CHAPTER 2

 An electric motor is an electrical machine that

converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 DC motor:
◦ Heat, in the motor windings, due to I2R

 AC motor:
◦ Heat, in the motor windings, due to I2R
◦ Eddy current
◦ Hysteresis

 Eddy (Foucault) current

 Eddy current

◦ Current loops: like shorted transformer secondary turns.

◦ Thin isolated laminations: break potential conductive
loops into smaller less lossy segments.
◦ Material of laminations: silicon added to the alloy to
increase electrical resistance which decreases
themagnitude of eddy currents.

 Hysteresis

◦ a lagging behind of magnetic field strength as compared to

magnetizing force
◦ If a soft iron nail is temporarily magnetized by a solenoid, the
nail does not lose the magnetic field once the solenoid is de-
energized due to a small amount of residual magnetization, Br,
remains.
◦ An alternating current has to expend energy, -Hc the coercive
force, in overcoming this residual magnetization before it can
magnetize the core back to zero.
◦ Hysteresis loss is encountered each time the polarity of the AC
reverses.
 Both rotor and stator cores of AC motors are
composed of a stack of insulated laminations.

 The laminations are coated with insulating varnish

before stacking and bolting into the final form.

 The laminations are made of silicon alloy grain

oriented steel.
 Separately excited
 Shunt excited

 Series excited
 Advantage:
◦ Can be controlled at high performance, both speed (i.e.
torque), and position due to static magnetic field.

 Disadvantages:
◦ DC power supply
◦ Brush → losses and unstability
 Is stepper motor AC or DC motor?
 Advantage:
◦ Precision (step) and easy to control
 Disadvantage:
 Squirrel cage rotor

 Wound rotor
 Synchronous speed
120 f
ω0 =
p

◦ f: AC line frequency
◦ p: number of poles per phase

 Slip ω0 − ω
s=
ω0
 A three phase motor may be run from a single
phase power source. However, it will not self-start.
 It may be hand started in either direction, coming
up to speed in a few seconds.
 Permanent-split capacitor motor

 Capacitor-start induction motor

 Capacitor-run motor induction motor

 A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in
which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is
synchronized with the frequency of the supply
current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an
integral number of AC cycles.
 Non-excited motors
◦ Reluctance motors
◦ Hysteresis motors
◦ Permanent magnet motors
 DC-excited motors
 Non-excited motors
◦ The rotor is made of a high-retentivity steel.
◦ At synchronous speed it rotates in step with the rotating
magnetic field of the stator, so it has an almost-constant
magnetic field through it.
◦ The external stator field magnetizes the rotor, inducing
the magnetic poles needed to turn it.
 DC-excited motors
◦ Usually made in larger sizes (larger than about 1
horsepower or 1 kilowatt)
◦ Direct current supplied to the rotor for excitation through
slip rings.
◦ The direct current may be supplied from a separate DC
source or from a DC generator directly connected to the
motor shaft.

The rotating magnetic field is

formed from the sum of the
magnetic field vectors of the three
phases of the stator windings
 IS : armature
current
 IE: field current
 In the fractional horsepower range, most
synchronous motors are used where precise
constant speed is required. These machines are
commonly used in analog electric clocks, timers
and other devices where correct time is required.
 In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the
synchronous motor provides two important
functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of
converting AC energy to work. Second, it can
operate at leading or unity power factor and
thereby provide power-factor correction.

 Large synchronous motors cannot be self-started

◦ Due to the inertia of the rotor, it cannot instantly follow
the rotation of the magnetic field of the stator.
◦ Large motors operating on commercial power frequency
include a "squirrel cage" induction winding which
provides sufficient torque for acceleration and which also
serves to damp oscillations in motor speed in operation.
◦ Very large motor systems may include a "pony" motor
that accelerates the unloaded synchronous machine before
load is applied.
 Small synchronous motors are able to start if the
moment of inertia of the rotor and its mechanical
load is sufficiently small