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The theory is based on the mathematical equations, known as the field equations, of the general theory
of relativity set forth in 1915 by Albert Einstein. In 1922 Russian physicist Alexander Friedmann
provided a set of solutions to the field equations. These solutions have served as the framework
for much of the current theoretical work on the big bang theory. American astronomer Edwin
Hubble provided some of the greatest supporting evidence for the theory with his 1929 discovery
that the light of distant galaxies was universally shifted toward the red end of the spectrum (see
Redshift). Once “tired light” theories—that light slowly loses energy naturally, becoming more
red over time—were dismissed, this shift proved that the galaxies were moving away from each
other. Hubble found that galaxies farther away were moving away proportionally faster, showing
that the universe is expanding uniformly. However, the universe’s initial state was still unknown.