Industrial Electronics

Speed control of AC motors

 Motor
• An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which converts electrical
energy into a mechanical energy.
 Motor
• An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which converts electrical
energy into a mechanical energy.

• In case of three phase AC operation, most widely used motor is Three phase
induction motor.
 Induction Motor
• One of the most common electrical motor used in most applications which is
known as induction motor.
 Induction Motor
• One of the most common electrical motor used in most applications which is
known as induction motor.
• This motor is also called as asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less
than its synchronous speed.
 Induction Motor
• One of the most common electrical motor used in most applications which is
known as induction motor.
• This motor is also called as asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less
than its synchronous speed.
• Synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of the magnetic field in a rotary
machine and it depends upon the frequency and number poles of the machine.
 Induction Motor
• An induction motor always runs at a speed less than synchronous speed because
the rotating magnetic field which is produced in the stator will generate flux in the
rotor which will make the rotor to rotate, but due to the lagging of flux current in
the rotor with flux current in the stator, the rotor will never reach to its rotating
magnetic field speed i.e. the synchronous speed.
 Induction Motor
• An induction motor always runs at a speed less than synchronous speed because
the rotating magnetic field which is produced in the stator will generate flux in the
rotor which will make the rotor to rotate, but due to the lagging of flux current in
the rotor with flux current in the stator, the rotor will never reach to its rotating
magnetic field speed i.e. the synchronous speed.
• We need to give double excitation to make a machine to rotate. For example if we
consider a DC motor, we will give one supply to the stator and another to the rotor
through brush arrangement.
 Working Principle
• But in induction motor we give only one supply, from the name itself we can
understand that induction process is involved.
 Working Principle
• But in induction motor we give only one supply, from the name itself we can
understand that induction process is involved.
• Actually when we are giving the supply to the stator winding, flux will generate in the
coil due to flow of current in the coil.
 Working Principle
• But in induction motor we give only one supply, from the name itself we can
understand that induction process is involved.
• Actually when we are giving the supply to the stator winding, flux will generate in the
coil due to flow of current in the coil.
• Now the rotor winding is arranged in such a way that it becomes short circuited in the
rotor itself.
 Working Principle
• But in induction motor we give only one supply, from the name itself we can
understand that induction process is involved.
• Actually when we are giving the supply to the stator winding, flux will generate in the
coil due to flow of current in the coil.
• Now the rotor winding is arranged in such a way that it becomes short circuited in the
rotor itself.
• The flux from the stator will cut the coil in the rotor and since the rotor coils are short
circuited, according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, current will start
flowing in the coil of the rotor.
 Working Principle
• When the current will flow, another flux will get generated in the rotor.
 Working Principle
• When the current will flow, another flux will get generated in the rotor.
• Now there will be two flux, one is stator flux and another is rotor flux and the rotor flux
will be lagging w.r.t to the stator flux.
 Working Principle
• When the current will flow, another flux will get generated in the rotor.
• Now there will be two flux, one is stator flux and another is rotor flux and the rotor flux
will be lagging w.r.t to the stator flux.
• Due to this, the rotor will feel a torque which will make the rotor to rotate in the
direction of rotating magnetic flux.
 Working Principle
• When the current will flow, another flux will get generated in the rotor.
• Now there will be two flux, one is stator flux and another is rotor flux and the rotor flux
will be lagging w.r.t to the stator flux.
• Due to this, the rotor will feel a torque which will make the rotor to rotate in the
direction of rotating magnetic flux.
• So the speed of the rotor will be depending upon the ac supply and the speed can be
controlled by varying the input supply.
 Working Principle
• When the current will flow, another flux will get generated in the rotor.
• Now there will be two flux, one is stator flux and another is rotor flux and the rotor flux
will be lagging w.r.t to the stator flux.
• Due to this, the rotor will feel a torque which will make the rotor to rotate in the
direction of rotating magnetic flux.
• So the speed of the rotor will be depending upon the ac supply and the speed can be
controlled by varying the input supply.
• This is the working principle of an induction motor of either type – single and three
phase.
Types of Induction Motor

• Single Phase Induction Motor

• Three Phase Induction Motor

 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• Single phase induction motor is not self starting and three phase induction motor is
self starting.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• Single phase induction motor is not self starting and three phase induction motor is
self starting.
• So what is self starting?
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• Single phase induction motor is not self starting and three phase induction motor is
self starting.
• So what is self starting?
• When the machine starts running automatically without any external force to the
machine, then it is called as self starting.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• Single phase induction motor is not self starting and three phase induction motor is
self starting.
• So what is self starting?
• When the machine starts running automatically without any external force to the
machine, then it is called as self starting.
• For example we see that when we put on the switch the fan starts to rotate
automatically, so it is self starting.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• Single phase induction motor is not self starting and three phase induction motor is
self starting.
• So what is self starting?
• When the machine starts running automatically without any external force to the
machine, then it is called as self starting.
• For example we see that when we put on the switch the fan starts to rotate
automatically, so it is self starting.
• Point to be noted that fan used in home appliances is single phase induction motor
which is inherently not self starting.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• Single phase induction motor is not self starting and three phase induction motor is
self starting.
• So what is self starting?
• When the machine starts running automatically without any external force to the
machine, then it is called as self starting.
• For example we see that when we put on the switch the fan starts to rotate
automatically, so it is self starting.
• Point to be noted that fan used in home appliances is single phase induction motor
which is inherently not self starting.
• How? Question arises How it works?
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120o phase difference.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120o phase difference.
• So the rotating magnetic field is having the same phase difference which will make
the rotor to move.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120o phase difference.
• So the rotating magnetic field is having the same phase difference which will make
the rotor to move.
• If we consider three phases a, b and c, when phase a is magnetized, the rotor will
move towards the phase a winding a, in the next moment phase b will get
magnetized and it will attract the rotor and then phase c.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120o phase difference.
• So the rotating magnetic field is having the same phase difference which will make
the rotor to move.
• If we consider three phases a, b and c, when phase a is magnetized, the rotor will
move towards the phase a winding a, in the next moment phase b will get
magnetized and it will attract the rotor and then phase c.
• So the rotor will continue to rotate.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting.
• Before that we need to know why single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and how the
problem is overcome.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting.
• Before that we need to know why single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and how the
problem is overcome.
• We know that the AC supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces pulsating magnetic field in uniformly
distributed stator winding.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting.
• Before that we need to know why single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and how the
problem is overcome.
• We know that the AC supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces pulsating magnetic field in uniformly
distributed stator winding.
• Since pulsating magnetic field can be assumed as two oppositely rotating magnetic fields, there will be
no resultant torque produced at the starting and due to this the motor does not run.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting.
• Before that we need to know why single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and how the
problem is overcome.
• We know that the AC supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces pulsating magnetic field in uniformly
distributed stator winding.
• Since pulsating magnetic field can be assumed as two oppositely rotating magnetic fields, there will be
no resultant torque produced at the starting and due to this the motor does not run.
• After giving the supply, if the rotor is made to rotate in either direction by external force, then the
motor will start to run.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting.
• Before that we need to know why single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and how the
problem is overcome.
• We know that the AC supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces pulsating magnetic field in uniformly
distributed stator winding.
• Since pulsating magnetic field can be assumed as two oppositely rotating magnetic fields, there will be
no resultant torque produced at the starting and due to this the motor does not run.
• After giving the supply, if the rotor is made to rotate in either direction by external force, then the
motor will start to run.
• This problem has been solved by making the stator winding into two winding, one is main winding and
another is auxiliary winding and a capacitor is fixed in series with the auxiliary winding.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor
but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor
but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate.
• So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase induction motor.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor
but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate.
• So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase induction motor.
• There are several advantages of induction motor which makes this motor to have wider application.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor
but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate.
• So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase induction motor.
• There are several advantages of induction motor which makes this motor to have wider application.
• It is having good efficiency up to 97%.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor
but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate.
• So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase induction motor.
• There are several advantages of induction motor which makes this motor to have wider application.
• It is having good efficiency up to 97%.
• But the speed of the motor varies with the load given to the motor which is an disadvantage of this
motor.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor
but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate.
• So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase induction motor.
• There are several advantages of induction motor which makes this motor to have wider application.
• It is having good efficiency up to 97%.
• But the speed of the motor varies with the load given to the motor which is an disadvantage of this
motor.
• The direction of rotation of induction motor can easily be changed by changing the sequence of three
phase supply, i.e. if RYB is in forward direction, the RBY will make the motor to rotate in reverse
direction.
 Self Starting in Induction Motors
• This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
• When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
• Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor
but if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate.
• So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase induction motor.
• There are several advantages of induction motor which makes this motor to have wider application.
• It is having good efficiency up to 97%.
• But the speed of the motor varies with the load given to the motor which is an disadvantage of this
motor.
• The direction of rotation of induction motor can easily be changed by changing the sequence of three
phase supply, i.e. if RYB is in forward direction, the RBY will make the motor to rotate in reverse
direction.
• This is in the case of three phase motor but in single phase motor, the direction can be reversed by
reversing the capacitor terminals in the winding.
Requirement of speed Control of Induction
Motor
• Speed control means change the drive speed as desired by the
process to maintain different process parameter at different load .
• Speed control is a different concept from speed regulation where
there is natural change in speed due change in load on the shaft.
• Speed control is either done manually by the operator or by means
of some automatic control device.
• Low speed starting requirement.
Methods of Speed Control of Induction
motors
• Stator voltage Control
• Stator Frequency Control
• Stator Current Control
• V/F Control
• Static rotor resistance control

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Stator voltage Control
• Synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/ P
• Slip = (Ns-N)/ Ns

• Torque =

• Where E2 is the rotor emf

• Ns is the synchronous speed
• R2 is the rotor resistance
• X2 is the rotor inductive reactance

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Continue…..
• Rotor resistance R2 is constant and if slip s is small then X2 is so small that it
can be neglected. Therefore, T ∝ E2 where E2 is rotor induced emf and
E2 ∝ V
And hence T ∝ V2, thus if supplied voltage is decreased, torque decreases
and hence the speed decreases.
• This method is the easiest and cheapest, still rarely used because- A large
change in supply voltage is required for relatively small change in speed.
• Large change in supply voltage will result in large change in flux density,
hence disturbing the magnetic conditions of the motor.

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Frequency control
• Synchronous speed of induction motor Ns = 120 f/P
• where,
f = frequency of the supply
P = number of stator poles.
• Thus, synchronous speed changes with change in supply frequency,
and thus running speed also changes.
• This method is not widely used. This method is used where, only the
induction motor is supplied by a generator (so that frequency can be
easily change by changing the speed of prime mover).

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Continue…..
• By changing the frequency we can control the speed above and below
the rated speed.
• It offers high range of speed control.

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Stator current control

• Starting torque of IM, Ts is proportional to square of stator current.

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Continues…..
• A constant current for 3 phase IM can be obtained from 3 phase CSI .

• Invertor converts the dc voltage into constant current source.

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V/F control
HOW SPEED IS CONTROLLED USING VFD
• Rectifier: The rectifier in a VFD is used to convert incoming ac power
into direct current (dc) power.

• DC bus: DC output of rectifier flows through the dc link to inverter

input.

• Inverter: converts DC into AC with required frequency

STATIC ROTOR RESISTENCE CONTROL
• A slip ring motor or a phase wound motor is an induction motor
which can be started with full line voltage, applied across its stator
terminals. The value of starting current is adjusted by adding up
external resistance to its rotor circuit.

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Industrial Applications
• Fans, Compressor, Pumps, blowers, machine tools like lathe, drilling
machine, lifts, conveyer belts etc.

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