AC Machines

Lecture 6: Single-phase Induction Motors

Mr. Melat Khalil

Email: melat.abdullah@uod.ac
 Introduction
• Single-phase motors are built in fractional horse-power range and are called as
fractional horse-power (FHP) or fractional kilo-watt (FKW) motors.
• Perform variety of services in the homes, offices, factories etc. Almost in all the
domestic appliances such as refrigerators, fans, washing machines, hair driers,
mixer grinders etc.
• A single-phase induction motor is very similar to a 3-phase squirrel cage induction
motor in construction.
• A single-phase induction it consists of two main parts namely stator and rotor.
• Single-phase induction motors classified into:
➢split-phase type
➢capacitor type
➢Shaded-pole type
 Introduction
• Stator it is the stationary part of the motor. It has three main parts:
• Outer frame: It is the outer body of the motor. Its function is to support the stator core and to
protect the inner parts of the machine. Usually, it is made of cost iron.
• Stator core: The stator core is to carry the alternating magnetic field which produces hysteresis
and eddy current losses. To minimize these losses high grade silicon steel stampings are used to
build core.
• Stator winding: The stator core carries a single phase winding which is usually supplied from a
single phase AC supply system. The terminals of the winding are connected in the terminal box
of the machine. The stator of the motor is wound for definite number of poles, as per the need of
speed.
 Introduction
• Rotor it is the rotating part of the motor. A squirrel cage rotor is used in single
phase induction motors.
• It consists of a laminated cylindrical core of some high quality magnetic material.
Semi-closed circular slots are punched at the outer periphery.
• Aluminum bar conductors are placed in these slots and short circuited at each end
by aluminum rings, called short circuiting rings.
 Field Produced in Single Phase Induction Motors

• The field produced in a single-phase induction motor can be explained by double

revolving field theory.
• This theory is based on the “Ferraris Principle” that pulsating field produced in single
phase motor can be resolved into two components of half the magnitude and rotating
in opposite direction at the same synchronous speed.
• The alternating flux which passes across the air gap of single phase induction motor at
stand still consists of combination of two fields of same strength which are revolving
with same speed, one in clockwise direction and the other in anticlockwise direction.
• The strength of each one of these fields will be equal to one half of the maximum field
strength of the actual alternating field
 Field Produced in Single Phase Induction Motors
• Let ∅𝑚 be the pulsating field which has two components each of magnitude ∅𝑚 /2.
Both are rotating at the same angular speed 𝓌𝑠 rad/sec but in opposite direction. The
resultant of the two fields is ∅𝑚 cos 𝜃. This shows that resultant field varies according
to cosine of the angle 𝜃.
 Field Produced in Single Phase Induction Motors

• an alternating field can be represented by the two fields each of half the magnitude
rotating at same angular (synchronous) speed of 𝓌𝑠 rad/sec but in opposite direction.
 Single-phase Induction Motor Torque

• if the slip of the rotor is s with respect to the forward rotating flux (i.e. one which rotates in
the same direction as rotor) then its slip with respect to the backward rotating flux is (2 - s).

Each of the two component fluxes, while revolving round the stator, cuts the rotor, induces an e.m.f.
and this produces its own torque. Obviously, the two torques (called forward and backward torques)
are oppositely-directed, so that the net or resultant torques is equal to their difference.
Single-phase Induction Motor Torque
 Single-phase Induction Motor Torque

That explains why there is no starting torque in a single-phase induction

motor.
 Equivalent Circuit of Single-phase Induction Motor

• The equivalent circuit of a single-phase induction motor may be drawn on the

basis of two revolving field theory.
• a single-phase induction motor may be imagined to have common stator but
two rotors revolving in opposite directions.
• each rotor has resistance and reactance half the actual rotor values:

The equivalent circuit can be developed under stand-still (at start) and running (operating) conditions.
 Equivalent Circuit of Single-phase Induction Motor

• At Standstill Condition: two fields are considered revolving in opposite direction. Therefore, for
each field rotor resistance and reactance is considered to be half the value (𝑅2′ /2) and (𝑋2′ /2) .
Moreover, each rotor is associated with half the total magnetising reactance and resistance i.e.,
𝑋𝑚 /2 and 𝑅𝑚 /2 respectively.
 Equivalent Circuit of Single-phase Induction Motor
• At Running Condition: the rotor is rotating in the direction of the forward revolving field with
the slip S, the rotor current produced by the forward field will have a frequency 𝑠𝑓. At the
same time the rotor current produced by the backward field will have a frequency (2 − 𝑠)𝑓.
Equivalent Circuit of Single-phase Induction Motor
Example
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor
1- Sprit-phase motors:
• It is provided with an auxiliary stator winding called starting winding in addition to main winding.
• Both the windings are put in parallel.
• The purpose is to get two different currents sufficiently displaced from each other so that a revolving
field is produced.
• The main winding which is highly inductive is connected across the line in the usual manner. The
auxiliary or starting winding has a greater resistances and lesser reactance as compared to main
winding.
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor

• Applications of Sprit-phase motors:

i. washing machines
ii. Fans
iii. Blowers
iv. wood working tools
v. grinders
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor

2- Capacitor Motors:
• capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding.
• The capacitor in the starting winding may be connected permanently or
temporarily. Accordingly, capacitor motors may be:
a) Capacitor start motors.
b) Capacitor run motors.
c) Capacitor start and capacitor run motors.
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor

• Capacitor start motors: In the capacitor start induction motor capacitor C is of large value
such that the motor will give high starting torque. Capacitor employed is of short time duty rating. When
the motor attains the speed of about 75% of synchronous speed starting winding is cutoff.
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor
• Capacitor run motors (fan motors): capacitor is permanently connected in the starting
winding. Starting torque is lower about 50 to 100% of full load torque. Power factor is improved
may be about unity. Efficiency is improved to about 75%.
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor
• Capacitor start and capacitor run motors: two capacitors are used one for starting purpose
and other for running purpose. Best performance and noiseless operation. Starting torque is high, starting
current is low and give better efficiency and higher p.f. The only disadvantage is high cost.
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor

3- Shaded Pole Motor:

• Shaded pole motor is constructed with salient poles in stator.
• Each pole has its own exciting winding.
• A 1/3rd portion of each pole core is surrounded by a copper strip forming a closed loop called the shading band.
 Types of Single-phase Induction Motor

• The starting torque of this motor is very small about 50% of full load torque. Efficiency is
low because of continuous power loss in shading coil.
• Application of Shaded Pole Motor:
a) small fans
b) electric clocks
c) gramophones
 Home work

Find the mechanical power output at a slip of 0.05 of the 185-W, 4-pole, 110-V, 60-Hz single-phase
induction motor, whose constants are given below:
• Resistance of the stator main winding R1 = 1.86 ohm
• Reactance of the stator main winding X1 = 2.56 ohm
• Magnetizing reactance of the stator main winding Xm = 53.5 ohm
• Rotor resistance at standstill R2 = 3.56 ohm
• Rotor reactance at standstill X2 = 2.56 ohm