KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Egg Incubator Analog Circuit Design

ASSIGNMENT 4

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
GROUP ASSIGNMENT DR. SAMUNDRA GURUNG
Aakriti Bhandari, Saurav Bista,
Razin Maharjan, Sulav Karki

GROUP: EE
LEVEL: III YEAR I SEMESTER
Contents
1. Block Diagram....................................................................................................4
2. Sensor Block.......................................................................................................5
2.1 Sensor Specification......................................................................................6
3. Signal Conditioning Block..................................................................................7
3.1Temperaure Signal conditioning and Reference Volatage generation.............7
3.2 For humidity Control.......................................................................................8
....................................................................................................................................9
4. Comparator Block...............................................................................................10
4.1 Why LM741?.................................................................................................10
5. Relay Driver Block..............................................................................................12
6. Overall Circuit Simulation..................................................................................14
Appendices..............................................................................................................16

Table of Figures

Figure 1: Overall Block Diagram..............................................................................4

Figure 2: DTH 11 Sensor..........................................................................................5
Figure 3: Specification table......................................................................................6
Figure 4: Signal Conditioning & Reference Voltage Generation.............................7
Figure 5: Humidity sensor signal conditioning and reference voltage generation....9
Figure 6 : Comparator Block...................................................................................10
Figure 7. Relay Block..............................................................................................12
Figure 8: Overall circuit..........................................................................................14

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 ABSTRACT

This report presents the design and construction of an incubator incorporating a

basic analog circuit closed loop system that controls the hatching process of eggs.
In poultry farming, the fertilization of the eggs and hatching with a greater success
rate is always desirable. Thus, an electrical incubator can serve this purpose. The
proposed system consists of a controller(comparator basically), temperature
sensors, and humidity sensors. This is a closed-loop control system where the
necessary parameters such as temperature, and humidity are maintained to the most
favorable condition. The temperature around 37.5 degrees Celcius and the
humidity around 60
% should be maintained for the best hatching result.

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 1. Block Diagram

Figure 1: Overall Block Diagram

The above block diagram represents the overall working of the egg incubator.
Here, the comparator is used to compare the reference temperature and humidity
with the environmental condition in a closed environment to adjust the temperature
and humidity to the optimum level with the help of a fan, heating elements, and
humidifier.

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 2. Sensor Block
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity
sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive
digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing
technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This
sensor includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC
temperature measurement component and connects to a high performance
8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference
ability and cost-effectiveness.

Figure 2: DTH 11 Sensor

Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory which is extremely

accurate in humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as
programs in the OTP memory, which are used by the sensor’s internal signal
detecting process.

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2.1 Sensor Specification

Figure 3: Specification table

In this report, the output from the sensor is visualized with the help of the signal
conditioning unit.

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3. Signal Conditioning Block

3.1Temperaure Signal conditioning and Reference Voltage Generation

It is found that the sensor measures the temperature in the range of 0-50
degrees Celcius and the resistance varies within 0-1KΩ for the temperature
change.

At temperature 0 degree celcius, R=0KΩ, Vo= 0V

𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
At temperature 25 degree celcius, R =0.5KΩ, Vo = − × (−5𝑉) =
1𝐾Ω
2.5𝑉
𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
At temperature 50 degree celcius, R =0.5KΩ, Vo = − × (−5𝑉) =
1𝐾Ω
5𝑉
𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
At temperature 37.5 degree celcius, R =0.75KΩ, Vo = − ×
1𝐾Ω
(−5𝑉) = 3.75𝑉(since the temperature to be maintained is 37.5 degrees
Celsius)

Figure 4: Signal Conditioning & Reference

Voltage Generation

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 Temperature Vs Resistance
1.2

0.8
R

0.6

0.4

0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 Temperature

Resistance Vs Vo
1.2

0.8
V

0.6

0.4

0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 R(KΩ)

3.2 For humidity Control

The humidity sensor gives the humidity level within the range of (0 to 100%) with
a change in resistance of (0 to 1KΩ). This is also visualized with the following
circuitry and calculations:

At humidity 0%, R=0KΩ, Vo= 0V

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 𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
At humidity 50%, R =0.5KΩ, Vo = − × (−5𝑉) = 2.5𝑉
1𝐾Ω
𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
At humidity 100%, R =0.5KΩ, Vo = − × (−5𝑉) = 5𝑉
1𝐾Ω
𝑅(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟)
At humidity 60%, R =0.6KΩ, Vo = − × (−5𝑉) = 3𝑉
1𝐾Ω

Figure 5: Humidity sensor signal conditioning and reference

voltage generation

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4. Comparator Block
In this block, two signals are compared and an output is given after their
comparison. If the signal at the +ve terminal is greater than the –ve terminal then
the output is high while if vice versa then the signal is low. In this way, the signal
after conditioning is compared, and if the signal coming from the sensor is higher
than the reference signal meaning its night then the output is high. This high output
of the comparator drives the relay switch circuit. Here we have used LM311 as the
comparator.
4.1 Why LM741?
It is used due to the following advantages:
 Maximum Current from Vcc +: 7.5mA.

 A single supply for two op-amps enables reliable operation.

 Hence capable of driving loads up to 50V and 50 mA.
 Can drive most of the TTL and MOS loads.
 Output can be Isolated from System Ground.

Figure 6 : Comparator Block

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While using LM311 we should know that it requires a pull-up resistor as it consists
of an internal transistor whose collector is not connected to the supply. Hence to
make it work there must be a pull-up resistor whose resistance is calculated as
follows:
We know:
Current from Vcc (𝐼𝑐) = 5.1𝑚𝐴.
Vcc = 12 Volts
Now,

𝐼 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶−𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐸,
𝑅𝑐
𝑐 12−5
𝑅 ,
𝐶𝐶= 5.1

𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 1.37 ≈ 2 𝐾Ω.

In this to get the output of 5 Volts at relay driver Rcc must be equal to 2 K Ohm as
a pull-up register.

In or circuit we have two comparator blocks:

i. One for comparing room temperature with the reference temperature
ii. Second for comparing room humidity level with the reference humidity
level

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5. Relay Driver Block

Figure 7. Relay Block.

In this circuit, there is an NPN transistor to which the processed signal is given.
This signal is then given to the relay. The relay is an inductor switch that is
connected to an AC source to operate the street light. The street light is connected
to a normally open circuit which gets closed when the inductor switch is on. To
prevent the backflow of current in an inductor the diode is used which prevents the
backflow of current. Finally, this block is connected to make the automated street
light work based on ON/OFF switch control.

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The registor is used before the transistor so that enough current can flow through the
transistor to drive it. To know the resistor value of R1.
We Know :
𝐼𝐵 = 1𝑚𝐴,
𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐵𝐸 − 𝑉𝐸 = 0.7,
𝐼𝐵
12−𝑉𝐵
= 𝑅 ,
𝑅𝐵 12−0.7
= = 11.3𝐾Ω
1

Practically resistor of 11.3KΩ is not available so a 10kΩ resistor is used to serve

the purpose.

Advantages of using Diode across relay:

 It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the
mechanical switch so that it reduces the voltage spike seen in an inductive
load.
 A flywheel diode is used to protect the circuit from unusual damage caused
due to abrupt reduction in the current flowing through the circuit.

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6. Overall Circuit Simulation

Figure 8: Overall circuit

Here, all the blocks are connected as shown above. When the input temperature is
less than 37.5 degrees Celcius the heater is turned on and when it is more than 37.5
degrees Celcius the fan is switched on to maintain the temperature around 37.5
degrees.

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Similarly, the next block we have is for humidity level control. We have the
reference set point at a 60% humidity level. When the humidity level is less than
60% the humidifier is turned on. Here in the proteus simulation, we have used a
motor as a humidifier to demonstrate the load.

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 Appendices
Datasheet of DHT 11

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