01EnergeticsWS2022 Compressed 221010 051232

1
Energetics WS 1
4
1 2016 MAR P42 Q2
2 (a) Calcium metal reacts with chlorine gas to form calcium chloride, CaCl 2.
(i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the lattice energy of
calcium chloride, CaCl 2.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete a fully labelled Born-Haber cycle that could be used to calculate the lattice
energy, ,for calcium chloride.
Ca(s) + Cl 2(g)
CaCl 2(s)
[2]
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) and the following data, together with relevant data from the
Data Booklet, to calculate a value for for calcium chloride.
standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl 2(s), –796 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca(s), +178 kJ mol–1
–349 kJ mol–1
= ............................... kJ mol–1 [3]
(b) Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.
Describe and explain what happens to the entropy of a gas when the temperature is increased.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
Bilal Hameed Energetics 1

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/F/M/16
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2 2016 JUN P41 Q8
8 (a) Chromyl chloride, CrO2Cl 2, can be prepared by heating a mixture of potassium dichromate(VI)
and potassium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid.
K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 3H2SO4 2CrO2Cl 2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O
Use the following data to complete the Hess’ Law cycle and calculate the enthalpy change of
the reaction, Hr.
enthalpy change of
compound
formation, / kJ mol–1
K2Cr2O7 –2061
KCl –437
H2SO4 –814
CrO2Cl 2 –580
K2SO4 –1438
H 2O –286
Hr
K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 3H2SO4 2CrO2Cl 2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O
elements
Hr = ............................ kJ mol–1 [2]
© UCLES 2016 9701/41/M/J/16
Energetics 1 Bilal Hameed

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3 2016 NOV P42 Q2
2 Most car air bags contain a capsule of sodium azide, NaN3. In a crash, the NaN3 decomposes into
its elements.
(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of NaN3.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Complete the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for the azide ion, N3–.
Use the following key for the electrons.
electrons from central nitrogen atom

electrons from the other two nitrogen atoms
added electron(s) responsible for the overall negative charge
N N N
[3]
(c) Lattice energies are always negative showing that they represent exothermic changes.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term lattice energy.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why lattice energy represents an exothermic change.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2016 9701/42/O/N/16

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(iii) Use the following data and any relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the
standard enthalpy change of formation, , of NaN3(s).
Include a sign in your answer. Show all your working.
lattice energy, , of NaN3(s) –732 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy change of atomisation, , of Na(g) +107 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change, H o, for 1 12 N2(g) + e– N3–(g) +142 kJ mol–1
of NaN3(s) = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]
(iv) The lattice energy, , of RbN3(s) is – 636 kJ mol–1.
Suggest why the lattice energy of NaN3(s), –732 kJ mol–1, is more exothermic than that of
RbN3(s).
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2016 9701/42/O/N/16 [Turn over

5
4
4 2017 MAR P42 Q2
2 (a) Complete the table using ticks (
negative.
always always either positive

energy change
positive negative or negative
enthalpy change of atomisation
ionisation energy
lattice energy
[2]
(b) The Born-Haber cycle for magnesium chloride is shown.
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl (g) + 2e–
ΔH5
ΔH4
Mg2+(g) + 2Cl –(g)
Mg (g) + 2Cl (g) + e
+ –
ΔH3
Mg(g) + 2Cl (g)
ΔH2
Mg(g) + Cl 2(g) ∆H6
ΔH1
Mg(s) + Cl 2(g)
ΔH7
MgCl 2(s)
(i) Explain why H4 is greater than H3.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What names are given to the enthalpy changes H6 and H7?
H6 ......................................................................................................................................
H7 ......................................................................................................................................
[1]
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(c) Chlorine is in Group 17.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The equation for the formation of magnesium oxide from its elements is shown.
1
Mg(s) + 2 O2(g) MgO(s) H o = – 602 kJ mol–1
substance S o / J K–1 mol–1

Mg(s) 32.7
O2(g) 205
MgO(s) 26.9
3
Use the equation and the data given in the table to calculate G o for the reaction at 25 C.
G o = .............................. units ..............................

[4]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2017 9701/42/F/M/17 [Turn over

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5 2017 JUN P42 Q1
(c) (i) Use the data in the table below, and relevant data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the
lattice energy, , of potassium oxide, K2O(s).
energy change value / kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of potassium, K(s) +89
–141
–
(g) +798
enthalpy change of formation of potassium oxide, K2O(s) –361
= .............................. kJ mol–1 [3]
(ii) State whether the lattice energy of Na2O would be more negative, less negative or the
same as that of K2O. Give reasons for your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2017 9701/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

l 2.
8
geometry of Mg2+ = ............................. co-ordination number of Mg2+ = .............................
[2]
6 2017 NOV P42 Q5

(b) Magnesium(I) chloride, MgCl, is an unstable compound and readily decomposes as shown.
2MgCl (s) Mg(s) + MgCl 2(s)
Use the following data to calculate the enthalpy change of this reaction.
MgCl (s) = –106 kJ mol–1

MgCl 2(s) = – 642 kJ mol–1
2
enthalpy change = ............................. kJ mol–1 [1]

9
12
(c) (i) The equation for which H is the lattice energy for MgCl is shown.
Mg+(g) + Cl –(g) MgCl (s)
Use the equation, the following data, and relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate
a value for the lattice energy of MgCl
l (g) = –349 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of Mg(s) = +147 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of MgCl (s) = –106 kJ mol–1
lattice energy MgCl = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]
(ii) Suggest how the lattice energies of MgCl 2 and NaCl will compare to that of MgCl.
Explain your answers.
MgCl 2 and MgCl .................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
NaCl and MgCl ....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(d) .
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]
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7 2018 JUN P41 Q1 3
(d) Use the data below, and other suitable data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the lattice
(d)energy of sodium
Use the oxide,and other
data below, Na2suitable
O(s). data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the lattice
energy of sodium oxide, Na2O(s).
standard enthalpy change of formation of sodium oxide, Na2O(s) – 416
standard enthalpy change of formation of sodium oxide, Na O(s) – 416
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of sodium, Na(s) 2 +109
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of sodium, Na(s) +109
–142
–142
–
(g) +844
–
(g) +844
Na
Na2O(s) = ............................................ kJ mol–1–1 [4]
2O(s) = ............................................ kJ mol [4]
(e)(e)State how
State how Na 2S(s)
Na differs from Na
Na2O(s).
2S(s) differs from 2O(s).
Indicate this
Indicate bybyplacing
this placinga atick
tick( ( ) )ininthe
theappropriate
appropriatebox
boxininthe
thetable.
table.
NaNa2S(s) is more Na 2S(s) is the Na

Na22S(s)
S(s) is
is less
2S(s) is more Na 2S(s) is the less
exothermic than
exothermic than Na
Na2O(s)
2O(s)
same as
same as NaNa2O(s)
2O(s)
exothermic than
exothermic than Na
Na22O(s)
O(s)
Explain
Explainyour answer.
your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 15]
[Total:
© UCLES
© UCLES 2018
2018 9701/41/M/J/18
9701/41/M/J/18 [Turn over
[Turn

11
10
8 2018 NOV P42 Q4
4 (a) Calcium nitride, Ca3N2 , reacts readily with water to form a white precipitate suspended in an
alkaline solution. The oxidation number of nitrogen does not change during the reaction.
Construct an equation for the reaction of Ca3N2 with water.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The enthalpy changes of solution, , of the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements become
less endothermic down the group.
State and explain the trend in the solubilities of the Group 2 hydroxides.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Complete the energy cycle to show the enthalpy changes that occur in the transformations
between aqueous ions, gaseous ions and an ionic solid.
On your diagram label each enthalpy change with its appropriate symbol; lattice energy, ,
enthalpy change of hydration, , or enthalpy change of solution, .
Complete the three arrows showing the correct direction of each enthalpy change.
....................
aqueous ions gaseous ions
.................... ....................
ionic solid
[3]
© UCLES 2018 9701/42/O/N/18

observation .........................................................................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
12
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
9 2019 MAR P42 Q2

(c) The equation for the formation of the gaseous hydroxide ion is shown.
1 1
2 H2(g) + 2 O2(g) + e– OH–(g) H= (OH–(g))
Use data in the table and from the Data Booklet to calculate (OH–
useful to construct a Born-Haber cycle.
\
enthalpy change H o / kJ mol–1
atomisation of Mg(s) +148
formation of Mg(OH)2(s) –925
lattice energy of Mg(OH)2(s) –2993
(OH–(g)) = .............................. kJ mol–1

[3]
[Total: 13]

13
11
10 2019 JUN P42 Q5
6 (a) Complete the table by placing one tick ( ) in each row to indicate the sign of each type of
energy change under standard conditions.
always always either negative

energy change
positive negative or positive
bond energy
enthalpy change of formation

[1]
(b) Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy change of atomisation.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) 2
2 (l)
This happens via a two-step process.
Construct a labelled
symbols.
Use your cycle and relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change
2 .
Hat –1
.
= .............................. kJ mol–1 [3]
(d) Suggest how the I2 2 (l). Explain your

answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

14
12
(e) (i) Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy change of hydration.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) –
(g) is more exothermic than that of
I (g).
–
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2019 9701/41/M/J/19

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11 2019 JUN P42 Q5
5 (a) one 3
always always
positive or positive
\
[1]
(b) enthalpy change of solution.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c)
–1
3 4 –2035
Ho 2
–
4
3–
Ho + –
–251
3 4
–1
[3]

16
14
(d)
compound –1
2 –2176
:
2 is more exothermic than
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) Go
with temperature is shown.
Ho So
with temperature.
∆G o / kJ mol–1
0
350 550
T/K
(i) Write the equation that relates G o to H o and S o.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use this equation to explain why G o less positive as temperature increases in
this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 9701/42/M/J/19

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12 2020 MAR P42 Q3
(c) Al F3 is an ionic compound.
The Born–Haber cycle for the formation of Al F3 is shown.
Al 3+(g) + 3F(g) + 3e–
∆H4
Al 3+(g) + 3F–(g)
∆H3
Al (g) + 3F(g)
∆H2 ∆H5
Al (g) + 1.5F2(g)
∆H1
Al (s) + 1.5F2(g)
∆H6
Al F3(s)
(i) Name the enthalpy changes labelled H4 and H6.
H4 = ...................................................................................................................................
H6 = ...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Use the data in the table and data from the Data Booklet to calculate the lattice energy of
Al F3.
enthalpy change
process
/ kJ mol–1
Al (s) Al (g) +326
Al (g) Al 3+(g) +5137
F(g) F (g)
–
–328
Al (s) + 1.5F2(g) Al F3(s) –1504
lattice energy of Al F3 = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

18
12
(iii) 3 , is an ionic compound.
Use data from the Data Booklet to suggest how the lattice energy of Al F3 compares with
the lattice energy of ScF3.
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Al F3 is sparingly soluble in water. The concentration of its saturated solution at 298 K is
6.5 10–2 mol dm–3.
(i) Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of Al F3.
Ksp = .............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Calculate the numerical value of Ksp for Al F3 at 298 K.
Ksp = ...............................
[1]
[Total: 25]
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13 2020 JUN P42 Q7
7 (a) (i) .
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) lattice energy.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Use the following data and relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the
enthalpy change of formation of zinc bromide, ZnBr2(s).
–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of Zn(s) = +131 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of vaporisation of Br2(l) = +31 kJ mol–1
lattice energy of ZnBr2(s) = –2678 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of ZnBr2(s) = .............................. kJ mol–1 [4]
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(c) The lattice energies of ZnBr2, ZnCl 2 and ZnO are shown.
compound lattice energy / kJ mol–1

ZnBr2 –2678
ZnCl 2 –2734
ZnO –3971
(i) Explain why there is a difference between the lattice energies of ZnBr2 and ZnCl 2.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why there is a difference between the lattice energies of ZnCl 2 and ZnO.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

21
5
14 2020 NOV P41 Q2
(c) Use the following data and relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the
2(s).
Show your working.
–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of Mg(s) = +147 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of formation of MgF2(s) = –1102 kJ mol–1
HlattMgF2(s) = .............................. [3]
(d) (i) .
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) –1
.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]

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15 2020 NOV P42 Q3
3 (a) The energy cycle shown can be used, along with suitable data, to calculate the enthalpy
change of hydration of Ca2+(g).
Each arrow indicates a transformation, W, X, Y and Z. Each transformation consists of one or
more steps.
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl –(g)
W
Ca(s) + Cl 2(g)
X Z
CaCl 2(s)
Y
CaCl 2(aq)
The following data and data from the Data Booklet should be used.
1
l (g) = –349 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca(s) = +193 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of CaCl 2(s) = –795 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of solution of CaCl 2(s) = –83 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of hydration of Cl –(g) = –364 kJ mol–1
(i) Calculate the value of the enthalpy change corresponding to transformation W.

Show your working.
enthalpy change W = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
(ii) Use your answer to (a)(i) and other data to calculate the value of the enthalpy change
corresponding to transformation Z.
enthalpy change Z = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
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(iii) Use your answer to (a)(ii) to calculate the enthalpy change of hydration of Ca2+(g).
enthalpy change of hydration of Ca2+(g) = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
(iv) Write an expression, in terms of W, X, Y and/or Z, to show how the enthalpy changes of
two of the transformations can be used to calculate the lattice energy of CaCl 2(s).
lattice energy of CaCl 2(s) = .......................................................................................... [1]
(v) State whether the lattice energy of CaCl 2(s) is more or less exothermic than the lattice
energy of MgF2(s).
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The sulfates of the Group 2 elements vary in solubility down Group 2.
(i) Give the names of two solutions that could be mixed to form barium sulfate.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State and explain how the solubilities of the sulfates of the Group 2 elements vary down
Group 2.
.............................................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

5 For
Examiner’s
Use
(iii) Hence calculate the maximum percentage of the original magnesium in the
seawater that this method can extract.
24
...................................................................................................................................
Energetics WS 2
...................................................................................................................................
[5]
1 2003 JUN Q2
2 (c) The magnesium ions in seawater are mainly associated with chloride ions.
__ __
(i) Use the following ∆H fo values to calculate a value for the ∆H o of the following
reaction.
MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)
__
species ∆H fo /kJ mol–1
MgCl2 (s) –641
Mg2+(aq) –467
Cl – (aq) –167
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use your answer to explain why MgCl2 is very soluble in water.
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) All the chlorides of Group II elements are soluble in water. The same is not true of their
sulphates. These become less soluble as the group is descended.
Explain qualitatively the variation in solubility of the sulphates of the elements in

Group II down the Group from magnesium to barium.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total : 12]
9701/04/M/J/03 [Turn over
Bilal Hameed 2
2
For
Section A Examiner’s
25 Use
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
2 2012 JUN P42 Q1

1 (a) (i) What is meant by the term enthalpy change of hydration, ?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation that represents the of the Mg2+ ion.
....................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest a reason why of the Mg2+ ion is greater than of the Ca2+ ion.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(iv) Suggest why it is impossible to determine the enthalpy change of hydration of the
oxide ion, O2–.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[5]
(b) The enthalpy change of solution for MgCl 2, (MgCl 2(s)), is represented by the
following equation.
MgCl 2(s) + aq Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)
Describe the simple apparatus you could use, and the measurements you would make,
in order to determine a value for (MgCl 2(s)) in the laboratory.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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For
(c) The table below lists data relevant to the formation of MgCl 2(aq). Examiner’s
Use
enthalpy change value / kJ mol–1
(MgCl 2(s)) –641

(MgCl 2(aq)) –801
lattice energy of MgCl 2(s) –2526
(Mg2+(g)) –1890
By constructing relevant thermochemical cycles, use the above data to calculate a value for
(i) (MgCl 2(s)),
= ....................................... kJ mol–1
(ii) (Cl –(g)).
= ....................................... kJ mol–1
[3]
(d) Describe and explain how the solubility of magnesium sulfate compares to that of barium
sulfate.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 16]

27
Ksp = ............................................... [1]
3 2015 JUN P41 Q4

(b) Using Ag2SO4 as an example, complete the following Hess' Law energy cycle relating the
lattice energy, ,
enthalpy change of solution, , and
enthalpy change of hydration, .
On your diagram:
include the relevant species in the two empty boxes,
label each enthalpy change with its appropriate symbol,
complete the remaining two arrows showing the correct direction of enthalpy change.
..............................
Ag2SO4(s)
..............................
..............................
[4]
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3
4 2015 NOV P41 Q1
(d) (i) What is meant by the term standard enthalpy change of hydration, ?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Use the following data to calculate the lattice energy, , of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2(s).
enthalpy change value
(Ca2+(g)) –1650 kJ mol–1
(NO3–(g)) –314 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of solution for Ca(NO3)2(s) –19 kJ mol–1
Ca(NO3)2(s) = ........................... kJ mol–1 [3]
(e) The standard enthalpy change of hydration for Ba2+, (Ba2+(g)), is –1305 kJ mol–1.
Suggest an explanation for why the of the Ba2+ ion is less exothermic than the of
the Ca2+ ion.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]

2
Section A
29
5 2015 NOV P43 Q1

1 (a) The dissolving of an ionic compound in water is accompanied by an energy change, the
enthalpy change of solution, H sol.
MgCl 2(s) + aq Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)
Describe, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, what happens to the solid ionic lattice
when an ionic compound dissolves in water.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) What is meant by the term enthalpy change of solution, H sol?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use the following data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of hydration, , of
chloride ions, Cl –(g).
enthalpy change value
(Mg2+(g)) –1925 kJ mol–1
lattice energy of MgCl 2(s) –2524 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of solution for MgCl 2(s) –155 kJ mol–1
(Cl –(g)) = ......................... kJ mol–1 [2]
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(iii) The enthalpy change of hydration for Na+, (Na+(g)), is –410 kJ mol–1.
Suggest an explanation for why the of the Na+ ion is less exothermic than the
of the Mg2+ ion.
.............................................................................................................................................
2 For
............................................................................................................................................. Examiner’s
ENERGETICS A2 WS 1
Answer all the questions.
Use
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
16 The table below shows the enthalpy changes needed to calculate the lattice enthalpy of
(c) Describe
calcium and explain
chloride, CaCl 2. how the solubility of the Group II sulfates varies down the group.
....................................................................................................................................................
process enthalpy change / kJ mol–1
....................................................................................................................................................
first ionisation energy
+590
....................................................................................................................................................
of calcium
second ionisation energy
....................................................................................................................................................
+1150
of calcium
....................................................................................................................................................
electron affinity of
–348
chlorine
....................................................................................................................................................
enthalpy change of formation
–796
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
for calcium chloride
enthalpy change of [Total: 11]
+178
atomisation for calcium
enthalpy change of
+122
atomisation for chlorine
(a) The Born-Haber cycle below can be used to calculate the lattice enthalpy for calcium
chloride.
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl (g) + 2e–
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1
∆H = ……………… kJ mol–1
Ca2+(g) + Cl2(g) + 2e–
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1 Ca2+(g) + 2Cl –(g)

Ca+(g) + Cl2(g) + e–
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1
Ca(g) + Cl2(g)
lattice enthalpy of
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1 calcium chloride
Ca(s) + Cl2(g)
!H = ………………
Energetics 2 kJ mol–1 Bilal Hameed
CaCl2(s)
+122
atomisation for chlorine
(a) The Born-Haber cycle below can be 31

used to calculate the lattice enthalpy for calcium
chloride.
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl (g) + 2e–
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1
∆H = ……………… kJ mol–1
Ca2+(g) + Cl2(g) + 2e–
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1 Ca2+(g) + 2Cl –(g)

Ca+(g) + Cl2(g) + e–
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1
Ca(g) + Cl2(g)
lattice enthalpy of
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1 calcium chloride
Ca(s) + Cl2(g)
!H = ……………… kJ mol–1
CaCl2(s)
2815/01 Jan05
Bilal Hameed ENERGETICS A2 WS 1

32
3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(i) Use the table of enthalpy changes to complete the Born-Haber cycle by putting in
the correct numerical values on the appropriate dotted line. [3]
(ii) Use the Born-Haber cycle to calculate the lattice enthalpy of calcium chloride.
answer ........................... kJ mol–1 [2]

(iii) Describe how, and explain why, the lattice enthalpy of magnesium fluoride differs
from that of calcium chloride.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(b) Explain why the first ionisation energy of calcium is less positive than the second
ionisation energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
2815/01 Jan05 [Turn over
Bilal Hameed 2
Energetics ENERGETICS
Bilal A2 WS 1
Hameed
...................................................................................................................................
33
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
4 [2]For
7 2002 NOV Q2 [3] Examiner’s
Use
2 2
Q2 (a) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of sodium oxide, Na2O.
[Total: 12]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The Born-Haber cycle shown may be used to calculate the lattice energy of sodium
oxide.
2Na+(g) + O2–(g)
2
2Na (g) + B
+
∆Hat(oxygen)
2Na+(g) + 1/2O2(g)
3
1
A + /2O2(g)
1
2∆Hat(Na)
2Na(s) + 1/2O2(g)
4
Na2O(s)
(i) In the spaces below, identify the species A and B in the cycle, including the
appropriate state symbols.
species A ................................... species B ...................................
(ii) Identify the enthalpy changes labelled by the numbers 1 to 4 in the cycle.
1 ................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................
4 ................................................................................................................................
[3]
Bilal Hameed 1
9701/4 O/N/02

34
5 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) Use your cycle, the following data, and further data from the Data Booklet to calculate a
value for the lattice energy of sodium oxide.
Data: enthalpy change of atomisation for Na(s) +107 kJ mol–1

first electron affinity of oxygen –141 kJ mol–1
second electron affinity of oxygen +798 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of Na2O(s) –414 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation for oxygen = half the bond energy for O2.
[3]
(d) (i) How would you expect the magnitude of lattice energy of magnesium oxide to
compare with that of sodium oxide? Explain your reasoning.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) State a use of magnesium oxide, and explain how the use relates to your answer in
part (d) (i).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 11]
3
Q3 (c) (i) Use the following data and data from the Data Booklet to construct a Born-Haber For
cycle and calculate the lattice energy of BaS. Examiner’s
Use
standard enthalpy change of formation of BaS(s) –460 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ba(s) +180 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of S(s) +279 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of the sulfur atom –200 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of the S– ion +640 kJ mol–1

[3]
9701/4 O/N/02 [Turn over
Bilal
Bilal Hameed 2
Energetics
Hameed ENERGETICS
Bilal2A2 WS 1
Hameed
(c) Suggest two properties of its atoms that could explain why magnesium is less dense
than iron.
35
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
8 2004 JUN Q1
Q4 One of the reasons the melting point of magnesium chloride is quite high is because it has a
3
fairly high lattice energy.
(d) (i) Explain the term lattice energy.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write a balanced equation including state symbols to represent the lattice energy
of magnesium chloride.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]
(e) Suggest, with an explanation in each case, how the lattice energy of magnesium
chloride might compare with that of
(i) sodium chloride, NaCl,
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) calcium chloride, CaCl2.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]
3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(f) 2004
© UCLES Use the following data to calculate a9701/04/M/J/04
value for the lattice energy of sodium chloride.
∆Hf (NaCl) = – 411 kJ mol–1

∆Hat (Na) = 107 kJ mol–1
∆Hat (Cl) = 122 kJ mol–1
first ionisation energy of Na = 494 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of Cl = – 349 kJ mol–1
lattice energy of NaCl = ........................................ kJ mol–1 [3]
[Total: 15]
Bilal Hameed 3
2
36
Section A For
Examiner’s
Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Use
9 2011 JUN P41 Q1
Q7 1 Taken together, nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the air. Oxygen is by far the more
reactive of the two gases, and most of the substances that react with air combine with the
oxygen rather than with the nitrogen.
(a) State one reason why the molecule of nitrogen, N2, is so unreactive.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
Despite the apparent lack of reactivity of N2, nitrogen atoms have been found to form bonds
with almost all of the elements in the Periodic Table. Lithium metal reacts with nitrogen gas
at room temperature to give lithium nitride, Li3N. Magnesium produces magnesium nitride,
Mg3N2, as well as magnesium oxide, when heated in air.
(b) Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium nitride using the following data, in addition to
relevant data from the Data Booklet.
enthalpy change value/kJ mol–1

atomisation of Mg(s) +148
total of electron affinities for
+2148
the change N(g) N3–(g)
enthalpy of formation of
–461
Mg3N2(s)
lattice energy = ...........................kJ mol–1 [3]
© UCLES 2011 9701/41/M/J/11
Bilal Hameed 6

2
For
Section A
37 Examiner’s
Use
10 2012 JUN P41 Q1

1 (a) (i) What is meant by the term lattice energy?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of MgO.
....................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) The apparatus shown in the diagram can be used to measure the enthalpy change of
formation of magnesium oxide, (MgO).
to suction pump
stirrer
copper spiral
water
magnesium ribbon
oxygen gas small electric heater

(to ignite magnesium)
List the measurements you would need to make using this apparatus in order to calculate
(MgO).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2012 9701/41/M/J/12

38
3
For
(c) Use the following data, together with appropriate data from the Data Booklet, to calculate Examiner’s
a value of (MgO). Use
lattice energy of MgO(s) = –3791 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of Mg = +148 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of the oxygen atom = –141 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of the oxygen anion, O– = +798 kJ mol–1
(MgO) = .......................... kJ mol–1

[3]
3 For
(d) Write equations, including state symbols, for the reactions, if any, of the following two Examiner’s
oxides with water. Suggest values for the pH of the resulting solutions. Use
(c) (i) Write a chemical equation representing the lattice energy of AgBr.
pH of resulting
oxide equation
solution
..................................................................................................................................
Na2O For
2
Examiner’s
(ii) Use
MgOthe following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s). Use
Section A
first ionisation energy of silver = +731 kJ mol–1
[3]
Answer
electron affinity all questions in 3
of bromine the spaces
= –325provided.
kJ mol–1 For
enthalpy
11 2005 NOV change
Q1 of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol–1 [Total: 12] Examiner’s
1 4Zinc (c)
chloride is oneachange
of the most important compounds of zinc. ItkJ
is mol
used
–1 in dry cell batteries, Use
enthalpy
(i) Write chemicalof equation
atomisation of bromine
representing the = +112
lattice energy of AgBr.
as a flux for soldering
enthalpy changeandoftinning, as of
formation a AgBr(s)
corrosion inhibitor
= –100inkJcooling
mol–1 towers and in the
manufacture of rayon.
(a) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show how you could use a standard hydrogen electrode
..................................................................................................................................
to measure the standard electrode potential, E o, of zinc.
(ii) Use the following data to calculate a value for the lattice energy of AgBr(s).
first ionisation energy of silver = +731 kJ mol–1
electron affinity of bromine = –325 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of silver = +285 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine = +112 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of AgBr(s) = –100 kJ mol–1
© UCLES 2012 9701/43/M/J/12 [6] over

[Turn
(b) The electrolysis of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on the
..................................................................................................................................
conditions used.
Suggest
(iii) How
Energetics themight
2 productsthe formed at eachofelectrode
lattice energy AgCl compare in the following
to that cases.
of AgBr? OneExplain
space has
your
Bilal Hameed
been filled
answer.in for you.
..................................................................................................................................
compare with that of sodium oxide? Explain your reasoning.
...................................................................................................................................
[6]
39
...................................................................................................................................
(b) The electrolysis of zinc chloride can give different electrode products, depending on the
..................................................................................................................................
conditions used.
...................................................................................................................................
Suggest
(iii) How themight
products the formed at eachofelectrode
lattice energy AgCl compare in the following
to that cases.of AgBr? OneExplain
space has your
been filled
answer. in for you.
(ii) State a use of magnesium oxide, and explain how the use relates to your answer in
part (d) (i).
..................................................................................................................................
conditions product at anode product at cathode
...................................................................................................................................
ZnC!2(l) ..................................................................................................................................
chlorine
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
ZnC!2(concentrated aqueous) [4]
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
ZnC!2(dilute aqueous)
(iii) Howa might theion lattice energy of [Total: 11] your
In photography bromide absorbs 3 AgCland
a photon compare
releases to anthat of AgBr?
electron which Explain
reduces [3]a
12 2009 NOV answer. P42 Q1
silver ion to a silver atom.
Q3 Q5(c) (i) Use the following data and data from the Data Booklet to construct a Born-Haber
(c) Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to construct a For
..................................................................................................................................
cycle and
Born-Haber calculate
cycle the latticeaenergy
and calculate value of→
Br –for BaS.
the Br –
+ eenergy
lattice of zinc chloride. Examiner’s
Use
..................................................................................................................................
standard enthalpy change of
+ + e–
Agformation
standard enthalpy change of formation of ZnC!2
→ Ag
of BaS(s) –460 kJ mol–1–1
–415 kJ mol
..................................................................................................................................
–1
standard
(d) Predict whether
standard enthalpy
it would
enthalpy changerequire
change ofofatomisation
more energy
atomisation ofofBa(s) less energy
orZn(s) +180
+131kJ mol
tokJinitiate
mol–1 this process[4]in
a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer. –1–1
standard
electron enthalpy
affinity change
per mole of atomisation
of chlorine of S(s)
atoms +279
–349kJkJ molmol
In photography a bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases an electron which reduces a
..........................................................................................................................................
silver ion to aaffinity
electron silver atom.
of the sulfur atom –200 kJ mol–1
Br – → Br + e– +640 kJ mol–1
..........................................................................................................................................
electron affinity of the S– ion
[3]
Ag + e– → Ag
+ O/N/02 [Turn over
....................................................................................................................................
9701/4
[1]
Bilal Hameed [Total: 14]

(d) Predict whether it would require more energy or less energy to initiate this2process in
© UCLES 2005 a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion.
9701/04/O/N/05 Explain your answer. [Turn over
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
lattice energy = ............................................... kJ mol–1 [3]
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2007 9701/04/M/J/07 [Total: 14]
Bilal Hameed
© UCLES 2005 4 [Turn over
9701/04/O/N/05
Ans: …………………………….
lattice energy = ............................. kJ mol–1
(ii) Explain whether the magnitude of the lattice energy of BaS is likely to be greater or
less than that of BaO.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 11]
ZnC!2(l) ..................................................................................................................................
chlorine
..................................................................................................................................
ZnC!2(concentrated aqueous)
..................................................................................................................................
40 [4]
ZnC!2(dilute aqueous)
(iii) Howa might
In photography bromide theion lattice
absorbsenergy of AgCl
a photon and compare
releases to anthatelectron
of AgBr? which Explain
reduces youra
[3]
answer.
13silver
2007
ion JUN Q1 atom.
to a silver
Q5
(c) Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to construct a
..................................................................................................................................
Born-Haber cycle and calculate a value Br –for→ the Br –
+ eenergy
lattice of zinc chloride.
..................................................................................................................................
Ag + e → Ag + –
standard enthalpy change of formation of ZnC!2 –415 kJ mol–1
..................................................................................................................................
(d) Predict whether
standard it would
enthalpy require
change of more energyoforZn(s)
atomisation less energy +131tokJinitiate
mol–1 this process[4]in
a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion. Explain your answer. –1
electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol
In photography a bromide ion absorbs a photon and releases an electron which reduces a
..........................................................................................................................................
silver ion to a silver atom.
Br – → Br + e–
..........................................................................................................................................
Ag+ + e– → Ag
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
(d) Predict whether it would require more energy or less energy to initiate this process in
© UCLES 2005 a AgCl emulsion, compared to a AgBr emulsion.
9701/04/O/N/05 Explain your answer. [Turn over
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
lattice energy = ............................................... kJ mol–1 [3]
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2007 9701/04/M/J/07 [Total: 14]
Bilal Hameed
© UCLES 2005 4 [Turn over
9701/04/O/N/05

41
6
14 2009 NOV P41 Q2
Q6 2 Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is an important industrial chemical used in refrigeration plants, for For
de-icing roads and for giving greater strength to concrete. Examiner’s
Use
(a) Show by means of an equation what is meant by the lattice energy of calcium chloride.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Suggest, with an explanation, how the lattice energies of the following salts might
compare in magnitude with that of calcium chloride.
(i) calcium fluoride, CaF2
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) calcium sulfide, CaS
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Use the following data, together with additional data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
the lattice energy of CaCl2.
standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl2 –796 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy change of atomisation of Ca(s) +178 kJ mol–1
electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol–1
enthalpy
Ca(s) + Cl 2(g)
lattice energy = ............................................ kJ mol–1 [3]
Bilal Hameed 5
© UCLES 2009 9701/41/O/N/09
42
6
15 2014 JUN P42 Q2
(d) (i) Write an equation to represent the lattice energy of PbCl 2. Show state symbols.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Use the following data, together with appropriate data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
a value for the lattice energy of PbCl 2.
electron affinity of chlorine = –349 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change of atomisation of lead = +195 kJ mol–1
enthalpy change of formation of PbCl 2(s) = –359 kJ mol–1
lattice energy = ............................. kJ mol–1
(iii) How might the lattice energy of PbCl 2 compare to that of PbBr2? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[6]
[Total: 20]

© UCLES 2014 9701/42/M/J/14
43
3
16 2014 NOV P43 Q1
(ii) Use the following data, together with relevant data from the Data Booklet, to calculate
a value for the lattice energy of strontium chloride. You may find it helpful to construct a
Born-Haber cycle.
electron affinity per mole of chlorine atoms –349 kJ mol–1

standard enthalpy of atomisation of Sr(s) +164 kJ mol–1
standard enthalpy of formation of SrCl 2(s) –830 kJ mol–1
lattice energy = .................. kJ mol–1

[5]
(c) Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2, can also be used to produce a red colour in fireworks.
(i) Strontium nitrate can easily be prepared from strontium carbonate, SrCO3.
Suggest an equation for this preparation of strontium nitrate.
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when strontium nitrate is heated.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Describe and explain the trend in the thermal stabilities of the nitrates of the Group II elements.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 14]
44

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1

standard enthalpy change of formation of CaCl 2(s), –796 kJ mol–1

= ............................... kJ mol–1 [3]

(b) Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system.

Bilal Hameed Energetics 1

K2Cr2O7 + 4KCl + 3H2SO4 2CrO2Cl 2 + 3K2SO4 + 3H2O

Hr = ............................ kJ mol–1 [2]

© UCLES 2016 9701/41/M/J/16

Energetics 1 Bilal Hameed

(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of NaN3.

Use the following key for the electrons.

electrons from central nitrogen atom

(i) Explain what is meant by the term lattice energy.

(ii) Explain why lattice energy represents an exothermic change.

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/O/N/16

Bilal Hameed Energetics 1

lattice energy, , of NaN3(s) –732 kJ mol–1

of NaN3(s) = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

(iv) The lattice energy, , of RbN3(s) is – 636 kJ mol–1.

© UCLES 2016 9701/42/O/N/16 [Turn over

Energetics 1 Bilal Hameed

always always either positive

enthalpy change of atomisation

(b) The Born-Haber cycle for magnesium chloride is shown.

Mg2+(g) + 2Cl (g) + 2e–

(i) Explain why H4 is greater than H3.

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/F/M/17

Bilal Hameed Energetics 1

(c) Chlorine is in Group 17.

substance S o / J K–1 mol–1

G o = .............................. units ..............................

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/F/M/17 [Turn over

Energetics 1 Bilal Hameed

energy change value / kJ mol–1

= .............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/M/J/17 [Turn over

Bilal Hameed Energetics 1

6 2017 NOV P42 Q5

2MgCl (s) Mg(s) + MgCl 2(s)

MgCl (s) = –106 kJ mol–1

enthalpy change = ............................. kJ mol–1 [1]

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/O/N/17 [Turn over

Energetics 1 Bilal Hameed

Mg+(g) + Cl –(g) MgCl (s)

l (g) = –349 kJ mol–1

lattice energy MgCl = ............................. kJ mol–1 [3]

MgCl 2 and MgCl .................................................................................................................

NaCl and MgCl ....................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2017 9701/42/O/N/17

Bilal Hameed Energetics 1

NaNa2S(s) is more Na 2S(s) is the Na

Energetics 1 Bilal Hameed

Construct an equation for the reaction of Ca3N2 with water.

© UCLES 2018 9701/42/O/N/18

Bilal Hameed Energetics 1

9 2019 MAR P42 Q2

(OH–(g)) = .............................. kJ mol–1

© UCLES 2019 9701/42/F/M/19 [Turn over

Energetics 1 Bilal Hameed

always always either negative

enthalpy change of formation

(b) Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy change of atomisation.

This happens via a two-step process.

= .............................. kJ mol–1 [3]