MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204

Nationalism and Natives Response

Lesson 1: Nationalism and the Natives Response

Intended Learning Outcome: At the end of this lesson you are expected to
· Define the Nationalism and the Natives Response
· Identify the Elements of Nationalism
· Identify how Nationalism can unite or divide a nation
· Determine the effect of Nationalism

Nationalism is the belief that people should be

loyal to a nation with common similarities such
as culture and history.Nationalism is an
ideology which has encompassed a wide and
diverse range of political viewpoints. Moreover,
these are viewpoints which have overlapped
nearly each of the other main ideological
traditions, so, despite this breadth, some key
aspects remain which can be seen to be fundamental to all forms of nationalistic politics.This chapter
will focus on Nationalism and Native’s response.

ENGAGE
THE HISTORY OF NATIONALISM

Nationalism didn't arise until the 17th century. Before that, people focused on their local town,
kingdom, or even religion. The nation-state began in 1658 with the Treaty of Westphalia. It ended the
30 Years' War between the Holy Roman Empire and various German groups.

Industrialization and capitalism strengthened the need for a

self-governing nation to protect business rights, and
merchants partnered with national governments to help
them beat foreign competitors.
The government supported this mercantilism because the
merchants paid them in gold. The steam-powered printing
press helped enable nations to promote unity within and
prejudice against outsiders.
In the late 18th century, the American and French
revolutions formalized large nations that were free of a monarchy. They ruled by democracy and
endorsed capitalism. In 1871, Otto von Bismarck created the nation of Germany from different tribes.
By the 20th century, the North American and European continents were governed by sovereign
nations.

THE MODERN NATURE OF NATIONALISM

Throughout history people have been attached to their native soil, to the traditions of their parents,
and to established territorial authorities, but it was not until the end of the 18th century that
nationalism began to be a generally recognized sentiment molding public and private life and one of
the great, if not the greatest, single determining factors of modern history. Because of its dynamic
vitality and its all-pervading character, nationalism is often thought to be very old; sometimes it is
mistakenly regarded as a permanent factor in political behaviour.

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

IDENTIFICATION OF STATE AND PEOPLE

Nationalism, translated into world politics, implies the identification of the state or nation with the
people or at least the desirability of determining the extent of the state according to ethnographic
principles. In the age of nationalism, the principle was generally recognized that each nationality
should form a state its state and that the state should include all members of that nationality. Formerly
states, or territories under one administration, were not delineated by nationality. People did not give
their loyalty to the nation-state but to other, different forms of political organization.
It was only at the end of the 18th century that, for the first time, civilization was considered to be
determined by nationality. It was then that the principle was put forward that people could be
educated only in their own mother tongue, not in languages of other civilizations and other times,
whether they were classical languages or the literary creations of other peoples who had reached a
high degree of civilization.

CULTURAL NATIONALISM
From the end of the 18th century on, the nationalization of education and public life went hand in
hand with the nationalization of states and political loyalties. Poets and scholars began to emphasize
cultural nationalism first. They reformed the mother tongue, elevated it to the rank of a literary
language, and delved deep into the national past. Thus, they prepared the foundations for the political
claims for national statehood soon to be raised by
the people in whom they had kindled the spirit.
Before the 18th century there had been evidences
of national feeling among certain groups at certain
periods, especially in times of stress and conflict.
The rise of national feeling to major political
importance was encouraged by a number of
complex developments. This large unified
territorial state, with its political and economic
centralization, became imbued in the 18th century with a new spirit—an emotional fervour similar to
that of religious movements in earlier periods. Under the influence of the new theories of the
sovereignty of the people and of individual rights, the people replaced the king as the centre of the
nation. No longer was the king the nation or the state; the state had become the people’s state, a
national state, a fatherland, or a motherland. State became identified with nation, as civilization
became identified with national civilization.

NATIONAL ADHERANCE

Another common trend among nationalists of all types is

the belief that the world is divided into a series of
different nations, each one possessing its own unique
character and identity. Furthermore, nationalists tend to
view the adherence which people have towards their
nation as one which has extreme significance, and which
stands above their adherence to any other collective entity.
Whereas other types of adherence, such as class, sex,
religion or language, has been significant in some places
at certain times, it is claimed that the adherence towards our nation has deeper roots. This adherence
has survived over time and is found in all parts of the world.

NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND SELF DETERMINATION

An important step in the development of nationalism as a political ideology occurred when the idea of
a national community merged with the idea of the people’s sovereignty. It is claimed that this
occurred during the French Revolution and took inspiration from the writings of the philosopher, Jean
Jacques Rousseau (1712-78). In his work, Rousseau did not refer directly to the concept of nation, nor
to nationalism; however, it’s assumed that his emphasis on the principle of sovereignty offered the
basis to an important ideological development with regard to nationalism. Rousseau argued that

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

sovereignty (that is, the ultimate political power) should not lie in the hands of an all-powerful king,
which was usual across extensive parts of Europe at the time, but rather in the hands of community of
people united by a common culture.

The process of governing should then be based on the common will of this community, which
Rousseau referred to as ‘the general will’. During the
French Resolution, these arguments gained traction
with the revolutionaries claiming that the people of
France were all ‘citizens’ who possessed basic rights,
rather than ‘subjects’, and that consequently,
sovereignty should lie in their hands, the members of
the nation. As a result, the French Revolution gave
rise to the idea that rational governing arrangements
should try to ensure that people organized as a nation
should be able to govern themselves.

Nationalism Since the Great Recession

In the 21st century, nationalism returned after the Great Recession.

In 2014, India elected Hindu nationalist Narendra Modi. In 2015, Vladimir Putin rallied Russians to
invade Ukraine to "save" ethnic Russians. In 2016, the United Kingdom voted in favor of Brexit, the
British exit from the EU.
In 2016, the United States elected populist Donald Trump to the presidency. In 2018, President Trump
declared at a Texas rally that he was a nationalist, though many felt that was already evident from his
protectionist policies. He and his former adviser Steve Bannon had often advocated for economic
nationalism.

FOUR TYPES OF NATIONALISM

1. Hegemony Nationalism

2. Particularistic Nationalism

3. Marginal Nationalism

4. Nationalism of Minorities

Nationalists demand to be independent of other countries. They don't join global organizations or
collaborate with other countries on joint efforts. If the people are part of another nation, then they will
want freedom and their own state.Nationalists work toward a self-governing state. Their government
controls aspects of the economy to promote the nation’s self-interest.Nationalism sets policies that
strengthen the domestic entities that own the four factors of production.
These four factors are:
l Capital goods
l Entrepreneurship
l Natural resources
l Labor

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

Nationalists also don’t care whether the government or private businesses own the factors, as long as
they make the nation stronger.Nationalist trade policy is based on protectionism. It subsidizes
domestic industries that are deemed of national interest. It also includes tariffs and quotas on foreign
imports. If it escalates to a trade war, it reduces international trade for all parties.For example, the
Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930 reduced global trade by 65% and worsened the Great Depression

Perspectives of Nationalism

There are two perspectives about nationalism's genesis: primordialist and modernist:

l primordialist - This suggests that nationalism is the result of humans' evolutionary

tendency to gather and unite in groups. Pierre van den Berghe is a primary proponent of the
primordialist perspective.
l modernist - This suggests that nationalism is very new, and its existence requires
contemporary societal and cultural constructs. Henry Maine, Max Weber, and Ferdinand
Tonnies are some of the prominent modernist theorists. The first usage of the word
"nationalism" is attributed to Johann Gottfried Herder in the late 1700s.
Nationalism Studies and Indigenous Nationalism
Indigenous peoples have found the nationalist language of peoples’ inherent right to self-
determination helpful in articulating their political demands. In summary, Alfred’s and Keating’s
works both enable partial understandings of indigenous nationalism. Alfred’s model offers the
insights that indigenous nationalism emerges in response to settler-colonialism, combining aspects of
modern nationalism with revitalized indigenous traditions. Keating’s concept of post-sovereignty
highlights the key role of the international legal-normative context in influencing the success or
failure of indigenous peoples’ efforts at political self-assertion.
The nationalism of indigenous peoples shares conventional nationalisms’ principle of nations’ right to
self-determination, but differs fundamentally on what this entails. Indigenous nationalism is not
premised on establishing new nation-states, or on capturing existing ones, but on renegotiating
indigenous–settler-state relations to gain acceptance for indigenous customary practices as the basis
for self-governance.
Alfred’s (1995: 183–184) model captures this unique trait of indigenous nationalism by emphasizing
how it consists of reconstructed indigenous traditions, myths and social institutions as the fabric of
nationhood. However, Alfred’s model is insufficient on its own, as it cannot account for why recent
indigenous nationalist projects have succeeded in questioning the legitimacy of settler-states, where
prior efforts at indigenous political self-assertion failed. Keating’s (2001: 27) concept of post-
sovereignty addresses this limitation in Alfred’s model by highlighting how the absence or existence
of relevant supranational norms and laws has a decisive influence on the fortunes of indigenous
political self-assertion.

Alfred’s model remains indispensable for its ability to capture the dialectic process of indigenous
nationalism’s emergence in response to settler-colonialism, and its unique nature. By integrating
Alfred’s and Keating’s models into a combined conceptual framework, this article enables perceiving
indigenous nationalism as a global emergent phenomenon that will form an integral part of
nationalism’s futures. It highlights both how indigenous nationalism emerges in direct response to
settler-colonialism, taking a unique expression by combining traits of modern nationalism with
traditional indigenous practices, and how it becomes a viable political project only once post-

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

sovereign supranational laws and norms affirming minority rights come into existence, increasing the
leverage of non-titular nationalities, setting indigenous–settler-state relations on a trajectory towards a
plurinational configuration of mutual accommodation.

Imagined Communities, by Benedict Anderson

In Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson explores the phenomenon of nationalism. His core
insight is that the concept of “the nation” has no basis in empirical reality, but is instead a purely
political innovation that constructs a shared identity binding strangers from different communities
together—usually on the basis of a shared language, history, culture, religion, or ethnicity. Thus,
although a nation may consist of tens of millions of people—nearly all of whom will never personally
know or even meet one another—nationalism allows each individual to think of themselves as a
member of a singular community with a shared identity.

The Emotional Power of Nationalism

Anderson observes that today, the national polity exercising full sovereignty over a well-defined and
contiguous piece of land with clear boundaries is the universal political model. Nearly all of the
planet’s territory is claimed by one nation or another and nationality, the status of belonging to a
nation, is something that nearly all persons are assumed to have.
Membership in a national community has become so central to our political thinking that some
commentators have argued that nationality itself is the wellspring from which all other political, legal,
and human rights flow.

Native Americans and colonization

the 16th and 17th centuries from a Native American perspective, the initial intentions of Europeans
were not always immediately clear. Some Indian communities were approached with respect and in
turn greeted the odd-looking visitors as guests. For many indigenous nations, however, the first
impressions of Europeans were characterized by violent acts including raiding, murder, rape, and
kidnapping. Perhaps the only broad generalization possible for the cross-cultural interactions of this
time and place is that every group whether indigenous or colonizer, elite or common, female or male,
elder or child responded based on their past experiences, their cultural expectations, and their
immediate circumstances..
NATIVE NATIONALIST

Indigenism, native nationalism, or indigenous nationalism is a kind of ethnic nationalism emphasizing

the group's indigeneity to their homeland. This may be embraced by post-colonial anarchism as well

as in national mysticism building on historical or pseudohistorical claims of ethnic continuity.

NATIVE GROUP The

label ‘First Nations’ has two components: First and Nation. Having addressed some of the

consequences of categorizing Native groups as distinct nations it is important to consider the

implications of the term ‘First’. At the outset it highlights the indigenous aspect of their wishes and

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

requirements which differ significantly from that of migrant minorities (Kymlicka 2001). Native

minorities have a historical claim to the land and their connection to it, whereas migrant minorities

have no such claim and must base their sense of nationalism on their current situation. ‘First’ also has

the effect of reminding Canada, the dominant nation, that history did not begin with European

settlement and that they are quite simply, not the original occupiers of the land (Dyck 1989).

The self-identification of American Indians as ‘First Nations’ seeks to use the category ‘nation’ to

advance native politics. However nations are conceptualized as occupying distinct and united

territories which American Indians do not do (Kymlicka 2001). They tend to be scattered across much

of Canada in isolated groups (Little Bear et al 1984; Dyck 1989) and rarely form the majority in any

region. This may cause difficulties when using the concept of nation as the basis for self-governance.

EXPLORE
Utilizing the category ‘nation’ has the potential to redistribute power more evenly away from large

nations towards minority groups such as Native American Indians; however it only acts to reinforce

the concept further (Penrose 1994). The ideologies behind nationalism and colonialism are

responsible for much of the mistreatment indigenous people have suffered and are part of the problem

which ‘First Nations’ are responding to. Therefore using ‘nation’ only strengthens the notion that it is

an immutable category; thus the root of the problem is not dealt with and political systems will

continue to be dependent on this social construct.

Nations tend to try to homogenize those within its boundaries according to the ideology of

nationalism. First Nations are reacting to this process with their claims for self-governance and

cultural recognition that aim to exclude them from assimilation. However by suggesting that they are

their own nation, they risk homogenizing their own people. For instance the phrase ‘First Nations’

merges together all indigenous populations and fails to differentiate between them, despite the fact

that there are many different indigenous groups with differing cultures and traditions (Rike-Heke

1997).

Nationalism is an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-

state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests.Nationalism holds

that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation

is a natural and ideal basis for a polity and that the nation is the only rightful source of political

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

power.Nationalism, therefore, seeks to preserve and foster a nation's traditional culture.Nationalism is

an ideology by people who believe their nation is superior to all others. This sense of superiority often

has its roots in a shared ethnicity. In other situations, nationalism is built around a shared language,

religion, culture, or set of social values. The nation emphasizes shared symbols, folklore, and

mythology. Shared music, literature, and sports may further strengthen nationalism.

Consequently, any attempt to define a nation must consider a combination of objective

features, such as a common language, culture or traditions, with the subjective feelings of the nation’s
members. Ultimately, as argued by the French philosopher and historian, Ernest Renan (1823-1892),
what defines a nation (and distinguishes it from other social groups) is the fact that a specific
concentration of people wish to identify themselves as a nation and commit to collaborating in order
to ensure that others provide formal recognition of that. Usually, this call for recognition places
emphasis on the aspirations of the members to gain recognition as a unique political community, and
as a result, to attain a level of political autonomy. This autonomy can be secured by establishing an
independent state, or through a more limited federate or confederate arrangement.

The fact that nations can be identified on the basis of a combination of objective and
subjective factors has led some scholars to analyse the way in which different national movements
have chosen to define their particular nation, along with the conditions which have to be met in order
to claim membership of the nation. This has led to the division between ethnic nationalism (or ethno-
cultural) and civic nationalism which has claimed a central place in the academic literature on
nationalism. These categories are discussed in more detail in Section 5 ‘Nationalism and the civic-
ethnic divide’

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

APPLY
Lesson 2 Task 1 “I am Smarticus”

This activity aims to let student have a further knowledge bordering on Nationalism and
Natives Response. It helps student understood Nationalism and natives response
Answer each of the question briefly and concisely. Write your answer on the space provided.

How do we generally define the term

"Nation"?

What do we mean by the term "self-

determination"?

Is Nationalism constructive or
deconstructive? Why?

How is nationalism related to nation?

What is nationalism? What impact can it

have?

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

ASSESS

Lesson 2: Task 2 AMAZING FUN!

Help the native american get to his topee

©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

Lesson 2: Task 3
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RESULT OF NATIONALISM
POSITIVE RESULT NEGATIVE RESULT

Lesson 2: Task 4 "I AM CREATIVE!"

Make a caricature or draw about the characteristic of native citizen here in the Philippines. Tell
something about it.

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©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN
 MODULE in PROF ED 8/SSE 204
Nationalism and Natives Response

Group Members:
1. Castro, Glenda S.
2. Chavez, Ken Bryan R.
3. Concepcion, Honey Kate V.
4. Galapin , Allen Joy

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©2021 GLENDA S. CASTRO, KEN BRYAN R. CHAVEZ, HONEY KATE V. CONCEPCION, ALLEN JOY GALAPIN