Name: Manahil Shahwar

Seat# P20241008
M.Sc (final year)
Course: 650-Advance pathophysiology

Mechanism of Angiogenesis
The process initiates to fulfill the requirements if oxygen and nutrients supply to the
targeted tissues. Vascular angiogenesis occurs from preexisting blood vessels. The
steps involved are as follows:
1. As a result of stimulus such as release of Nitric oxide and/or vasodilation,
pericytes (outermost layer of vessel membrane) detach from the surface.
2. This detachment results in the exposure of basement membrane. At this point
VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) secreted by macrophages and
this then VEGF diffuses through exposed basement membrane.
3. VEGF then binds to its receptors on Endothelial cells, which activates “Tip
cell” (one of the Endothelial cells).
4. Activation of tip cell results in the release of certain chemicals that cause
degradation of basement membrane.
5. Now these tip cells start migrating towards the site of injury, causes extension
if blood vessel tube, that is “Vessel Sprout” formation.
6. Behind the protruded tip cells, Endothelial cells starts proliferation by the
action of VEGF-A and FGF-2.
7. Remodeling of immature capillary tube occurs at this point by Angiopoietin-
1 and Angiopoietin-2.
8. Now it is the Fusion step, in which two immature capillary tubes start fusing
into each other.
9. The last step is of maturation. Basement membrane deposits over these
capillaries by the action of PDGF and TGF. Above that, pericytes reform and
the blood vessels are matured now.

Cyclic Mechanism of Angiogenesis