FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND

SURVEYING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY IV

SBEQ 3112

PREPARED BY: GROUP 4

AHMAD HEDIR BIN ABDUL MANAN SX180633BEQS04

AHMAD RIDZUAN BIN BASIRAN SX180273BEQS04
NURFAZIERA BINTI MOHD BHAROL SX180729BEQS04
MOHAMAD FARID BIN OTHMAN SX180530BEQS04
MOHAMAD SYAKIR NAIM BIN IBRAHIM SX180216BEQS04

LECTURER:
Ts DR SYAMSUL HENDRA MAHMUD

TASK

MARINE STRUCTURE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1. INTRODUCTION 3 - 12
1.1 Existing Environment
1.2 Development Proposal Concept
1.3 Environmental Management PLAN (EMP)

2.0 CONCEPTS AND DESIGN OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 13 - 19

PROJECTS
2.1 Coastal Erosion Management Techniques
2.2 Methods for Addressing Coastal Erosion

3.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 20 - 27

PROJECTS
3.1 Parameters for The Construction of A Breakwater
3.2 Component of Breakwater
3.3 Design of Breakwater
3.4 Construction Process
3.5 Land-Based Core Construction
3.6 Method Statements of Breakwater Construction

4.0 THE USE OF MATERIALS, PLANT / EQUIPMENT AND 28 - 37

LABOUR
4.1 Materials
4.2 Plant
4.3 Equipment’s
4.4 Labour

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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5.0 ELEMENTS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 38 - 44

5.1 Critical Path Method
5.2 Planning
5.3 Scheduling
5.4 Controlling
5.5 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

6.0 CONCLUSION 44

7.0 ATTACHMENTS 45 - 47

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This study and assignment were conducted for the proposed coastal erosion
control project at Tanjung Pahang beach, Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur at Tanjung
Pahang Beach, Lot 1913, Mukim Endau, Rompin District, Pahang Darul Makmur
under Tioman DUN (N42) and Rompin Parliament. This Project will be carried out on
an area of 342.49 acres (138.6 hectares). The locality of the Site of this Project is
under the administration of the Rompin District Council.

This project site is located in the district of Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur.
Cities or towns close to the project site are Tanjung Gemuk Town and Endau Town
next to Pahang and near Mersing Town in Johor Darul Takzim. Geographically, the
Project site is at longitude 2.66732 and latitude 103.620355.

The location of the Project Site is, as shown in Figure A. In terms of

accessibility, the main road to the Project Site is from Federal Route 3 (State Road
03), which is located along the eastern part of the project site. Jalan Laluan
Persekutuan 3 continues to match Johor Darul Takzim, Jalan Endau Utama, which
connects the Project site between Pahang and Johor.

The project site is currently in the coastal area overlooking the South China Sea
and is covered with rhu trees and shrubs. It was found that the rhu trees in the area
next to the beach at the Project site are composed of mature trees that are still
productive. The existing conditions on the Site are as shown in Figure B. The proposed
Project Site is surrounded by secondary plants, institutions, and village residences.
Land use next to the Project Site is as follows:

❖ At the WEST border - Oil Palm Plantation

❖ On the northeast border - Tanjung Gemok
❖ On the southern border - Endau
❖ At the southeast border - Kg. Tanjung Pahang
❖ On the east border - Taman Tanjung Pahang
❖ On the western border - Setajam Village
❖ On the southwest border - Padang Endau / Kampung Jawa

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 The proposed Project is coastal development of more than 25 hectares as well
as coastal development subject to items seven and 9e (Infrastructure Development -
construction of coastal development) Environmental Quality Act (Designated
Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment Study) Order 1987; under Section 34A
of the Environmental Quality Act 1974.

Based on the Rompin District Council Local Plan 2017 (Amendment 2), the
proposed Project is located in the Tioman Dun Planning Center Block N24 under the
Small Planning Block (BPK) 3.10 - Alam Sari, which has been set for coastal
development in line with development proposals.

Parties involved in this development: -

i. Client :
Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Malaysia
50626, Jalan Sultan Salahuddin,
Kuala Lumpur, 50480 Kuala Lumpur,
Wilayah Persekutuan
Kuala Lumpur
u/p : En.Ahmad Hedir Bin Abdul Manan

ii. Project Management :

Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Pahang

Pejabat Setiausa Negeri Pahang
SetiaTingkat 8,
Kompleks Tun Razak (KOMTUR),
Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25626,
Kuantan, Pahang
U/p : En. Rozali Bin Hashim

iii. Lead Project :

SERIEMAS DEVELOPMENT SDN. BERHAD. (122570-H)
No. 1, Persiaran Impian Perdana,
Saujana Impian, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
U/p : En. Ahmad Ridzuan Bin Basiran
(Pengarah)

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iv. EIA Consultant :
EUROPASIA ENGINEERING SERVICES SDN. BHD. (239233-K)
No. 63A-2 & 65-2, Petaling Utama Avenue,
Jalan PJS1/50,Taman Petaling Utama,
46150 Petaling Jaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan.
U/p. : En. Mohd Farid Bin Othman
(Ketua Kajian EIA)

v. Civil and Structural Engineers :

KEMASEPAKAT SDN. BHD. (103997-P)
601-603, Block A, Glomac Business Centre,
No. 10, Jalan SS6/1, Kelana Jaya,
47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
U/p.: Ir. Aw Kha Ching

vi. Planning and Development Consultant :

URBAN SCALE SDN. BHD
Tingkat 2, Blok A, Paremba Square,
Saujana Resorts, Seksyen U2,
40150 Shah Alam, Selangor.
U/p.: Mohammad Syakir Naim Bin Ibrahim
(Perancang Bandar)

vii. Quantity Surveyor :

JURUKUR ESA SDN. BHD. (101485-D)
12, Jalan 3/27F, Off Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak,
53300 Kuala Lumpur.
U/p.: Sr. Ahmad Hazim Husaini Bin Ahmad Hedir

viii. Accreditation Laboratory :

Spectrum Laboratories Sdn. Bhd. (SAMM No.: 062)

Lot 14 Jalan Pendamar 27/90,
Seksyen 27 40000 Shah Alam,
Selangor Darul Ehsan
U/p.: Pn.Nurfaziera Binti Mohd Bharol

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1.1 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

a. Topography

• Based on the survey plan, the proposed Project Site has a relatively undulating
surface with an average level of between RL 30m to RL 100 meters above sea
level.
• The highest peak (about RL 116.53m) is at the top of the hill at the far end of
the Project Site, while the lowest area (about RL 21.16m) is in the valley area
of the Sg. endau, which is located in the southern part of the Project Site.

b. Drainage

• The Project Site is in the Sg. Endau (Fat Cape).

• Four (4) seasonal streams are originating from the Project Site flowing
southeast into the Sg. endau on the southern boundary of the project site. One
(1) tributary of Sg. Endau children who also come from the project site flow to
the west and west of the project site. The Endau River flows eastward and
finally into the South China Sea.
• In all, there are eight (2) water intake points in the Sg. Endau and among them
the water intake limit for the Sg. Anak Endau and Kampung Gemok Water
Treatment Plant have located about 9km and 21km downstream of their
respective Project Sites.

c. Geological and Soil Aspects

• The eastern part of the Project Site is composed of acceptable sand beach
metasediments type of skis rock known as Jelebu Skis Formation. In contrast,
the northern part of the Project Site is located in Taman Jadi, Rompin Pahang.
Rompin District Council has appointed
• MAX Engineering Consultant. to carry out Geological Terrain Mapping for
Project Site proposals. Geological Terrain Mapping Report (GTMR) has been
submitted to the Pahang State Department of Minerals and Geosciences
(JMGS / PDM) and
has obtained approval on 6th April 2015 No. References: - JMG. SWP (PPS)
008/40/3 Vol.7 (8) 9.

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d. Land use

• The land use components classified under settlements and non-agricultural

areas consist of coastal villages and related areas, recreation areas,
cemeteries, power lines, and small jetties with 13,955.47 acres (53.8% of the
impact area).
• Coastal land area is the second significant land use with an area of 9,533.42
acres (36.7% of the impact area). The main crops planted around the project
site are heads, oil palm, and rhu trees, covering about 6,489.31 acres (24.9%)
and 2,040.15 acres (7.9%) of the impact area.
• Coastal sand, which is the coastal area, covers about 332.08 acres (1.3%) of
the total impact area, while shrubs cover 491.16 acres (1.9% of the total impact
area). The secondary forest to the west covers an area of 89.71 acres (0.3% of
the total impact area), and the forest covers an area of 448.26 acres (1.7% of
the total impact area).
• Other land uses available are newly cleared land (3.1%), rivers (i.e., Sg. Endau
and Sg. Anak endau) cover 0.9% of the total impact area while the coast and
sea cover about 0.3% of the impact area.
• The closest recipients for this Project proposal are: Kg. Tanjung Gemuk and Kg
Tanjung Pahang are located about 10m and 30m from the existing area closest
to the project site boundary.

e. Water Quality

• Water policy sampling session was conducted on 12th February 2015 at Nine
(9) sampling points representing two sessions, namely morning and evening.
Sampling and analysis are carried out by DSM accreditation laboratory, i.e.,
Spectrum Laboratories Sdn.Bhd.
• Water quality taken is summarized in the Water Quality Index (WQI) as
scheduled in the Schedule
• Based on the WQI index, it shows all samples included in Class I, II, and III
National Water Quality Standards. Water quality is clean and acceptable for
recreation.

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f. Value of Air

• The air quality assessment will be carried out in three (3) sampling areas from
25 to 27 February 2015, as seen in Table B.
• As all six criteria are within the range permitted by the Malaysian Air Quality
Guidelines, the air quality at the project site and the surrounding area is deemed
acceptable.

g. Sound level

• Noise levels in the sampling areas N1, N2, and N3 (same location as air quality
monitoring) are conducted from 7:00 am to 10:00 pm for the day session and
at 10:00 pm to 7:00 am the session night time.
• The analysis results show that the noise levels of N1, N2, and N3 are above
the allowable levels during the day.
• This may be due to human activities in the villages - nearby villages and the
main route from the south to the east coast).

1.2 DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL CONCEPT

• The proposed development will be divided into eight (8) phases, namely, Phase
1 - Phase 8. In general, the proposed project will be developed only about 91%
of the total area with buildings and infrastructure will remain as open space,
buffer, and tourism.
• The Commercial Sector, which covers 7.15% (i.e., 24.50 acres) of total
development, will consist of commercial plots. There are three (3) commercial
plots proposed in this, namely development, Commercial Plots 1, 2, and 3.
• Public facilities that will be provided in this development are primary schools,
school complexes, police stations, mosques, clinics, and community centers.
• Meanwhile, the infrastructure and public facilities proposed in this development
are detention ponds, ditch reserves, TNB substations, sewage treatment
plants, road reserves, water tanks, and pump houses.
• The reservoir pond covering 18.03 acres of land (5.26%) will also be upgraded
to a recreation and landscape area.
• Paving roads occupy about 38.22 acres of land, which also includes a parking
area.
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 • Apart from the units built, there is also an allocation for open space, buffer
zones, and recreation. A total area of 30.20 acres (i.e., 8.82% of the project
site) planned for the proposed development's holistic growth.
• The qualitative needs of necessary infrastructure facilities and the amount of
waste generated by the expected equivalent population (PE) of 43 274 people.

1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

Apart from proposing control measures, this report also emphasizes the formulation
and implementation of an environmental management plan (EMP). This plan needs to
be comprised of Developers, consulting engineers, contractors, and environmental
consultants. The management plans and supervision programs proposed for this
Project at the construction and operational stages are as follows:

a) Surveillance, training, and maintenance programs related to pollution control

structures;
b) Implementation of on-site control measures;
c) On-site work progress planning;
d) Provision of safety measures alon g with emergency measures;
e) Implementation of documented traffic management plans to ensure on-site
security;
f) Monitoring of water, air, and noise quality to evaluate the effectiveness of
implementing the proposed mitigation measures.
g) Water, air, and noise quality assessment in the site area and laboratory analysis
is done by a laboratory approved by the Standards Department (Standards)
Malaysia.

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2.0 CONCEPTS AND DESIGN OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS
2.1 Coastal Erosion Management Techniques

Coastal erosion and accretion are parts of a natural phenomenon that shapes
the coastlines. Coastal erosion is not a problem for undeveloped (natural) shorelines
where no one lives. In developed coastal areas, however, coastal erosion can threaten
infrastructures, properties, and tourism, necessitating a coastal protection strategy. To
design a successful erosion management, plan the causes of the erosion should be
understood and the natural habitat should be considered as a part of a coastal erosion
management plan which could provide effective coastline stabilization and habitat
enhancement.

Techniques of coastal erosion management are manifold. From the

engineering viewpoint, these techniques can generally be divided into two main types:
"hard" and "soft" techniques. Hard techniques are more conventional responses to
erosion and involve the intervention of artificial structures that protect the shoreline
from tidal inundation, storm surges, and wave action. The main shortcoming of hard
structures is that these structures are often aimed at protecting a localized shoreline
in such a way that beach erosion could increase along the downdraft sides of these
protective structures if their effects on the surrounding environment were not carefully
studied before construction.

Soft techniques of erosion management are often aimed at promoting natural

systems/ ecosystems such as beaches and salt marshes that protect the coast. These
alternatives are usually cheaper to construct and maintain than hard construction
methods and may be self-sustaining. A third option is the “integrated approach”. This
term is used for a method that comprises both hard and soft techniques.

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Common Types of Hard Engineering

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Common Types of Soft Engineering

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2.2 METHODS FOR ADDRESSING COASTAL EROSION

Four categories are used techniques to address erosion at Tanjung Pahang

beach, Rompin

2.2.1 Manage Land Use

Decisions on land use typically occur at the state and local levels. Land use
measures have both spatial and temporal components. Spatial scales vary at the
federal, state, regional and local levels. Historically, land use controls have been
applied at the level of an individual lot without consideration of the system-level
processes that drive erosion. The temporal component derives from the requirement
that the effectiveness of these measures depends on the consistency and longevity
with which they are applied.

Management of land use varies greatly, from passive to active approaches.

Measures to manage land use may be outlined as follows:

1. Planning
2. Regulation
3. Incentives
4. Acquisition

Land use control and land management techniques transfer the responsibility
of shoreline management from the individual to the community and are often perceived
as more difficult to implement than a single action by a property owner. The long-term
individual and cumulative benefits of these measures extend beyond those produced
by other methods, including reduced coastal infrastructure and development,
diminished water quality degradation, improved ecological status of shorelands by
avoidance of fragmentation, no loss of recreational access, increased property values,
and reduced property losses.

2.2.2 Vegetate

Vegetation is used to control shore erosion by planting appropriate grasses into

the existing tidal and supratidal substrate. This strategy is generally limited to sites
with very limited fetch. At sites with a larger fetch, the creation of a marsh fringe will
require the addition of elements such as sand fill (to provide a better substrate or
planting terrace, with or without some type of sill to attenuate wave action.

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 This procedure for addressing erosion is not limited to the shore zone but can
be used elsewhere, such as on upland banks or bluffs. Various forms of
bioengineering techniques can be employed to control groundwater seepage and
surface runoff. Vegetation also can be used to stabilize banks or bluffs—roots from
plants (trees, bushes, grasses) bind soils and form a living, adaptive barrier.
Vegetation can be used in combination with graded banks to provide an effective
approach to reduce erosion.

2.2.3 Harden

The most widely applied shoreline technique is to harden the shore or bluff with
some type of fixed structure such as a bulkhead, seawall, or revetment. The primary
goal of hardening the shore is to protect the coast from wave attack by creating a
barrier to the erosive forces.

Progression of a typical response to bay erosion. When the shoreline is receding (A), the homeowner
builds a bulkhead to protect the upland property (B) which begins to interfere with the nearshore processes,
causing vertical erosion of sediment in front of the bulkhead (C), which leads to loss of the intertidal habitat (the
area between mean high and low water) (D).

2.2.4 Trap or Add Sand

For Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran (JPS), creating and maintaining a beach
and dune for shore protection is often the most desirable option. Trapping and adding
sand or gravel creates an effective shore planform and cross-section for shore

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protection. Structures installed perpendicular to the shore (e.g., groins) and parallel to
the shore (e.g., breakwaters) are used to trap sand, frequently in conjunction with
projects that add sand to the shoreline. Groins will reduce the volume of sand
transported downstream, potentially depriving these areas of sand needed to maintain
a beach.

2.2.5 Breakwaters

Breakwaters consist of a single structure or a series of units placed offshore of

the project site to reduce wave action on the shoreline. The structures are composed
of various types of materials but usually employ what is “locally” available. Rock is
typically used for construction and is very durable when properly designed

and installed. Other materials have been used with varying degrees of success,
including broken concrete, formed concrete, and tires. A breakwater or breakwater
system may or may not include the addition of sand to the system depending on the
design, site conditions (whether there is abundant sand in the reach), and the level of
shore protection required.

Stone revetment shortly after construction, and a cross-section of elements necessary for proper
stone revetment design

2.2.5 Groins

A groin is a barrier-type structure, used on a variety of coasts including

sheltered shores and open coasts that traps sand by interrupting longshore sand
transport. Groins extend from the backshore into the littoral zone and are normally
constructed perpendicular to the shore out of concrete, timbers, steel, or rock. A

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structure is classified as high, medium, or low energy depending on the percentage of
littoral drift that the groin interrupts.

By capturing sand, the groin reduces the sediment supply to the downdrift
beach, potentially triggering erosion or accelerating the rate of erosion on the downdrift
side of the groin. This accelerated erosion will result in narrowing and loss of beach
habitat. To compensate, additional sand can be added to the groin project. Shows one
such project where the sand was imported to the site and a beach was constructed to
replace a shoreline of graded riprap and broken concrete. From an aesthetic
perspective, groins create a more natural shoreface than bulkheads or revetments but
may present a hazard for boating and other recreational pursuits.

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3.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECTS

3.1 PARAMETERS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A BREAKWATER

When a breakwater is to be built at a certain location, and the environmental impact of
such a structure has already been evaluated and deemed environmentally feasible, the
following parameters are required before construction can commence.

• Detailed hydrographic survey of the site.

• Geotechnical investigation of the sea bed.
• Wave height investigation or hindcasting
• Material needs assessment
• The cross-sectional design of the structure.

3.2 COMPONENT OF BREAKWATER

The characteristics of rubble mound breakwaters include:

• They are usually constructed entirely of armour stone, but may incorporate
concrete armour units
• They have to be constructed under exposed conditions.

Breakwater construction requires large quantities of quarried rock which often

have to be supplied from distant quarries. The availability of suitable armour stone
near the site can affect the design and transport methods as well as the construction
method of the breakwater.

The typical components of a breakwater are shown above

1. Core. 4. Toe, or possibly a berm.
2. Underlayer. 5. Scour protection
3. Armour layer. 6. Crown Wall

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3.3 DESIGN OF BREAKWATER

Design for the breakwater has to be produced taking into consideration all the previous
data, for example:
• water depths (in deep water, solid vertical sides are preferred to save on
material);
• type of foundation (if ground is soft and likely to settle, then a rubble breakwater
is recommended);
• height of waves (rubble breakwaters are more suitable than solid ones in the
presence of larger waves); and
• availability of materials (if no rock quarries are available in the vicinity of the
project, then rubble breakwaters cannot be economically justified).

For rubble mound or rock breakwaters:

• Unaided breakwater design should not be attempted in waters deeper than 3
metres.
• If the foundation material is very soft and thick, then a geotextile filter mat should
be placed under the rock to prevent it from sinking and disappearing into the
mud.
• If a thin layer of loose or soft material
exists above a hard layer, then this
should be removed to expose the
hard interface and the breakwater
built on this surface.

• The material grading should be in the range of 1 to 500 kilograms for

the fine core, 500 to 1 000 kilograms for the underlayer and 1 000 to 3
000 kilograms for the main armour layer.

• Dust and fine particles should not be

placed in the core as these will wash
away and cause the breakwater top to
settle unevenly.

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• The outer slope should not be steeper than 1 on 2 and the inner or harbour
side slope not steeper than 1 on 1.5.

• In general, rock breakwaters absorb most of the wave energy that falls on them
and reflect very little disturbance back from the sloping

3.3.1 The Underlayer

The underlayer of stone that protects the core rubble from being washed away,
Figure 1, usually consists of single pieces of stone whose weight varies between a
minimum of half a tonne (500 kilograms) to a maximum of one tonne (1 000
kilograms). These are usually laid in a minimum of two layers at a slope which is
generally shallower than that of the core; 2/1 on the outer slope and 1.5/1 on the inner
slope. A slope of 2/1 means that the level drops 1 metre for every 2 metres forward.

3.3.2 The Armour Layer

The main armour layer, as its name implies, is the primary defence of the
breakwater against wave attack. The stone sizes for the cross-section in the shallow
water example should be in the range of 1 tonne (1 000 kilograms) to 3 tonnes (3 000
kilograms). Any defects in the quality of the rock, grading (size too small) or placing
(slope uneven or too steep) will seriously put the whole breakwater at risk. Hence,
great care must be taken when choosing and placing the stone for the main armour
layer.

3.4 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

3.4.1 Land-based breakwater construction

For a land-based operation, the construction equipment must be able to gain

access to the crest of the core, and this criterion can dictate its elevation and width.
The width should be sufficient for practical execution of the works. The temporary crest
should rise above high water. If the core material is placed around and above the
waterline, it is vulnerable to wave attack during construction and the next layer may
need to be placed shortly after construction of the core. It may not be possible to drive

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vehicles with rubber tyres over rockfill. However, by spreading fines over the surface
with a bulldozer it should be possible to maintain access on stones. If the design does
not permit such an impermeable layer to remain in place, the fines may have to be
partially removed afterwards by water jetting. This is a costly operation and should be
implemented only when absolutely necessary for stability reasons. Access can also
be obtained by using crawler mats or by creating a temporary roadway next to the
breakwater.

In spite of these restrictions, land-based construction is normally more

economic than marine placing, particularly if material is transported from the quarry to
the construction site by land.

3.4.2 The land-based operation, split into six phases.

1. Placing of quarry run core by dump trucks.

2. Placing remainder of core by crawler crane and/or excavator.

3. Placing scour protection with a crawler crane.

4. Placing of underlayer by crawler crane or excavator.

5. Placing of toe on seaward slope by crane or excavator.

6. Placing of armour layer on seaward slope by crane or excavator.

3.5 LAND-BASED CORE CONSTRUCTION

Rockfill can be placed either by direct dumping from trucks or loaders, or by

using a crane. Direct dumping of wide gradings can result in segregation, as larger
stones will roll down and smaller fractions will stay on top. This gives a poor filter
structure on the sea bed.

Furthermore, a steep side-slope of about 1:1.3, depending on stone angularity,

will be achieved. It will be necessary to place any core material required outside that
slope line by crane. Direct dumping is the most economic method. In the case of land-
based construction, the crest width of the core is usually dictated by the space needed
for safe and smooth use of the equipment on the crest. Dump trucks should be able
to pass cranes and other trucks and to tip and turn. Indications for minimum crest

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dimensions dictated by the equipment. In many cases the type of crane required for
the construction of the toe and armour layer dictates the crest width.

Core material placed by cranes is usually supplied by dump trucks and the
capacity of the crane will determine the progress of the work. Cranes can use an open-
tine grab or a cactus grab or clamshell to dig into the stock of core material dumped
by trucks, or work with skips or rock trays which are filled by a loading shovel or directly
by dump trucks. In the first case, space should be provided for a shovel or front-end
loader and a truck. In the latter case, heavy cranes are required, which need
considerable space on the breakwater.

It may be possible to use sand as a core material. To avoid wide cross-sectional

profiles in this situation, rock bunds are placed to contain the sand fill. Alternatively, if
economics and the wave climate permit, a wide substructure of sand can be made
with gentle slopes. In many cases, the slope on the seaward side is covered with a
scour protection as construction progresses.

The first layer of stone may be placed by a hydraulic excavator. The excavator
should place the heavier stone as quickly as possible without leaving too much core
rubble exposed to wave action. If a storm strikes the site with too much core exposed,
there is a grave danger of the core being washed away and spread all over the
intended port area.

Main armour stone being placed by a crawler crane or tracked crane, which is
by far the best equipment for placing large stones. The large stones should be lifted
singly using a sling or stone grapple and placed in the water with the aid of a diver
swimming over the placing area. The armour layer should be placed stone by stone in
a sequence which ensures interlocking, for example, stone 2 is held in place by stone

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1 and 3 whereas stone 4 is jammed between stones 3 and 5. This ensures that waves
cannot pull one stone out and cause the upper stones to topple down the slope, breach
the armour layer and expose the smaller rubble underneath. To ensure proper placing,
the swimmer or boat crew should direct the crane operator each time a stone is placed
until the stone layer breaks the surface.

As with the first underlayer, two layers of armour stones are required to
complete the main armour layer. Slope profiles should be set up at regular 5 metre
intervals using the same procedure as described previously. Figure 2 (17d), bottom,
shows how the nearly complete breakwater is closed off layer by layer. It shows the
excavator backtracking to the root of the breakwater closing the top layers
simultaneously. The end or head of the breakwater is the most delicate part of the
breakwater and requires extra care. The outer slope of 2.5/1 should be increased to
3/1 to improve its stability.

3.6 METHOD STATEMENTS OF BREAKWATER CONSTRUCTION

Objective

The purpose of this method of statement is to define the procedures to ensure

that the proposed materials and workmanship to be used at the site are complying
with the condition / requirements as stipulated in the specifications.

Scope

This method statement covers the requirements for all marine works up to and
including the preparation of formation level. This method statement is to be adopted
during breakwater activities for protect an anchorage from the effects of both weather
and longshore drift. This method statement describes the controlling elements during
the exaction of breakwater works.

Reference

- Construction drawing

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Equipment

- Excavator - Dump truck

- Bulldozer - Roller

- Back pusher

Manpower

- Project manager - Site supervisor

- Surveyor - Skilled workers

- Operator - Unskilled workers

Safety, Health and Environmental Issues

Conditions and precautions listed in the project specifications shall be followed

as minimum. All staff involved in the project shall be inducted on the safety, health and
environmental issues associated with the work. Only trained personnel with relevant
experience shall be allowed to handle machinery.

Appropriate Safety Signboards, barriers and lighting and other safeguards shall
be provided as required by the nature of and location of the works. All operations shall
be carried out in accordance with the safety requirements.

All field personnel will use PPE safety requirements like safety shoes, helmets, cover
all, dust mask, etc. ad required.

Procedure

Methodology

Setting Out

Prior to any commencement of any physical works, a professional land surveyor

shall be appointed to carryout demarcation works and establish bench marks on site.
Upon obtaining all the necessary survey data, a joint survey to check existing ground
levels shall be carried out with the consulting engineers.

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Preparation of Site

When any material is disposed outside the site, the disposed material shall be
graded to a neat appearance and shall not obstruct natural drainage or cause damage
to beach or property. All precautions shall be taken to prevent any erosion of the soil
on the affected areas. All unsuitable material and surplus suitable material shall be run
to spoil in tips approved by the Engineer.

Excavation

The excavation shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant approved
drawings and to the levels, widths and heights shown thereon. Hauling of material
from cuttings or the importation of fill material to the embankment or other areas of fill
shall proceed only when sufficient compaction plant is operating at the place of
deposition to ensure compliance with the specification requirements.

Any excess depth excavated below the formation level exceeding tolerance of
300mm shall be made good by backfilling with suitable material of similar characteristic
of that removed and compacted in accordance with specifications.

Breakwater

A layer of minimum 800 mm thick of layer core accordingly to project

specification shall be applied for slopes in order to provide erosion protection. Special
care shall be placed at construction stage to avoid all situations where concentrated
flows may take place over unprotected slopes.

Temporary Slope Protection

It will be necessary to protect the slope of dune sand layer between the areas
at different elevation using fabric material such as non-woven geotextile (PET short
fibre needle punched, 100g/m2) fixed on base and top with a layer of structural fill
material or equivalent.

Lay Block Stone

Where shown and required, approved block stone consisting of good, shall be
provided and laid to the thickness shown in the Drawings, well rammed, and
compacted.

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4.0 THE USE OF MATERIALS, PLANT / EQUIPMENT AND LABOUR

Materials, plant/equipment and labour are essential resources used during the
construction process of civil engineering projects. Project management must be
involved in managing all three elements. Materials, plant/equipment and labour are
very important to ensure that the main goal at the construction stage is achieved which
is to ensure that the project can be completed according to time, cost, quality and not
cause any form of injury to employees.

Therefore, this technical report of group 4 will explain the use of the following
items for the sea wall construction project at Tanjung Pahang beach, Rompin, Pahang
Darul Makmur.

• Materials
• Plant
• Equipment
• Labour

4.1 MATERIALS

4.1.1 Rock Armour

Rock armour is a general term used to refer to a range of basalt rock
applications used for wave protection of shorelines and erosion protection of
streambanks from the eroding action of waves and flowing water as well as in retaining
walls and slope buttressing related to construction. Large boulders interlocked
together to form rock revetments. Rock Armour is also used to provide effective scour
protection to underwater structures. Rock armour application are designed for minimal
maintenance, consequently, high durability.

The specifications of the stone used in this project are:

a. Grade B rocks 40 – 65 kg and 280 – 330 mm nominal diameter.
b. Grade A rocks 390 – 620 kg and 620 - 730 mm nominal diameter

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Cost

The cost of supply including transportation from Yasmin Quarry (own by

Gebeng Quarry Sdn. Bhd.), Jalan Kuari Kampung Selamat, Pelabuhan Kuantan,
Pahang is
a) Grade B (40-65 kg & 280-330 mm nominal dia. RM 63/m3
b) Grade A (390-650 kg & 620-730 mm nominal dia. RM 51/m3

4.1.2 Geotextile

Geotextiles are permeable fabrics, made from either polypropylene or

polyester. Geotextiles can isolate, filter, improve, protect, or drain as used in many
different applications, primarily associated with soil. Geotextiles are usually placed on
the stress surface to strengthen the soil.
Geotextiles have many applications in
civil engineering applications including
roads, airfields, railroads, embankments,
retaining structures, reservoirs, canals,
dams, bank protection, coastal
engineering and construction site silt
fences.

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4.1.3 Geogrid

A geogrid is a geosynthetic material used to reinforce soils and similar

materials. Geogrids are commonly used to reinforce retaining walls, as well as
subbases or subsoils below roads or structures. Soils pull apart under tension.
Compared to the soil, geogrids are strong in tension. This fact allows them to transfer
forces to a larger area of soil than would otherwise be the case.

Geogrids are commonly made of polymer materials, such as polyester,

polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene or polypropylene. They may be woven or knitted from
yarns, heat-welded from strips of material, or produced by punching a regular pattern
of holes in sheets of material, then stretched into a grid

For this coastal erosion control project, geogrid used to strengthen and stabilize
the soil for the construction of the Accessible Interlocking Unit (AIU).

Cost

The supply cost of geogrid including transportation from Delima Hardware

Kuantan Pahang is RM 600/roll (1.2m wide, 15m length).

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4.2 PLANT
4.2.1 EXCAVATOR
Excavator is the main plant used in this coastal erosion control project and it is
also widely used in the civil construction industry. The operator maneuvers the heavy
equipment, from the cab of the excavator, throughout the construction site the cabin
arrangement can be rotated up to 360 degrees, giving the operator the ability to work
in multiple areas from one location.

The uses of the excavator for this project is for excavation work and lay rock
armour with a digging clamshell attached at the end. they are also used for other
purposes like heavy lifting and cutting of trees.

Type and Specifications

The excavator used in this project is KOMATSU PC200-8. It has 155

horsepower with 2000 rpm. The operating weight of this excavator is from 19,400 KG
to 20,010 KG.

Cost

For this coastal erosion control project, the contractor has rented KOMATSU
PC200-8 from Maju Jaya Enterprise at Kuantan Pahang. The company manages
rentals including transportation and excavator operators. The rental price of this
excavator is RM 1200/day.

4.2.2 WHEEL LOADER

Loaders are a piece of a plant used for this coastal erosion control project. It's
used for earthwork which is to level backfilled and imported soil. It is also to load the
excavated soil onto dump trucks. A loader contains a large-sized bucket at its front
with a short moving arm. Loaders have higher productivity and a lower maintenance
cost unlike most of the other large-scale construction machines.

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Type and Specifications

The wheel loader used in this project is SDLG LG936L. It has turbocharged
with 2200 rpm. The operating weight of this loader is 10,700 KG with a 3,000 KG lift
capacity.

Cost

For this coastal erosion control project, the contractor also rented SDLG
LG936L from Maju Jaya Enterprise at Kuantan Pahang. The rental price of this wheel
loader including transportation and operator is RM 1100/day.

4.2.3 VIBRATORY ROLLER

There are several types of the roller such as sheep foot roller, pneumatic tyred
roller, vibrator roller, etc. The vibratory roller is one of the plants used for this coastal
erosion control project. This type of roller incorporates a large steel drum at the front
and one or two wheels or drums at the rear. For this project, a vibratory roller is used
for compacting materials such as soil and gravel.

Type and Specifications

The vibratory roller used in this project is SW652-1 from SAKAI. It has
4,020vpm high-frequency vibration by which can efficiently achieve the density faster
and create smoother hot mix asphalt (HMA) mat. The operating weight of this roller is
7,100 KG with 3,450 KG on the front axle and 3,650 KG on the rear axle.

Cost
For this coastal erosion control project, the SAKAI SW652-1 was also rented
from Maju Jaya Enterprise at Kuantan Pahang. The rental price of this wheel loader
including transportation and operator is RM 1400/day.

4.2.4 DUMP TRUCK

A dump truck is a vehicle designed to transport bulk material, often in

construction. It has an open jump ahead with the driver seat, and consist of a large
boxlike body to contain materials. A dumper usually has 4 Wheels, where the entire

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load and the movement depend on. They are usually diesel engine. A towing eye
is equipped for use as a tractor secondary site. There are various sizes of dumpers in
the present construction industry.

Type and Specifications

The dump truck used in this project is SINOTRUK: 47 TONS It has 371
horsepower with 75 km/h maximum speed. The deadweight of this dump truck is
17,000 KG with 30,000 KG loading capacity and 47,000 KG gross mass. The
dimensions of SINOTRUK: 47 TONS of dump truck are:
• 8,600mm Length
• 2,500mm Width
• 3,450mm Height
• 3800 + 1350mm Wheelbase
• 18m3 Container volume
• 10/12mm Leaf spring

Cost
The SINOTRUK: 47 TONS dump trucks are rented from Maju Jaya Enterprise
at Kuantan Pahang. The rental price for this dump truck including transportation and
operator is RM 7,000/month.

4.3 EQUIPMENT

4.3.1 AUTOMATIC LEVEL

A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an
optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane. It is
used in surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and
to transfer, measure and set heights.

Type and Specifications

The automatic level used in this project is AT-B2 from TOPCON. The main
specification of AT-B2 are:
• Accuracy : 0.7mm
• Magnification : 32x

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 • Objective aperture : 42mm
• Minimum focus : 20cm
• Length : 215mm
• Weight : 1.85kg

Cost
The price of AT-B2 TOPCON automatic level is RM 2,600.

4.3.2 CONCRETE MIXER

A Concrete Mixer is a machine that combines cement evenly to form

aggregates such as sand or gravel and water to concrete. A typical concrete mixer
using a rotating drum for mixing the components. For smaller volume works portable
concrete mixers are regularly used for concrete, which can be produced at the site so
that workers have enough time to use the concrete before it hardens time.

For this project, a concrete mixer was used to construct an Accessible

Interlocking Unit (AIU), staircase and bench along the seawall.

Type and Specifications

The concrete mixer used in this project is TKCM 7T from TOKUDEN. It has 5
horsepower and a weight of 86 KG. The capacity of TKCM 7T is 3.5 m3 for unmixed
and 2.5 m3 for mixed with 21-inch drum opening.

Cost
The price of TKCM 7T TOKUDEN concrete mixer is RM 6,000.

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4.3.3 PLATE COMPACTOR

A plate compactor is used to compress some types of soil and gravel for
construction projects that require a stable subsurface. Plate compactors come in many
different designs with different accessories, though the major features are stable. The
core of the machine is a heavy, flat plate that rests on the ground when the machine
is off. The plate is driven or vibrated up and down with either gasoline or diesel
engines.
As a plate compactor runs, the heavy plate on the bottom of the machine moves
up and down quickly. The combination of rapid impacts, plate weight and impact forces
the soil underneath to compact or pack together more tightly. Plate compactors are at
their best when they are used on granular soil types, such as those that have higher
sand or gravel content. In some cases, it is beneficial to add some moisture to the soil
before using the plate compactor. Two to four passes over the soil are generally
sufficient to achieve proper compaction, but the compactor manufacturer or rental
establishment should be able to provide some guidance on a case-by-case basis.

For this project, a plate compactor was used to compress grade B rock and
compress soil in geogrid.

Type and Specifications

The plate compactor used in this project is IM80 from TOKUDEN. It has 5
horsepower and 3,600 rpm. The weight of this equipment is 86 KG.

Cost
The price of IM80 TOKUDEN plate compactor is RM 1,600.

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4.4 LABOUR

4.4.1 SUPERVISOR

The job supervisor acts as an intermediary between the field workers and the
management office to ensure effective communication. Many supervisors benefit from
the use of communication technology on their mobile devices that allow them to
streamline this constant communication. Aside from this, they are responsible for any
problems or conflicts that may arise between the field and the office. Day work rate for
the supervisor in this project is RM 210/day.

4.4.2 FOREMEN

The foreman is the head of the workers in the field. He oversees the project on-
site and tracks worker’s timecards and completion of tasks on schedule. The foreman
is directly responsible for any problems or injuries that occur on a job site. He is also
in charge of personnel including timecards, payroll, and often hiring or promotion.
Mobile technology aids the foreman in his communication from the job-site to the back
office. Day work rate for the foremen in this project is RM 180/day.

4.4.3 PLANT OPERATOR

Construction Plant Operators use heavy equipment to perform their duties.

They use equipment to perform tasks such as demolish old and deteriorating
roadways, smooth and level surfaces, excavate various ores and minerals as well as
handle other projects for residential, commercial and government agencies.
The cost of the plant operator for this project has been included in the cost of
renting the plant

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4.4.4 SKILLED WORKER

A skilled worker is any worker who has special skill, training, knowledge, and
(usually acquired) ability in their work. A skilled worker may have attended a college,
university or technical school. Alternatively, a skilled worker may have learned their
skills on the job. The following are the skilled workers involved in this project.
i. Fitter (RM 140/day)
ii. Concretor (RM 120/day)
iii. Steel Bar Bender and Fixer (RM 120/day)

4.4.5 GENERAL LABOUR

General labour is the driving force for every project. Once the project is planned,
the workers get their hands dirty to make it a reality. They demolish old structures and
work to create new ones following specific specifications. They must be able to operate
heavy machinery, lifting large objects, and perform typical construction tasks.
Aside from their physical requirements, they must be able to effectively
comprehend the instructions they receive from their supervisors and work
collaboratively with other team members. The day work rate for the general labour in
this project is RM 90/day.

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5.0 ELEMENTS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

A project usually requires tools and skills outside the production system. The project
organization will be formed to facilitate the project travel process to be smoother and
more perfect.

There are three main stages of project management namely:

Planning

Scheduling

Controlling

5.1 CRITICAL PATH METHOD

For the coastal erosion project carried out in Tanjung Pahang Beach, Rompin,
Pahang Darul Makmur, the three stages are Planning, Scheduling and Controlling
using Critical Path Method (CPM) techniques.

What is Critical Path Method (CPM)? In project planning, the critical path is the
longest sequence of tasks that must be done to successfully complete the project.
Tasks that are in the critical path cannot start until the previous task has been
completed. These are tasks that, if delayed for a certain amount of time, will throw the
whole project off schedule.

Calculating the critical path, then, is key to managing a project. Identifying the
critical path lets project managers know which activities must happen for the project
to be successful. If any activities on the critical path change, then the project end date
will ultimately be affected.

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 Once done by hand, nowadays, the critical path is calculated automatically by
project scheduling software. That makes the CPM method a whole lot easier.

Once we map a critical path, we can use CPM to help create our project
schedule. CPM is used to model a project, and is done by looking at all the tasks and
knowing the timeline for completing the project. This includes:

• Estimating the time, it will take to complete the project tasks

• Identifying any task dependencies
• Setting project milestones and deliverables
• Setting stakeholder expectations related to deadlines
After making these considerations, we get an idea of which activities should be
prioritized. Then, we can allocate the resources needed to complete these important
tasks. Tasks we find are not on the critical path are of lower priority, and can be
delayed or even removed from the project plan if they cause the project team to be
overall. The project manager uses a critical path to ensure that the project stays
running and produces the final result according to schedule.

5.1.1 BENEFITS OF CRITICAL PATH METHOD

• The critical path for any project, or our to-do list within a set timeframe,
represents our set of objectives for our clients. Keeping these details in mind while
overseeing a project is much more difficult than relying on software to track it and detail
the purpose for us.

• CPM schedule specialists can help us adhere to clear estimates, including

projected estimates and estimates that may or may not be exceeded.

• CPM scheduling helps prevent delays, wasted time, or time lost juggling a
series of necessary tasks. We can schedule our time wisely to prevent waste and stay
on schedule with the help of software and consultants.

• Project management teams can refer to CPM scheduling to evaluate their

progress, including the progress of certain teams and subcontractor work, and take
steps to expedite delayed or late projects.

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 In project management, a project team will be formed which will play an
important role in implementing the three stages of project management mentioned
above.

The project team is a group of individuals from an organization or from outside

the organization that has the skills and experience related to a project. Its members
consist of managers and staff skilled in certain fields such as laborers and engineers
required in construction projects.

The project organization will manage project management through planning

scheduling and control. The diagram below shows one example of a project
organizational structure formed in the management of something project.

5.2 PLANNING

Planning is one of the main stages of project management which includes

activities to determine project objectives. It aims to make it easier for the manager and
his team to carry out a project. Typically, project planning will be listed in the form of a
formal document known as the project scope. Next, the project will be divided into
several more detailed components by a method known as work division structure.

PROJECT

KEY POINTS IN THE

PROJECT

MAIN SUB SUBJECTS IN

THE PROJECT

ACTIVITIES

ORGANIZATION MATRIX

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 Thus, an activity can be carried out more smoothly by each individual with the
availability of manpower and time required by the supervisor and management control
division.

5.3 SCHEDULING

After the planning process, a scheduling process is required for estimate the
time required to complete each project activity. The estimated time to complete the
project is set by comparing the company's project objectives. What will happen if the
time set exceeds the time limit?

If this happens, the project preparation period must be reduced either by adding
manpower resources or by using other means that can complete the project quickly.
Apart from adding manpower resources, one of the ways that can be used to complete
the project quickly is by working overtime.

In this way the cost of completing the project will increase. How we overcome
the problem of cost increase, will be explained in the next unit. Why does project
scheduling need to be done in implementing a project?

Scheduling needs to be done for:

• Determine and relate between activities and activities others

• Identify previous relationships between activities. This relationship will
be demonstrated through CPM techniques involving network graphs.
• Set a time frame for completing each maintenance activities. Estimated
project implementation period should be made to avoid losses in terms
of time and cost.
• Optimizing the use of energy resources and raw materials more
efficiently.

5.4 CONTROLLING
After the planning and scheduling stage, project activities will run. During that
time, project managers will focus on the level of control which includes resource
control, quality costs and budgets.

What is the purpose of this control level?

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 Control aims to:

• Ensure all activities are identified

• Ensure that all activities can be completed in a timely manner set
• Ensure that the required resources are identified
• Ensure that changes in the schedule will occur if there are any changes
or updates in the project.

5.4.1 GANTT CHART

For Control activities, the technique used for the Land Erosion project at Pantai
Tanjung Pahang, Rompin, Pahang Darul Makmur is the Gantt Chart technique.

A Gantt chart, commonly used in project management, is one of the most

popular and useful ways of showing activities (tasks or events) displayed against time.
On the left of the chart is a list of the activities and along the top is a suitable time
scale. Each activity is represented by a bar; the position and length of the bar reflects
the start date, duration and end date of the activity. This allows you to see at a glance:

• What the various activities are

• When each activity begins and ends
• How long each activity is scheduled to last
• Where activities overlap with other activities, and by how much
• The start and end date of the whole project

5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Issues on soil erosion and sedimentation from Environmental Impact

Assessment Malaysia (EIA) projects have been identified to occur at the earthworks
and construction stages. At the groundwork level the activities carried out are site
cleaning, dredging and filling work, construction of land ditches and construction of
access roads and exits.

At the construction stage, it will generally involve the construction of structures

- construction structures from the beginning to the complete construction stage.
Jabatan Alam Sekitar Negeri Pahang has identified the main problems that can lead

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to the occurrence of soil erosion and sedimentation problems from EIA projects as
follows:

• The opening of a large exposed area is left at some point.

• There are no aspects of control and erosion and lack of understanding
of those aspects of control.
• Management of solid waste and scheduled waste is not perfect.
• Management of construction waste materials is not perfect.

5.5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) APPROVAL

REQUIREMENTS FOR ERROR AND SEDIMENTAL CONTROL

• Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (Erosion and Sediment Control Plan -
ESCP) must be prepared as set out in the Guideline for Erosion and Sediment
Control in Malaysia - October 2010 published by Department of Irrigation and
Drainage, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

• All soil and sediment erosion control measures shall implement as in the ESCP
drawing that has been verified by a Certified Engineer (Professional Engineer)
and certified (endorsed) by the Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Pahang.
Two (2) copies this ESCP document must be submitted to the Jabatan Alam
Sekitar Negeri Pahang within two weeks after being certified.

• Rain gauge shall be installed in an open area within the project site.

• Environmental Officer (EO) shall be appointed and named submitted to the

Jabatan Alam Sekitar Negeri Pahang before earthworks submitted.

• Environmental Officer (EO) shall be responsible for implementing the following:

➢ Supervision of erosion and sediment control works on site for
ESCP implementation and environmental management
➢ Updating the Site Diary
➢ Updating Rain Record
➢ Conduct inspections on control measures as well as the structure
of Best Management Practices (BMPs) on a daily basis

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 ➢ Perform in-situ measurements of turbidity parameters at the
discharge point within a period not exceeding 30 minutes after
rain. If the rain continues for more than 24 hours, measurements
should be carried out once daily
• Disposal of excess soil outside the project site must be approved by the Pihak
Berkuasa Tempatan

6.0 CONCLUSION

Project management is important because it ensures there’s a proper plan for

executing on strategic goals.

Where project management is left to the team to work out by themselves, you’ll
find teams work without proper briefs and without a defined project management
methodology. Projects lack focus, can have vague or nebulous objectives, and leave
the team not quite sure what they’re supposed to be doing, or why.

As project managers, we position ourselves to prevent such a situation and

drive the timely accomplishment of tasks, by breaking up a project into tasks for our
teams.

Oftentimes, the foresight to take such an approach is what differentiates good

project management from bad. Breaking up into smaller chunks of work enables teams
to remain focused on clear objectives, gear their efforts towards achieving the ultimate
project goal through the completion of smaller steps and to quickly identify risks, since
risk management is important in project management.

Often a project’s goals have to change in line with a materializing risk. Again,
without dedicated oversight and management, a project could swiftly falter but good
project management (and a good project manager) is what enables the team to focus,
and when necessary refocus, on their objectives.

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7.0 ATTACHMENTS

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