leakage through an
orifice passage (s) in the region under examination.
I-1077 Post-Test Cleaning

After testing, surface cleaning may be required for
product serviceability.


I-1080 EVALUATION
I-1081 Leakage
Unless otherwise specified by the referencing Code
Section, the area under test is acceptable when no
continuous bubble formation is observed.


I-1082 Repair/Retest
When leakage is observed, the location of the leak(s)
shall be marked.
The component shall then be repressurized, and the leak

(s) repaired as required by the referencing Code Section.
After repairs have been made, the repaired area or areas
shall be retested in accordance with the requirements of
this Appendix.


T-1091 Test Report
The test report shall contain, as a minimum, the following information as
applicable to the method or technique:
(a) date of test
(b) certified level and name of operator
(c) test procedure (number) and revision number
(d) test method or technique
(e) test results
(f) component identification
(g) test instrument, standard leak, and material identification
(h) test conditions, test pressure, tracer gas, and gas concentration
(i) gage(s) — manufacturer, model, range, and identification number
(j) temperature measuring device (s) and identification number (s)
(k) sketch showing method or technique setup

SE-797 Standard Practice for Measuring

Thickness By Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-
Echo Contact Method

E. Article 23, Ultrasonic Standards, Section SE–797 only
– Standard practice for measuring thickness by manual

ultrasonic pulse-echo contact method:

1) The Scope of Article 23, Section SE-797,
2) The general rules for applying and using the Ultrasonic
method
3) The specific procedures for Ultrasonic thickness
measurement as contained in paragraph 7.

SE-797 Standard Practice for Measuring

Thickness By Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-

Echo Contact Method
Scope
This practice provides guidelines for measuring

the thickness of materials using the contact pulse-
echo method at temperatures not to exceed
200°F (93°C).

SE-797
The velocity in the material being examined is
a function of the physical properties of the material.
It is usually assumed to be a constant for a given
class of materials.

SE-797
Thickness (T), when measured by the pulse-echo
ultrasonic method, is a product of the velocity of sound
in the material and one half the transit time (round trip)
through the material.
T = Vt/2
Where:
T = Thickness
V = Velocity
t = time

SE-797
One or more reference blocks are required
having known velocity, or of the same material
to be examined, and having thicknesses
accurately measured and in the range of
thicknesses to be measured. It is generally
desirable that the thicknesses be “round
numbers” rather than miscellaneous odd
values.
One block should have a thickness value near
the maximum of the range of interest and
another block near the minimum thickness.
SE-797
7.1 Case I — Direct Contact, Single-Element
Search Unit:
7.1.1 Conditions — The display start is
synchronized to the initial pulse. All display
elements are linear. Full thickness is displayed
on CRT.

SE-797
7.1.4 The readings should then be checked and

adjusted on standardization blocks with thickness
of lesser value to improve the overall accuracy of
the system.

SE-797
7.2 Case II — Delay Line Single-Element
Search
Unit:
7.2.1 Conditions — When using this search
unit, it is necessary that the equipment be
capable of correcting for the time during
which the sound passes through the delay
line so that the end of the delay can be made
to coincide with zero thickness. This requires
a so-called “delay” control in the instrument
or automatic electronic sensing of zero
thickness.
SE-797
7.2.2.1 Use at least two standardization blocks.
One should have a thickness near the maximum
of the range to be measured and the other block
near the minimum thickness. For convenience, it
is desirable that the thickness should be “round
numbers” so that the difference between them
also has a convenient round number” value.

SE-797
7.2.2.2 Place the search unit sequentially on one

and then the other block, and obtain both readings.
The difference between these two readings should
be calculated. If the reading thickness difference is
less than the actual thickness difference, place the
search unit on the thicker specimen, and adjust the
material standardize control to expand the thickness
range. If reading thickness difference is greater than
the actual thickness difference, place the search unit
on thicker specimen, and adjust the material
standardize control to decrease…...
SE-797
7.3 Case III — Dual Search Units:

7.3.1 The method described in 7.2 (Case II) is
also suitable for equipment using dual search units
in the thicker ranges, above 3 mm (0.125 in.).
However, below those values there is an inherent
error due to the Vee path that the sound beam
travels. The transit time is no longer linearly
proportional to thickness, and the condition
deteriorates toward the low thickness end of the
range.

SE-797 Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)
7.4.4 After basic standardization, the sweep must

be delayed. For instance, if the nominal part
thickness is expected to be from 50 to 60 mm (2.0
to 2.4 in.), and the basic standardization block is 10
mm (0.4 in.), and the incremental thickness
displayed will also be from 50 to 60 mm (2.0 to 2.4
in.), the following steps are required. Adjust the
delay control so that the fifth back echo of the basic
standardization block, equivalent to 50 mm (2.0
in.), is aligned with the 0 reference on the CRT.
The sixth back echo should then occur at the right
edge of the standardized sweep.
SE-797
7.4 Case IV — Thick Sections:
7.4.1 Conditions — For use when a high degree

of accuracy is required for thick sections.
7.1.3 Place the search unit on a standardization

block of known thickness with suitable couplant and
adjust the instrument controls (material
standardization, range, sweep, or velocity) until the
display presents the appropriate thickness reading.

SE-797
7.1.4 The readings should then be checked and

adjusted on standardization blocks with thickness
of lesser value to improve the overall accuracy of
the system.


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Lesson 15 SectionV

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API 570: PIPING INSPECTION CODE: Inspection,

Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 1

FROM THE API 510 BODY OF KNOWLEDGE

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 2

The inspector should be familiar with and understand;

1. The Scope of Section V,

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 3

T – 110 Scope Repair, Alteration & Rerating of Inservice Piping

(a) Unless otherwise specified by the referencing Code

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 4

It is the responsibility of the Manufacturer, fabricator, or

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 5

T – 150 Procedure Systems (API Exam Preparation Training)

(c) When required by the referencing Code Section, all

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 6

…Where so required, written procedures shall be made

T – 170 Examinations and Inspections

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 7

T – 170 Examinations and Inspections

(b) …In the ASTM Standard Methods and Recommended

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 8

T – 190 Records / Documentation

Records/Documentation shall be in accordance with the

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 9

The inspector should be familiar with and understand;

1. The Scope of Article 2 and general requirements,

2. The rules for radiography as typically applied on pressure vessels

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 11

The radiographic method described in this Article for

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 12

T – 223 Backscatter Radiation

A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 1/2 in.

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 13

T – 224 System of Identification

A system shall be used to produce permanent

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 14

T – 225 Monitoring Density Limitations of

Either a densitometer or step

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 15

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 16

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 17

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Table T-233.1 Hole Type IQI Thickness and Hole Diameters

Questions that come from this table are directed at such

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 19

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Another feature of the Designation Number is in reference to the

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 21

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Table T-233.2 IQI Designation, Wire

The alternative and, some think better,

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 22

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Table T-233.2 IQI

The alternative and, some

Section 15 Haward Technology Middle East 23

T – 233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

Typical question on the Open Book

What is the wire size of a Set A # 4