AR 451

FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN
DESIGN & COMMUNITY
ARCHITECTURE
MODULE 4
Prepared by: Ar. Jasline A. Reyes, uap
MODULE 04 01

4.1 PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT

KEY TOPICS

4.2 INFILL DEVELOPMENT

4.3 TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

Intended Learning Outcome
At the end of the module, the student should be able to:
1. Explain the ideas of Planned Unit Development (PUD) and Transit Oriented
Development (TOD).
2. Examine and organize the concepts in relation to urban design and
community architecture.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

4.1
PLANNED UNIT
DEVELOPMENT (PUD)
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04

WHAT IS PUD?
A PUD is a site upon which
residential, commercial,
industrial or other land uses or
any combination thereof maybe
authorized in a flexible manner
so as to achieve the goals of the
municipal comprehensive plan. It
can encourage or require
clustered developments and are
increasingly used in more rural
settings to protect farmland and
open spaces.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04

WHAT IS PUD?
It is a tool used by cities and municipalities to
encourage or require flexibility, creativity and
innovation in the planning and design of
development to achieve a variety of objectives.

Zoning regulations need not be uniform for each

class or type of land use, but where the use of
land shall be in accordance with a preliminary
PUD plan approved by the legislative body. In this
case, the property is subject to a different set of
controls. Some PUDs are entirely residential, and
some are entirely commercial.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
SHORTCUT...
..PUD IS
A type of development that
permits a developer to meet
overall community density and
land use goals without being
bound by existing zoning
requirements.

A community of single-family
homes, and sometimes condos or
townhomes, where every
homeowner belongs to
homeowners association (HOA)

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
AND EVOLUTION
First usage of the actual term “Planned Unit development”
first appeared in San Francisco code of ordinances in 1962

However, first zoning evidence of PUD was created in

Maryland as early as 1949. It “permitted a large tract of land,
having a range of dwelling types, the necessary local
shopping facilities and off-street parking areas, parks,
playgrounds, school sites and other community facilities.. a
complete neighborhood unit”

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
AND EVOLUTION
First usage of the actual term “Planned Unit development”
first appeared in San Francisco code of ordinances in 1962

However, first zoning evidence of PUD was created in

Maryland as early as 1949. It “permitted a large tract of land,
having a range of dwelling types, the necessary local
shopping facilities and off-street parking areas, parks,
playgrounds, school sites and other community facilities.. a
complete neighborhood unit”

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
HOUSES AND
1 PLACEMENT OF

HOUSES
Often include access to a large
shared open space surrounding
as well as a private yard.

These large protected open

spaces are intended for use by
all residents of the development.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DESIGN PRINCIPLES

2 STREETS

Hierarchy of street types based

on usage. Local streets serve
only residence and have a low
traffic volume while collector
streets connect local streets
through arterials, which are the
major routes of travel
throughout a PUD

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
SIDEWALKS &
3 PEDESTRIAN

WAYS
They supplement and
complement street systems in
establishing character of the
neighborhood. Sidewalks are
located on at least one side of
every street to enable
walkability.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
COMBINING
4 DESIGN

FEATURES
It is in the ability to design
each of these components
simultaneously that makes PUDs
unique and effective.

Each of the elements work

together to enhance the whole

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04

DO PUDS ALLOW
MIXED-USE
CONSTRUCTION?

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04

DO PUDS ALLOW
MIXED-USE
CONSTRUCTION?
YES! A CERTAIN PERCENTAGE OF
THE LAND IS FINE FOR RETAIL
USAGE.
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04

So, one of the benefits

of certain PUDs is that
they feel like tiny
towns, where you can
have a gate-secured
home with luxury
amenities as well as a
grocery store and
some retail services.
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04

TYPES OF
DWELLINGS
IN PUD

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04

HOUSING TYPES IN PUDS

A PUD may include a mix of housing for homeowners with convenient access
to workplaces, shopping, education and recreation.
could look like single family residences, townhomes or condos, and can
include both residential and commercial units, but on paper, they’re most
similar to condos.

Single Family Dwelling Two-Family Dwelling Multi-Family Dwelling

by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04
TYPES OF DWELLINGS

1 RESIDENTIAL

PUDS
Planned residential developments of PRDs
In rural districts, to encourage or require
limited, clustered, low-density residential
development while emphasizing the protection
of important natural features and resource
lands identified in the municipal plan
In urban settings, PRD standards may allow a
mix of housing types and promote a more
pedestrian oriented neighborhood design that
incorporates moderate to high densities of
development, street trees, sidewalks, and
parks.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TYPES OF DWELLINGS
NON- The municipalities may identify certain limited

2 RESIDENTIAL areas or situations for PUDs that include only

non-residential uses, i.e. regional commercial

PUDS centers or industrial parks

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TYPES OF DWELLINGS

3 MIXED-USE

PUDS
Most common use of PUDs

Promotes (requires) and

integrated mix of residential
and non-residential uses at
moderate to high densities of
development, as are found in
traditional town and village
centers, and other designated
growth center.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TYPES OF DWELLINGS

4 OTHER Rural mixed-use PUD

PUDS Resort PUD

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04

CONDO VS PUD

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
WHAT DO PUDS AND CONDOS
HAVE IN COMMON?
Three commonalities that PUDs and condos
always share are:
1. Owners own the structure of the individual
residences.
2. Developments are governed by homeowner
association bylaws.
3. Homeowners share access to common
amenities.
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04
DIFFERENCE FROM A
CONDO?
• In a condo situation, the
association owns the land. In a PUD,
the homeowner owns the land and is
free to use the land more or less when
and how they wish.

• a PUD includes ownership of a “lot,”

with common areas either owned by
(HOA) or collectively by all invested
parties.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DIFFERENCE FROM A
CONDO?
It's important to note that the
classification PUD denotes a type of
interest in land, not a physical style of
home.
While sometimes condo developments
can be PUDs, they often are not.
This is because condominium ownership
generally tends to only cover the
structure, whereas PUD ownership is
usually of an entire lot.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DIFFERENCE FROM A
CONDO?
If you buy a home within a
planned unit development, you’ll
have to pay homeowner’s
association dues.
PUDs often have amenities
beyond the scope of most condos
like private tennis courts and
outdoor playgrounds that are
maintained by HOA fees and only
open to homeowners. —
exclusivity
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04
OBJECTIVES
Urban Redevelopment
Traditional Neighborhood Design
Open Space Preservation
Brownfield Redevelopment
Brownfield - a tract of land that has been developed for industrial purposes, polluted, and then
abandoned.
Urban Infill and Redevelopment
Infill development - refers to the development of vacant parcels within previously built areas. These
areas are already served by public infrastructure, such as transportation, water, wastewater, and
other utilities.
Mixed-use development
Other objectives:
Flexibility in design
Accumulation of large areas
Creation of a variety of residential and compatible neighborhood arrangements
Clustering of one residential type for better use of land and open spaces
Allowance of sufficient freedom for the developer
Efficient use of land
Establishment of criteria

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
PURPOSE
It permits greater flexibility in
land use regulations, thereby
allowing the developer to use
a more creative approach in
the development of land.

Density requirements,
setbacks and other land use
regulations may be adjusted
to allow for a more desirable
living environment.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
PURPOSE
Preservation of natural
features, harmonious variety
of uses, the economy of
shared services and facilities,
and a development more
compatible with the
surrounding area
It clusters new homes onto
small lots while preserving
large acreages for
agricultural use or as
undeveloped open space.
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04
POTENTIAL BENEFITS
more efficient site design
preservation of amenities such as open
space
lower costs for street construction and utility
extension for the developer
access to all sorts of common spaces,
ranging from pools and fitness centers to
marinas, playgrounds, and more.
Security, Convenience, Exclusivity
definite sense of being in a close-knit
community that is gated off from the larger
city.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DOWNSIDE
Fees
The myriad benefits of living in a PUD home come at a cost. Even though a
PUD often offers various housing types at different prices to fit your budget,
most still require owners to pay monthly HOA fees on top of property costs to
maintain the common areas and open spaces.

Regulations
The rules and regulations governing a PUD come with many benefits that
alleviate some responsibilities of homeownership, but these rules may be too
restrictive for some potential residents.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
DOWNSIDE
Space
Housing units in PUDs are commonly built close together, which means
proximity to your neighbors. Some might enjoy the community this can foster,
while others might prefer living in a location where privacy and land are in
ample supply.

Zoning
From a real estate developer’s perspective, one drawback to building a PUD
is that the zoning laws are more complicated than standard zoning laws.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
LIVING IN A PUD
The upside is access to all sorts of common spaces, ranging
from pools and fitness centers to marinas, playgrounds, and
more.

Some PUDs have few amenities and common spaces, but their
monthly HOA dues are also significantly lower. This is often the
case with townhouse developments.

Nonetheless, when you live in a PUD, there's a definite sense of

being in a close-knit community that is gated off from the
larger city.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
PUD FEATURES (DERIVED FROM THE LAND USE SYSTEM)

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
EXAMPLES OF PUDS IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Tondo Foreshore area
Baseco
Chinatown
Pandacan Oil Depot area
Old Bilibid area
San Lazaro area
Intramuros
Addition Hills
Rockwell center
Eastwood city
Bonfacio Global City
Bay City
New Manila Bay - City of Pearl Project

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

4.2
INFILL DEVELOPMENT
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04

WHAT IS INFILL DEVELOPMENT?

Infill development occurs on vacant or underused lots in otherwise built-up
sites or areas. Infill projects can take several forms, such as small addition
in a residential backyard, a single-lot development, a brownfield
development, or multi-parcel projects in urban downtowns.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
GOALS AND BENEFITS
INFILL DEVELOPMENT
Preserve open space, agricultural land and forests by reducing
development pressures on greenfield sites
Provide opportunities to revitalize a neighborhood or downtown
Increase the tax base for a jurisdiction by creating or renewing
a property's value
Make efficient use of of abandoned, vacant, or underused sites
Enhance sustainability by making efficient use of existing
community amenities and infrastructure
Promote compact development and increase density
Create a mixture of uses

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
STRATEGIES FOR
INFILL DEVELOPMENT
Diversity Density
promote a mix of uses, including housing, Successful infill development is often
retail, and commercial uses both dense enough to make transit viable
horizontally and vertically and support walkable retail districts.

Transit Scale
Infill projects can increase ridership on Take into account the grain and scale of
existing systems and make transit an even existing frontages, sidewalks, streets, transit
more viable option. systems need significant densities.

Massing and
articulation
Successful massing strategies promote interaction between the sidewalk
pedestrian and the building by creating a street frontage that is appropriate
at the ground level.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

4.3
TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENT (TOD)
by: Ar. Jas Reyes
MODULE 04
WHAT IS
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT?
TOD is generally defined as development that is located within a 10-
minute walk, or approximately 0.5 mile, from a light rail, heavy rail, or
commuter rail station. It also includes development along heavily used bus
and bus rapid transit corridors. In some communities, waterborne transit
supports TOD.
A mix of uses, including housing, retail, office, research, civic, and others
characterizes TOD projects. TOD also involves development at higher
densities than typical, to take advantage of transit proximity and
planning and design elements that encourage walkability and create
pedestrian-friendly connections to the surrounding community. TOD
projects range widely in size, from infill loft developments to mixed-use
centers to entire new communities.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT
Many communities have limited
opportunities for TOD, because land
areas within the half-mile radius
have already been developed,
transit is not yet an available
transportation option, or potential
development sites are not a
suitable size for TOD. Most TOD
projects contain at least 100,000
square feet (or 60-80 housing units),
and many are far larger.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT
TOD can be developed at a smaller
scale, but such projects have more
difficulty absorbing the costs of
creating a pedestrian-friendly public
realm. That said, economic benefits
often accrue from reduced parking
requirements and increased
densities. When potential TOD sites
become available, communities
should be ready to take advantage
of the unique potential they offer.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
TYPES
1 SUBURBAN TOD

2 URBAN CENTER TOD

3 RURAL TOD

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
BENEFITS
Certain benefits of TOD make it distinct from conventional development approaches. These
benefits are numerous and include quality of life, public health, economic development,
community character, environmental quality, and transit use.

Quality of Life
Transit-oriented development can result in many quality of life benefits including
reducing automobile dependency, increasing the range of housing options, both the
types of housing and the range of affordability available to a community, and
enhancing the vitality of neighborhood main streets and centers.

Public Health
Because transit-oriented development reduces automobile dependency, residents can
take advantage of a more walkable environment. Reduced vehicle trips also result in
improved air quality.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
BENEFITS
Economic Development
Transit-oriented development provides affordable access to jobs for people without
automobiles or with fewer automobiles per household, attracts employers to locate
around station areas, and broadens the overall tax base.
Community Character
The increased density in TOD projects provides opportunities to create public spaces
and well-designed buildings that give identity and vitality in those spaces.
Environmental Quality
In addition to the public health benefits, transit-oriented development provides a
design alternative to sprawl, and is an opportunity to pursue environmentally sensitive
site planning and 'green' architecture.
Transit Use
Increased ridership and the potential for additional funding sources for new transit
facilities are among the transit benefits of TOD.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
SITE PROGRAMMING
When developing an overall site program for a transit-oriented development, four principles
for achieving optimal use and function of the site should be considered.

Build Densely
One of the primary characteristics of transit-oriented development is an increased
level of density as compared to conventional development. Building to a higher density
lets one take advantage of reduced auto dependency, make efficient use of TOD sites,
support pedestrian-friendly shops, and create lively, people-filled environments.
Locating between 1,500 and 2,500 housing units withing walking distance can support
a new block of 'main street' retail space, according to a 2002 study by Goody Clancy
and the real estate firm of Byrne McKinney.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
SITE PROGRAMMING
Mix Uses
Along with higher densities, transit-oriented development can also be characterized by
the emphasis on a mixed-use environment. To create such a dynamic, enliven sidewalks
and public with as much retail as the market will support, provide tax revenue-
generating and job-producing commercial development, and provide opportunities for
residential to be located adjacent to or above such uses. This intentional programming
can reinforce the vitality of town centers and main streets, where transit stations are
often located, The decision to include residential above or adjacent to commercial
and office uses will depend upon economic feasibility, market forces, local preferences,
or other factors.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
SITE PROGRAMMING
Mix Housing Types and Prices
Take advantage of creating housing at higher densities to increase the diversity of
housing in the community including affordable housing. According to the Urban Land
Institute (ULI), the share of households with children looking for housing will drop
significantly by 2025, producing demand for a wider range of housing options.
Reduce Parking Requirements
One of the most important outcomes of transit-oriented development is increased
transit use. Lower parking requirements and dedicated bicycle paths and bicycle
parking are among the actions that can be taken to achieve this. The higher density
and land values of TOD often make it feasible to construct structured parking or below-
grade parking in place of surface lots. Lower parking ratios reduce overall project
costs. Mixed-use projects can further reduce parking requirements by enabling shared
parking,such as office workers during weekdays and residents during evenings and
weekends.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
SITE DESIGN
Within a transit-oriented development site, the following design features should be
emphasized in the site planning process.
Pedestrian Access
Provide convenient, direct, and public pedestrian access to transit through TOD
projects. Create continuity with local streets, and locate retail and other pedestrian-
friendly uses to encourage pedestrian flow to nearby commercial districts and main
streets.
Public Spaces
Create new public spaces, including lively streets, squares, and parks, that enhance
nearby commercial districts. Take advantage of the increased pedestrian activity
generated by both transit and TOD. Relate the new spaces to public and semi-public
uses that may also cluster to TOD locations.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
SITE DESIGN
Sense of Place
Create a sense of place by orienting buildings and public spaces to create a strong
sense of identity for the development, and by using buildings to frame public spaces.
Consider design guidelines or standards that celebrate these places.
Pedestrian Experience
Foster an enriched and invigorated pedestrian experience. Include retail and other
pedestrian-friendly uses. Maximize windows and entries to build a sense of connection
between pedestrians activities within buildings. When surface parking is needed, locate
it on the side or rear of buildings. Visually screen parking areas with vegetation or
create urban blocks that allow for screening of parking structures with residential units
or retail on street level.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
SITE DESIGN
Character and Quality
Enhance the quality and character of surrounding communities. Allow for well-designed
buildings that emphasize place making. Orient buildings to new and existing streets
and squares. Use transitions in height and massing to respect, but not mimic, the fabric
of nearby districts.
Architecture
Encourage architecture that reflects transit's civic importance, creating buildings that,
regardless of of architectural style, employ materials and design that convey a sense of
quality, permanence, and community-enriching character.
Sustainability
The combination of transit use and intense development around transit stations is one of
planning's most powerful policies for long-term sustainability. Plans, guidelines and
development approaches should work to reinforce this use and intensity. On a building
or project scale, build for sustainability, including site and building design, which
reflects a commitment to environmental responsibility.

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 04

REFERENCES:
Steiner, F and Butler, K (2007). Planning and Urban Standards: Student Edition, pp. 254.-256. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New Jersey, USA.
https://www.e-architect.co.uk/philippines/new-manila-bay-city-of-pearl-project
https://www.completecommunitiesde.org/planning/landuse/what-is-infill/
Steiner, F and Butler, K (2007). Planning and Urban Standards: Student Edition, pp. 254.-256. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New Jersey, USA.
TOD images sources:
https://informedinfrastructure.com/16414/july-august-2015-infrastructure-showcase/
https://www.rpcpropertytax.com/archives/transit-oriented-development-bill-gains-steam-in-california
TOD video:
https://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=Awr9CKsyDFBf6QkAKMNXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAz
EEdnRpZANCMjk0NF8xBHNlYwNwaXZz?p=transit+oriented+development&fr2=piv-
web&fr=mcafee#action=view&id=27&vid=53f29233c4a1135239ae9558e7b9bf3b
https://www.archpaper.com/2013/09/st-louis-plan-calls-for-form-based-code-to-push-transit-oriented-
development/
https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-15-70

by: Ar. Jas Reyes

MODULE 01

END OF MODULE 4

by: Ar. Jas Reyes