Name: Walija

Father Name: Muhammad Jameel Khan

Seat no: H1823098
ANGIOGENESIS
Angiogenesis is the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-
existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis continues the
growth of the vasculature by processes of sprouting and splitting. Vasculogenesis is the
embryonic formation of endothelial cells from mesoderm cell precursors, and from
neovascularization. The development of blood vessels is essential for organ growth in the
embryo and repair of wounded tissue in the adult. However, an imbalance in this process
contributes to the pathogenesis of a number of disorders including cancer that is now recognized
as the result of not only uncontrolled malignant cell proliferation but also uncontrolled vessel
growth.

MECHANISM AND STAGES OF ANGIOGENESIS

Angiogenesis is a complex multistep process which results in stimulation, proliferation and
migration of endothelial cells (ECs). Vessel formation and growth are highly orchestrated
processes involving numerous growth factors, chemokines, proteases, and inflammatory cells
that play different roles in promoting and refining .

Angiogenesis consists of three stages:

1. Vasodilation, Endothelial Permeability and Periendothelial Support:
The selection of "tip cells" to begin angiogenic expanding. The “tip cells” are EC
found inside blood capillaries and react specifically to the angiogenic factor VEGF-A. The
VEGF-A empowers the cells for invasion and migration. The interactions between VEGF-A and
ECs activate the expression of transmembrane ligands called delta like ligands (DLL4) and their
heterodimeric notch family receptor proteins13which control the selection of the “tip cells”.

2. Endothelial cell Proliferation and migration:

The second stage is mediated by interaction of VEGF-A and vascular endothelial growth factor
receptor 2 (VEGFR- which consists of migration, proliferation of EC and tube formation.

3. Maturation of blood vessels:

The last stage is the maturation of newly formed vessels, inhibition of endothelial proliferation,
migration of new capillaries and fusion of the newly formed vessels with others, in addition,
pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells also have an impact on this ligation.
.

Intussusceptive Angiogenesis
intussusceptive angiogenesis involves formation of blood vessels by a splitting process in which
elements of interstitial tissues invade existing vessels, forming transvascular tissue pillars that
expand. Both types of angiogenesis are thought to occur in virtually all tissues and organs