BJT Small Signal

1
Models
Instructor: Ismail Amin Ali
Dept. of Biomedical Engineering
University of Duhok
2 BJT AC Models
❑ r-Parameter Model for BJT
3 Simplified r-Parameter Model
❑ The effect of the ac base resistance is usually small enough to
neglect, so it can be replaced by a short.
❑ The ac collector resistance is usually several hundred kΩ and can
be replaced by an open.
❑ Thus, 𝑟𝑒′ is the most important of the r parameters. It is
temperature dependent and is based on an ambient temperature
of 20°C.

25 𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒′ ≅
𝐼𝐸
4 βDC and βac
❑ For a typical transistor, a graph of IC versus IB is nonlinear.
❑ At different points on the nonlinear curve, the ratio of ∆𝐼𝐶 /∆𝐼𝐵 will be
different, and it may also differ from the 𝐼𝐶 /𝐼𝐵 ratio at the Q-point.
❑ Therefore, the values of these two quantities can differ slightly.

𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 /𝐼𝐵 at Q-point 𝛽𝑎𝑐 = ∆𝐼𝐶 /∆𝐼𝐵

5 Common-emitter Amplifier
❑
6 DC Analysis

𝑅2
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 2.83 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑅1𝑅2
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = = 5.19 k ohm
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

𝑉𝑇𝐻 _ − 𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝐼𝐸 = = 3.58 𝑚𝐴
𝑅𝐸 + 𝑅𝑇𝐻
1 + 𝛽𝐷𝐶
7 AC Analysis
❑
8 Input Resistance at Base

𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑏
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = =
𝐼𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑏

since 𝑉𝑏 = 𝐼𝑒 𝑟𝑒′ and 𝐼𝑒 ≅ 𝛽𝑎𝑐 𝐼𝑏

𝛽𝑎𝑐 𝐼𝑏 𝑟𝑒′
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = = 𝛽𝑎𝑐 𝑟𝑒′
𝐼𝑏
9 Voltage Gain

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑐
𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑏

𝑉𝑐 = 𝛼𝑎𝑐 𝐼𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ≅ 𝐼𝑒 𝑅𝐶

𝐼𝑒 𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝐶
𝐴𝑣 = ′ = ′
𝐼𝑒 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒

What is the voltage gain if C2 is removed?

10 Effect of Source Resistance
❑ The effect of Rs is to “attenuate” the input single and hence reduce
the overall voltage gain:

𝑉𝑏 𝑅𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡) 𝑅𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡)
Attenuation (B) = = 𝑉𝑠 ( )/𝑉𝑠 =
𝑉𝑠 𝑅𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡) +𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑖𝑛(𝑡𝑜𝑡) +𝑅𝑠

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉𝑏
𝐴′𝑣 = 𝑐=( 𝑐 ) =𝐴𝑣 B
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑠
11 Effect of Load Resistance
❑ When a load resistor RL is connected to the output through the coupling
capacitor C3:
 The collector ac resistance Rc at the signal frequency is effectively RC || RL

𝑅𝑐
𝐴𝑣 = ′
𝑟𝑒
❑ When Rc < RC because of RL, the voltage gain is reduced.
❑ If RL >> RC then Rc ≅ RC and he load has very little effect on the gain.
12 Effect of Emitter Bypass Capacitor
❑ With the bypass capacitor:
𝑅𝐶
 𝐴𝑣 = given that 10𝑋𝐶 ≤ 𝑅𝐸
𝑟𝑒′

❑ With no bypass capacitor:

𝑅𝐶
 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑟𝑒′ +𝑅𝐸

❑ It is possible to “swamp” 𝑟𝑒′ by partially

bypassing RE so that a reasonable “stable”
gain can be achieved, and the effect of 𝑟𝑒′
on the gain is greatly reduced or eliminated
𝑅𝐶
 𝐴𝑣 =
𝑟𝑒′ +𝑅𝐸1
𝑅𝐶
 If 10𝑟𝑒′ ≤ 𝑅𝐸 then: 𝐴𝑣 ≅
𝑅𝐸1
13 h-parameters
❑ Manufacturer’s datasheets specify h (hybrid) parameters because they are
relatively easy to measure.
❑ Each of the four h-parameters carries a second subscript letter to designate
the common-emitter (e), common-base (b), or common-collector (c)
amplifier configuration.
14
Relationships of h and r-Parameters
❑ 𝛽𝑎𝑐 = ℎ𝑓𝑒
❑ 𝛼𝑎𝑐 = ℎ𝑓𝑏

❑ Datasheets often provide only common-emitter h-parameters.

ℎ𝑟𝑒
 𝑟′𝑒 =
ℎ𝑜𝑒
ℎ𝑟𝑒 +1
 𝑟′𝑐 =
ℎ𝑜𝑒
ℎ𝑟𝑒
 𝑟′𝑏 = ℎ𝑖𝑒 − (1 + ℎ𝑓𝑒 )
ℎ𝑜𝑒

❑ We will use r-parameters because they are easier to apply and

more practical.