Pressure Vessels

Pressure Vessel
Pressure Vessel Material

OUT LINES
• General Definitions
• Effect of Alloy Elements
• General Steel Definitions
• What is the difference between Carbon Steel and
Stainless Steel?
• What are the types of Stainless Steel?
• What is the difference between Stainless Steel and
Duplex?
• Other Alloy Steel
 Because FCC atoms are arranged more closely together than BCC
atoms, FCC metals will tend to be more dense and more stable.
FCC is more ductile
OUT LINES
Stainless Steel?
Duplex?
 The hardenability of a metal alloy is the depth to which a material
is hardened after putting it through a heat treatment process. It
should not be confused with hardness, which is a measure of a
sample's resistance to indentation or scratching.
 The strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load
without failure or plastic deformation.
 The weldability is the ability of any material (usually metals and its
alloys) to weld with similar materials.
 Corrosion resistance is defined as the inherent ability of a material
(metallic or non-metallic) to withstand corrosion damage caused by
either oxidation or other chemical reactions.
 Erosion is the effect that occurs when a liquid passes or collides
with a material at high speed (phenomenon in which the surface is
scraped off) while, Erosion resistance refers to the property of
preventing erosion from occurring.
 The Deoxidization is a method used in metallurgy to remove the
oxygen content during steel manufacturing. Deoxidation is
important in the steelmaking process as oxygen is often detrimental
to the quality of steel produced.
 Ductility is the measure of a material's ability to plastically deform
without fracturing when placed under a tensile stress that exceeds its
yield strength. High ductility indicates that a material will be more
apt to deform and not break whereas low ductility indicates that a
material is brittle and will fracture before deforming much under a
tensile load.
 Embrittlement is a significant decrease of ductility of a material,
which makes the material brittle. Embrittlement causes the
undesirable brittle fracture.
 Machinability defines the ease at which a material (mainly metal)
can be cut or shaped while providing a satisfactory surface finish.
OUT LINES
Stainless Steel?
Duplex?
 Carbon (C)
Carbon is generally considered to be the most important alloying
element in steel and can be present up to 2% (although most welded
steels have less than 0.5%). Increased amounts of carbon increase
hardness and tensile strength, as well as response to heat treatment
(hardenability). Increased amounts of carbon will reduce weldability.
 Chromium (CR)
Chromium is a powerful alloying element in steel. It strongly
increases the hardenability of steel, and markedly improves the
corrosion resistance of alloys in oxidizing media. Its presence in some
steels could cause excessive hardness and cracking in and adjacent to
welds. Stainless steels may contain in excess of 12% chromium.
 Copper (CU)
In significant amounts is detrimental to hot-working steels. Copper can
be detrimental to surface quality. Copper is beneficial to atmospheric
corrosion resistance when present in amounts exceeding 0.20%.
 Manganese (MN)
Steels usually contain at least 0.30% manganese because it assists in the
deoxidation of the steel, prevents the formation of iron sulfide and
inclusions, and promotes greater strength by increasing the hardenability
of the steel. Amounts of up to 1.5% can be found in some carbon steels.
 Molybdenum (MO)
Molybdenum is a strong carbide former and is usually present in alloy
steels in amounts less than 1%. It increases hardenability and elevated
temperature strength. In austenitic stainless steels it improves pitting
corrosion resistance.
 Nickel (NI)
Nickel is added to steels to increase hardenability. It often improves the
toughness and ductility of the steel, even with the increased strength and
hardness it brings. It is frequently used to improve toughness at low
temperature.
 Phosphorus (P)
Phosphorus is generally considered to be an undesirable impurity in
steels. It is normally found in amounts up to 0.04% in most carbon
steels. In hardened steels, it may tend to cause embrittlement. In low-
alloy high-strength steels, phosphorus may be added in amounts up to
0.10% to improve strength and corrosion resistance.
 Aluminum (Al)
Aluminum is added to steel in very small amounts as a deoxidizer. It
also is a grain refiner for improved toughness; steels with moderate
aluminum additions have been made to a “fine grain practice”.
 Silicon (SI)
Usually only small amounts (0.20%) of silicon are present in rolled steel
when it is used as a deoxidizer. However, in steel castings, 0.35% to
1.00% is commonly present. Silicon dissolves in iron and tends to
strengthen it. Weld metal usually contains approximately 0.50% silicon
as a deoxidizer. When the filler metals are used for welding on clean
surfaces, the resulting weld metal strength will be markedly increased.
The resulting decrease in ductility could resent cracking problems.
 Sulfur (S)
Sulfur is usually an undesirable impurity in steel rather than an alloying
element. In amounts exceeding 0.05% it tends to cause brittleness and
reduce weldability. Alloying additions of sulfur in amounts from 0.10%
to 0.30% will tend to improve the machinability of a steel.
 Titanium (TI)
Used as stabilizing elements in stainless steels. Each has a high affinity
for carbon and forms carbides, which are uniformly dispersed
throughout the steel. Thus, localized precipitation of carbides at grain
boundaries is prevented.
 Tungsten (W)
Increases strength, wear resistance, hardness and toughness. Tungsten
steels have superior hot-working and greater cutting efficiency at
elevated temperatures.
 Vanadium (V)
The addition of vanadium will result in an increase in the hardenability
of a steel. It is very effective, so it is added in minute amounts. At
greater than 0.05%, there may be a tendency for the steel to become
embrittled during thermal stress relief treatments.
•Aluminum removes oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus from steel.
•Bismuth improves machinability.
•Chromium increases wear resistance, hardness, and toughness.
•Cobalt increases stability and encourages the formation of free
graphite.
•Copper improves hardening and corrosion resistance.
•Manganese increases hardenability, ductility, wear resistance, and high-
temperature strength.
•Molybdenum lowers carbon concentration and adds room-temperature
strength.
•Nickel improves strength, corrosion resistance, and oxidation
resistance.
•Silicon increases strength.
•Titanium improves hardness and strength.
•Tungsten improves hardness and strength.
OUT LINES
Stainless Steel?
Duplex?
 Ingot Iron
0.03% maximum carbon, used for enameling, galvanizing, deep drawing
sheet and strip, excellent weldability.
 Low-carbon
0.15% maximum carbon, used for electrodes, plate and shapes, sheet,
strip, excellent weldability.
 Mild Steel
0.15-0.30% maximum carbon, used for structural shapes, plates and
bars, good weldability.
 Medium Carbon
0.30-0.50% maximum carbon, used for machinery parts, fair weldability
- preheat and postheat may be needed.
 High Carbon
0.50-1.00% maximum carbon, used for springs, dies, rails, poor
weldability - difficult to weld without preheat and postheat.
• High Alloy Steel
High-alloy steels are defined by a high percentage of alloying
elements. The most common high-alloy steel is Stainless Steel,
which contains at least 12% chromium. Stainless steel is
generally split into three basic types: martensitic, ferritic, and
austenitic. Martensitic steels contain the least amount of
chromium, have a high hardenability, and are typically used for
cutlery. Ferritic steels contains 12% to 27% chromium and are
often used in automobiles and industrial equipment. Austenitic
steels contain high levels of nickel, carbon, manganese, or
nitrogen and are often used to store corrosive liquids and
mining, chemical, or pharmacy equipment.
• Low Alloy Steel
Low-alloy steels have a much lower percentage of alloying
elements, usually 1% to 5%. These steels have
very different strengths and uses depending on the chosen alloy.
Large diameter flanges manufacturers typically choose alloys for
a specific mechanical property. The variety of potential alloys
makes low-alloy steel useful for a variety of projects, including
seamless rolled ring forging and studding outlet manufacturing.
OUT LINES
Stainless Steel?
Duplex?
• What is the difference between Carbon Steel and Stainless
Steel?
Carbon steel and stainless steel have the same basic ingredients of iron
and carbon but add a variety of alloying elements. Carbon steel has less
than 10.5% chromium content, while stainless steel must be equal to or
greater than 10.5% chromium content.
• What are the types of the stainless Steel?
The four main classes of stainless steel include austenitic, ferritic,
martensitic as well as a duplex. While austenitic stainless steels have an
FCC microstructure, ferritic classes have a BCC structure, martensitic
has a body-centered tetragonal form crystalline microstructure. On the
other hand, the microstructure of a duplex stainless steel alloy includes
both austenite and ferrite in a 50% ratio, which is what gives these steels
their unique mechanical and corrosion resistance properties.
OUT LINES
Stainless Steel?
Duplex?
• What is the difference between Stainless Steel, Duplex?
Passivation is a phenomenon that occurs in stainless steels that contain
higher contents of chromium in their alloy. Duplex steels have
chromium ranging between 19% to about 32% in their alloys. Since
duplex stainless steels contain high levels of chromium in their alloy,
it is possible for the surface of these components to form a passivated
oxide layer over the surface of the steel.
Super Duplex stainless steels are based around an alloying addition of
25% chromium, whereas duplex stainless steel are based around an
alloying addition of 22% chromium.
OUT LINES
Stainless Steel?
Duplex?
• INCONEL or Super Alloy
Inconel is a nickel-chromium alloy. the maximum nickel content in
Inconel is around 72%. Inconel has a high tolerance towards
extreme heat and can keep its tensile strength at high temperatures
without any change.
• MONEL
Monel is a nickel-copper alloy. The nickel content typically ranges
from 52 to 67%.
Note: Both metals are commonly used in applications with extreme

heat, high temperature corrosion, and generally severe conditions.

Pressure Vessels

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pressure Vessels

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pressure Vessel

Pressure Vessel Material

Note: Both metals are commonly used in applications with extreme

You might also like