Universidad

Carlos III de Madrid

www.uc3m.es

TOPIC 4. Phase Diagrams II

 Precipitation
p in solid state.
 Invariant reactions.
 Intermetallic
Inte metallic compounds.
compo nds
 Congruent and incongruent melting.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chemical Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
SOLID STATE PRECIPITATION

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
SOLID STATE PRECIPITATION

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid
www.uc3m.es

TOPIC 4. Phase Diagrams II

 Precipitation
p in solid state.
 Invariant reactions.
 Intermetallic
Inte metallic compounds.
compo nds
 Congruent and incongruent melting.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chemical Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INVARIANT REACTIONS

Mototectic reaction:
MONOTECTIC
L1 → L2 + 

Miscibility gap: two liquid

phases co-exist

MONOTECTIC

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INVARIANT REACTIONS

Peritectic reaction:
PERITECTIC

 L → 

PERITECTIC

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INVARIANT REACTIONS

Peritectic reaction:
 L → 

• At 42.4 % Ag g & 14000C

Phases present Liquid Alpha
Composition 55% Ag 7%Ag
Amount of Phases 42.4 –7 55-42.4
55 – 7 55 - 7
= 74% = 26%
• At 42.4% Ag and 11860C – ∆T
Phase
h Present Beta only
l
Composition 42.4% Ag
Amount of Phase 100%

• At 42.4% Ag and 11860C + ∆T

Phases present Liquid Alpha
Composition 66.3%
66 3% Ag 10 5%Ag
10.5%Ag
Amount of Phases 42.4 –10.5 66.3-42.4
66.3 – 10.5 66.3–10.5
= 57% =43%

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INVARIANT REACTIONS
Rapid Solidification
f in Peritectic System
• Surrounding or Encasement: During peritectic reaction,
L+ α β , the beta phase created surrounds primary
alpha.
l h
• Beta creates diffusion barrier resulting in coring.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INVARIANT REACTIONS

Eutectoid reaction:
EUTECTOID
 → 

Eutoctoid and Peritectoid reactions:

Solid state reactions

EUTECTOID

Zn-22%Al

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INVARIANT REACTIONS

Peritectiod reaction:
PERITECTOID

→ 

PERITECTOID

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid
www.uc3m.es

TOPIC 4. Phase Diagrams II

 Precipitation
p in solid state.
 Invariant reactions.
 Intermetallic
Inte metallic compounds.
compo nds
 Congruent and incongruent melting.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chemical Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS

• Terminal phases: Phases occur at the end of phase diagrams.

• Intermetallic compound (or intermediate solid solution) :
made up of two or more elements,
elements producing a new phase with its
own composition, crystal structure and properties

 Percent Ionic/Covalent bond of

the intermetallic compound
depends on electronegativity
difference between the
elements
 Stoichiometric intermetallic
compound: d fixed
fi d composition
iti
(represented by a vertical line
in the phase diagram)
 Non- stoichiometric
intermetallic compound: range
of compositions (intermediate
solid solution).

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS

Intermediate Phases and Compounds

• I
Intermediate
t di t solidlid
solutions (or phases):
Phases occur in a
composition range inside
phase diagram.
• Examples: Cu-Zn diagram
h both
has b th tterminal
i l and d
intermediate phases.
• Five invariant peritectic
points
i t andd one eutectic
t ti
point.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
Intermediate Phases in Ceramics

In Al2O2 – SiO2
system, an
i t
intermediate
di t
phase called
Mullite is
formed which
formed,
includes the
compound
3Al2O3.2SiO
2SiO2.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid
www.uc3m.es

TOPIC 4. Phase Diagrams II

 Precipitation
p in solid state.
 Invariant reactions.
 Intermetallic
Inte metallic compounds.
compo nds
 Congruent and incongruent melting.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chemical Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT MELTING

• A component is said to melt congruently when the liquid formed

upon melting has the same composition as the solid from which it
was formed
– e.g. pure metals

• A component is said to melt incongruently when the liquid

formed upon melting has a composition other than the one of the
solid from which it was formed
– e.g. peritectic reaction:  + L → .

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT MELTING

• Example:- Mg-Ni phase diagram contains

 Mg
g2Ni : Congruently
g y melting
g compound
p
 MgNi2 : Incongruently melting compound.

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I
 Topic 4: Phase diagrams
CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT MELTING

Dpt. Materials Sci. and Eng. and Chem. Eng. UC3M Aerospace Materials I