Alternating Current Motors

Electrical Apparatus and Devices

Group 4
Allysandra Clarisse Gamboa
Miko Grezula
Christian Miguel Hipolito
Art LOTEREÑA
Crison Maras
Gian Kyle Mira
Most of the appliances, equipment, and tools we use daily are powered
by an AC motor. Anything that can be plugged in is likely to be the kind
that is powered by an AC motor. This is why AC motors can be called
the heart of many machines we use every day. It is the power source
for various applications due to its flexibility, efficiency, and quiet
operation.
• Uses an electromagnetic induction phenomenon.
• An alternating current drives this electric motor.

• A type of electric current that periodically reverses direction

and changes its magnitude continuously with time.
• An AC motor can offer a comparably efficient method of
producing mechanical energy from a simple electrical input
signal.
• AC motors can be single or three phase with three phase
motors mainly used for bulk power conversion.
• Single phase AC motors are used for small power
conversions.
• An AC motor commonly consists of two essential parts: a
STATOR and a ROTOR.

• The stator stays outside, which is the stationary part of the

motor. It has coils and is supplied with alternating current to
produce a rotating magnetic field.

• The rotor stays inside, which is the rotating part of the motor.
It produces a second rotating magnetic field by being
attached to the output shaft. Permanent magnets, reluctance
saliency, or electrical winding may produce the rotor
magnetic field.
 DIFFERENT PARTS OF AN AC MOTOR
• STATOR - delivers a rotating magnetic field to interact with the
rotor.
• STATOR CORE - made of thin metal sheets known as laminations.
Laminations are used to reduce energy loss.
• STATOR WINDINGS - are stacked together, forming a hollow
cylinder. The slots of the stator core coils of insulated wires are
insulated. When the assembled motor operates, the stator
windings are connected to a power source. Each group of coils,
along with the steel core, becomes an electromagnet when the
current is applied.
 DIFFERENT PARTS OF AN AC MOTOR
• ROTOR - a central component of a motor that is fixed to the shaft.
• MOTOR SHAFT - The rotor is pressed onto a steel shaft to form a
rotor assembly. The shaft extends outside the motor casing
allowing connection to an external system to transmit the
rotational power.
• BEARINGS - hold the motor shaft in place. The bearings minimize
the shaft’s friction connected to the casing, which increases the
motor’s efficiency.
The most common type of rotor used in an AC motor
• ENCLOSURE - protects the internal parts of the motor from water
and other environmental elements. The enclosure consists of a
frame and two end brackets.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AC MOTOR

Based on the principle of operation, AC

motors are classified as:

• SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
• INDUCTION MOTOR
 CLASSIFICATION OF AC MOTOR
 
• SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
In a synchronous motor, the rotation
of the shaft is at the same pace as
the frequency of the applied current
with multiphase AC electromagnets
on the stator that produce a rotating
magnetic field.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AC MOTOR

• INDUCTION MOTOR
 
An induction motor, or asynchronous motor, is
a single excited motor where current is applied
to one part of the motor, the stator. Flux from
the stator cuts the short circuited coil in the
rotor, which feels torque that makes the rotor
rotate.
Two type of rotor construction:
• Squirrel Cage Motor
• Slip Ring Motor
The AC motor, invented by Nikola Tesla, is used in dozens of applications
in every place in the world. The basics of the motor were discovered by
Tesla when he identified the rotating magnetic induction (RMF) field
principle, which is used in alternators. He pioneered the use of the
rotating field and inducting electromagnetic field force to generate
torque in rotating machines.
 Types of AC Motors
• SINGLE PHASE AC MOTOR
• POLYPHASE AC MOTOR
• SYNCHRONOUS AC MOTOR
• RELUCTANCE MOTORS
• HYSTERESIS AC MOTOR
• REPULSION MOTOR
• ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
POLYPHASE MACHINES
Allysandra Clarisse Gamboa
The POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR is probably the most important type of motor used

in industry. The motor is inherently self-starting, and it’s very efficient in its conversion of

electrical energy to mechanical energy. Polyphase excitation of appropriately designed

stator windings produces the rotating field that is only simulated by the various devices

employed for the starting of single-phase motors. Because this rotating field is

symmetrical, torque development is smooth and relatively noiseless.

• The flux arrows represent only instantaneous

polarities—the field being in spatial rotation.

Interchanging the motor connection of phases “A” and

“B,” with respect to the two-phase supply, reverses

the direction of rotation. In a three- phase induction

motor, the interchange of any two of the three power-

line connections will reverse rotation.

A two-phase, two-pole squirrel-cage motor—the simplest

polyphase machine. Flux through rotor

• If the motor on this were depicted with a squirrel-cage

rotor, it would be the three-phase version of last chapter.

• The real difference between the motor in here and

squirrel-cage machine is its wound rotor. Instead of being

shorted upon itself, the leads from this rotor are brought

out through slip rings. It might appear that this is merely

another way of constructing an induction motor. However,

the resistance of the wound rotor, and the resistance that

might be added with rheostats, develops important

The wound-rotor, three-phase induction motor. Flux through
operational differences for this motor when compared with
rotor; External rheostats; Rotor
the squirrel-cage type.
Revolving magnetic field
Allysandra Clarisse Gamboa
 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD IN A 3-PHASE COIL
STATOR

• If two magnetic fields are present in a machine,

then a torque will be created which will tend to
line up the two magnetic fields.
• If one magnetic field is produced by the stator of
an ac machine and the other one is produced by
the rotor of the machine, then a torque will be
induced in the rotor which will cause the rotor to
turn and align itself with the stator magnetic
field.
 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD IN A 3-PHASE COIL
STATOR

• If there were some way to make the stator

magnetic field rotate, then the induced torque in
the rotor would cause it to constantly "chase"
the stator magnetic field around in a circle.
 HOW TO PRODUCE A ROTATING MAGNETIC
FIELD IN A THREE-PHASE STATOR?
• The fundamental principle of ac machine operation is that if “a three-phase set of currents,
each of equal magnitude and differing in phase by 120°, flows in a three-phase winding, then
it will produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude.”
Synchronous Motor
Prepared by
Miko Grezula
Synchronous Motors
A synchronous motor (short for
synchronous electric motor) is an AC
motor where the rotation of the rotor (or
shaft) is synchronized with the frequency
of the supply current. That is, the
rotation period of the rotor is equal to
the rotating field of the machine it is
inside of.
Because, however, of complications in
starting, most synchronous motors of late
construction are equipped with a damper
or amortisseur winding, which produces
a starting torque, permitting them to be
started as induction motors.
Synchronous Motors
The speed of a synchronous motor depends on the frequency of the
current supplied to it and the number of poles in the motor. The
equation for the speed is:
revolutions per minute =frequency x 60/number of pairs of poles
•Induction Motors
- an induction motor is one
in which the magnetic field
in the rotor is induced by
currents flowing in the
stator. The rotor has no
connections whatever to the
supply line.
 Squirrel cage- This type of induction motor consists of a stator, which is identical to
the armature of a synchronous motor, with a "squirrel-cage" rotor with bearings to
support it. Because the stator receives the power from the line, it is often called the
primary and the rotor the secondary.
There is, however, one interesting and important difference between
the synchronous motor and the induction motor-the rotor of the latter
does not rotate as fast as the rotating field in the armature. If the
squirrel cage were to go as fast as the rotating field, the conductors in it
would be standing still with respect to the rotating field, rather than
cutting across it. Thus, there could be no voltage induced in the squirrel
cage, no currents in it, no magnetic poles set up in the rotor, and no
attraction between it and the rotating field in the stator. The rotor
revolves just enough slower than the rotating field in the stator to allow
the rotor conductors to cut the rotating magnetic field as it slips by, and
thus induces the necessary currents in the rotor windings.
Induction Motors
Wound rotor
This type of induction motor differs from
the squirrel-cage type in that it has wire-
coil windings in it instead of a series of
conducting bars in the rotor. These
insulated coils are grouped to form
definite polar areas having the same
number of poles as the stator. The rotor
windings are brought out to ship rings
whose brushes are connected to
variable external resistances.
By inserting external resistance in the rotor
circuit when starting, a high torque can be
developed with a comparatively low
starting current. As the motor accelerates
up to speed, the resistance is gradually
reduced until, at full speed, the rotor is
short-circuited. By varying the resistance in
the rotor circuit, the motor speed can be
regulated within practical limits.
This method of speed control is well suited
for the wound-rotor motor because it is
already equipped with a starting resistance
in each phase of the rotor circuit.
• 
SINGLE-PHASE MOTOR
Prepared by
Christian Miguel N. Hipolito
 SINGLE-PHASE MOTOR
• A single-phase motor is an electrically-powered rotary
machine that can turn electric energy into mechanical
energy.

• It works by using a single-phase power supply (hence

the name).

• Single-phase motors are used in equipment and

machines that are smaller in size and require lower
horsepower (for example, one horsepower).

• Single-phase motors do not generate a rotating magnetic

field; they can only generate an alternate field, which
means that they need an auxiliary mean of starting.
 Single-Phase Induction Motor
Construction
The main parts of a single-phase induction motor are:
• The Stator
• Rotor
• Windings
⮚ Main Winding
⮚ Auxiliary Winding
Working Principle of Single-Phase
Induction Motor 
Working Principle of Single-Phase Induction Motor
SUMMARY 
Single-phase motors work on the same principle as 3-phase motors (the principle of electromagnetic
induction) except they are only run off one phase. A single-phase sets up an oscillating magnetic field that
goes back and forth rather than a rotating magnetic field. Because of this, a true single-phase motor has
zero starting torque. This can be explained by another fact called the double-revolving field theory. which
states that the alternating magnetic field is a sum of two equal and opposite rotating magnetic fields. The
two magnetic fields, being equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, do not provide the effective
torque for the rotation of the rotor. Because of this effect, the rotor starts to vibrate instead of rotating.
However, once the rotor begins to rotate it will continue to rotate as a result of the oscillating
magnetic field in the stator. Single-Phase induction motor needs a starting torque because they are not
self-starting. To overcome this, another winding is added to the stator. Thus, the stator has two windings,
one is the main winding, which produces the magnetic flux, and the other is the auxiliary winding.
An auxiliary winding is the stator's secondary winding to achieve the rotor's initial torque required to
rotate. Usually, an auxiliary winding works until the rotor reaches up to 80% of the full speed, after which a
centrifugal switch disconnects it.
Types of Single-Phase Motors
Single-Phase Motors

Commutator Split-Phase Shaded-Pole

Series Resistance-Start

Repulsion Split-Capacitor

Capacitor-Start

Repulsion-Start
 Commutator Motor
The commutator is a feature of dc motors, but ac motors having wound rotors with brushes and
commutator arrangements, are called commutator motors which work on Single-phase AC supply. Such
motors are called AC commutator motors.

AC commutator motors are comparable to DC motors and have higher starting torque and higher
speed than AC induction motors. AC commutator motors may be either single-phase or poly-phase. Since
a commutator motor can operate at a much higher speed than an induction motor, it can output more
power than a similar size induction motor. However, commutator motors are not as maintenance-free as
induction motors, due to brush and commutator wear.

Initially, AC motors were constructed like DC motors. Numerous problems were encountered due to
changing magnetic fields, as compared to the static fields in DC motor field coils. Charles Proteus
Steinmetz, a German-American mathematician and electrical engineer designed the AC Commutator
Motor. He formulated the laws of magnetic hysteresis in finding a solution to the problems encountered
in the design of the alternating current version of the brushed commutator motor. Hysteresis is a lagging
behind of the magnetic field strength as compared to the magnetizing force. This produces a loss not
present in DC magnetics. Magnetic hysteresis generates heat (that is, it turns generated power into
wasteful heat) and simultaneously generates torque as well.
 Commutator Motor
• SERIES COMMUTATOR MOTOR
The series motor operates well above the synchronous
speed of a conventional AC motor. The single phase ac series
motor has practically the same operating characteristics as dc
series motors. The torque or tractive effort varies nearly as the
square of the current and the speed varies inversely to the
current nearly. The speed of the motor while working on ac
system can be controlled efficiently by taps on a transformer.

The construction of an A.C. series motor is very similar to a D.C.

series motor except that the above modifications are incorporated
[See Fig. (1.1)]. Such a motor can be operated either on A.C. or
D.C. supply and the resulting torque-speed curve is about the
same in each case. For this reason, it is sometimes called a
universal motor.
 Series Commutator Motor
Fig. A: General circuit connection for AC series
motor, or universal motor. AC source
1
"L1" + "L2" = Motor Input Line Leads,
"1" = Field Winding,
L1 "2" = Brush(es),
2 "3" = Armature / Commutator,
“4" = AC Line Input.
4 3

2
APPLICATIONS The fractional horsepower a.c. series
L2
motors have high-speed (and corresponding small
size) and large starting torque. They can, therefore,
be used to drive:
(a) High-speed vacuum cleaners (e) etc.
(b) Sewing machines
(c) Electric shavers
(d) Drills
 Commutator Motor
• REPULSION COMMUTATOR MOTOR
A repulsion motor is a single-phase commutator-type motor equipped with a stator, rotor, and
commutator brush assembly that operates by providing input AC. It works on the principle of
magnetic repulsion between two poles. A repulsion motor will start with repulsion between two
similar poles and then runs as an induction motor. 
It starts as a repulsion motor and runs as an induction motor, where the starting torque should
be high for a repulsion motor and very good running characteristics for an induction motor. In
repulsion motor direction of rotation of the motor is the same as that of brush shift.

Some application of repulsion motors are:

• Electric trains • Air pump
• High-speed lifts • Mining tools
• Mixing machines • Petrol pumps
• Machine tools • Drive compressors
Types of Single-Phase Motors
Single-Phase Motors

Commutator Split-Phase Shaded-Pole

Series Resistance-Start

Repulsion Split-Capacitor

Capacitor-Start

Repulsion-Start
Split Phase Motor
A split-phase induction motor has two windings, a run winding
and a secondary start winding. Split-phase motors get their name
because the electrical characteristics of the two windings essentially
split the single phase into two phases that are out of phase with each
other.
This kind of motor is usually used to operate drive blades on
ceiling fans, washing machines tubs, blower motors for oil furnaces,
small pumps, and other domestic equipment and machines. 
The auxiliary winding gets the motor moving up to 75 to 80% of its
speed, and then a centrifugal switch is used to switch over to the less
powerful run coil to save energy.
The centrifugal switch is normally closed and conducts electricity.
As the motor reaches a certain speed, a mechanism in the switch
responds to centrifugal force, pulling against it. This opens the switch
and breaks the electrical connection. When the motor stops, a spring
pulls the switch mechanism closed again.
SINGLE PHASE MOTORS
LOTEREÑA
Capacitor-Start Motors
• In applications where a
high starting torque is
required, a motor such as
that shown in Fig.42 is
employed. This is only
another form of split-phase
motor having a capacitor
(or condenser, as it was once
called) connected in
series with the starting
winding.
• The construction is similar
to the split-capacitor
motor, but differs mainly in
that the starting winding is
disconnected at
approximately 75 percent
of rated speed by a
centrifugal switch, as in the
case of the resistance-start
motor.
• The centrifugal switch is mounted on the motor
shaft and, as the name implies, works on the
centrifugal principle, disconnecting the starting
winding when the speed at which the switch is set is
reached.

• The capacitor-start motor has a greater starting

ability than the resistance-start motor. Because the
capacitor is in use only during the starting period, a
high capacity can be obtained economically for this
short-term duty.
REPLUSION-START INDUCTION MOTORS

• Repulsion starting may best be explained by the action of a

wire connected to a battery and moved across the face of a
magnet. Here, there is a force on the wire that, for example,
tends to move it upward or downward, depending on the
direction in which the current is flowing. It can thus be
demonstrated that a current carrying wire in a magnetic field
has a force acting on it tending to move it in a certain
direction. Also, if the direction of the current flowing through
the wire is reversed, the force and motion are also reversed.
• Repulsion starting operating on this
principle. Current is caused to flow in the
wires of the rotor winding, and these
wires are affected by a magnetic field.
• Fig. 44 shows a stationary C-shaped iron
core on which is mounted a coil connected
to a single-phase supply line. In the
opening of the C is a ring of iron on which
is wound a continuous, and uniform coil.
The path of the magnetism produced by
the coil wound on the C-shaped core is
around through the C-shaped core and,
dividing equally, half of the magnetism
passes through each half of the iron ring.
• The winding and the magnetism
are identical in both halves of the
ring. Thus, any effect that the
magnetism may have on the
winding between E and G will be
the same as that produced in
windings E and H. This can be
proven by connecting an
ammeter between points G and
H. It will be found that no current
is flowing between these two
points. By further tests it can be
shown that maximum current
will flow when a wire is
connected between E and F.
• Assume that the current flows
upward in this wire from F to E.
At point E, it divides equally,
half going to the winding to the
left of E, and the other half to
the right.
• Thus the magnetic field from
the C-shaped core tends to
force the wires on the right in
one direction and those on the
left in the other direction. The
forces are equal and opposite so
that they neutralize each other
and no motion takes place.
• In order for the rotor to rotate, it Is
necessary to add a magnetic field
that can effectively react with the
current in the rotor winding. This is
done readily by adding another C-
shaped core with its own coil, as
shown in Fig. 45.
• The rotor-winding current under
each tip of this C-shaped core is all
in the same direction, and rotation
is obtained. The wire from E to F in
Fig. 44 has been replaced with
stationary brushes so that a
connection is maintained as the
rotor turns.
SHADED-POLE MOTORS
• Another type of single-phase
induction motor is schematically
represented in Fig. 43. This motor
consists principally of a squirrel-
cage rotor and two or more coils
with an iron core to increase the
magnetic effect. Part of one end of
this core is surrounded by a heavy
copper loop known as the shading
ring. This ring has the characteristic
of delaying the flow of magnetism
through it.
• With alternating current applied to the coil, the
magnetism is strong first at A, and then slightly later
at B. This gives a rotating-field effect that causes
rotation of the squirrel cage in the direction in which
the shading ring points. A motor thus constructed is
known as a shaded-pole motor.
Because of the limitations of force and current
possible in shading poles, it is not feasible to build
efficient motors of this type larger than approximately
1/20 hp (or 37.3 W). It is used principally on small fans,
agitators, and timing devices.
Motor Control
Prepared by:
Crison P. Maras
MOTOR CONTROL
• The elementary functions of control are starting,
stopping, and reversing of the motor. These,
however, are only a few of the many
contributions that the control renders to
efficient operation of industrial motors.
 Control Functions of Industrial
Motors:
1. To limit torque on the motor and machine.
2. To limit motor starting current
3. To protect the motor from overheating.
4. To stop the motor quickly.
5. To regulate speed.
6. Miscellaneous functions.
Limiting Starting Current
Limiting Starting Current
• Problem: Flashover is a short circuit between the brushes of a motor.
The short circuit is caused by a buildup of dirt, copper particles, and
debris between commutator segments.

• Solution: Inserting resistance in the circuit or by using a reduced-

voltage source of power.
Limiting Torque
• Torque Limiters ensure that torque-based forces
never exceed the set point. By limiting torque
forces to what the rotational components can
safely handle, these parts reduce mechanical
overload and failures.
Limiting Torque
Torque Limiters
ensure that
torque-based
forces never
exceed the set
point.
Limiting torque
Limiting Torque
• One example of the need for limiting torque is that of
a belt- driven motor-operated machine throwing the
belt when the motor is started. The pulleys may be
correctly lined up and the belt tension may be correct;
yet the belt is thrown off in starting.
Limiting Torque
• This is the result of applying torque too quickly at
standstill, and can be avoided by limiting the torque
on the motor in starting. As another example, the
blades on centrifugal fans can be sheared off if too
much torque is applied to the fan in starting.
Motor Control
Prepared by:
Gian Kyle D. Mira
Protection from
overheating
The function of control is
to prevent the motor from
overheating excessively
without shutting it down
unnecessarily.
QUICK
STOPPING
There are several
types of controls, such
as electric brakes, to
stop a motor quickly.
The one most
generally used on ac
motor is the plugging
switch.
SPEED
REGULATION
It is advisable to use a
two-speed motor, but
where a greater variety
of speeds is required, a
motor with variable
speed control may be
the best solution to the
problem.
Miscellaneous
Control Functions
Reverse Phase protection
-Prevents a motor from running in the wrong
direction
Miscellaneous
Control Functions
Open-Phase Protection
-Prevents a motor from running on single phase in
case a fuse blows
Miscellaneous
Control Functions
Undervoltage Protection
-Prevents a motor from starting after a power failure
unless started by the operator.