Peran Diet dalam

Proliferasi Sel dan

Apoptosis
Mata Kuliah Gizi dan Biomolekuler
Satwika Arya Pratama, S.Gz., M.Sc.
Prodi S1 Gizi Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Materi Kuliah
▪Proliferasi Sel ▪Apoptosis
▪Pengertian ▪Pengertian
▪Diet dan Proliferasi Sel ▪Teori Apoptosis
▪Biotinilasi Histon ▪Apa yang Membuat Sel
▪Diet dan Siklus Sel Memutuskan untuk Bunuh Diri?
▪Hormon Pertumbuhan dan ▪Perubahan Morfologis dan
Proliferasi Sel Fisiologis Apoptosis
▪Apoptosis dan Penyakit
▪Peran Diet dalam Apoptosis
 ▪Cell cycle, is the essential mechanism by
which all living things reproduce.
▪In unicellular species, such as bacteria and
yeasts, each cell division produces a complete
new organism.
Cell cycle ▪In multicellular species, long and complex
sequences of cell divisions are required to
produce a functioning organism.
▪Cell division is usually needed to replace cells
that die.
Siklus Sel
•Siklus sel merupakan fase yang dimulai dari sel ada sampai sel membelah
menjadi dua sel anakan.
•Sel melakukan pembelahan dengan berbagai tujuan seperti: reproduksi
aseksual, pertumbuhan, serta untuk memperbaiki atau pun mengganti
sel-sel yang rusak karena cedera maupun sel mati.
•Siklus sel merupakan satu rangkaian proses berurutan yang
menyebabkan sel tumbuh dan membelah menjadi dua sel anakan disebut
proliferasi sel
•Terdapat dua macam siklus sel yang terdapat pada mamalia yaitu mitosis
dan meiosis.
Cell Cycle Overview
 Cell Cycle
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle Phase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle Checkpoint
▪3 checkpoints:
▪S phase
▪G2/M phase
▪During M Phase, Metaphase-to-
Anaphase Transition
CELL CYCLE
CHECKPOINT
Cyclin-dependent Kinase (CDK) and cyclin
control the cell cycle
ACTIVATION

INACTIVATION
 CYCLIN-CDK Complex (Maturation-
promoting factor/MPF) during Cell Cycle
Meiosis and
Mitosis
PROPHASE IN MEIOSIs
Comparison of chromosome behavior in meiosis I
and mitosis
Mitosis and Meiosis
 Mitosis and Meiosis difference
Mitosis
− Somatic cells
− The characteristic and amount of
daughter cells are same as the mother
cells
− Sister chromatids are paralleled in
equator
− The results are 2 identical daughter
cells that have the chromosome
amount as the (diploid)
− There is 1 replication step.
Meiosis
− Gamete cells
− The characteristic and amount of daughter cells
are not same as the mother cells because of
genetic recombination.
− Homolog chromosomes are paralleled in
equator.
− The results are 4 daughter cells that have half
chromosome amount of mother cells (haploid)
− There are 2 replication steps (meiosis I and
meiosis II). But , meiosis II is same process as
mitosis.
− Before meiosis occurred, chromosome
replication has occurred first.
Apoptosis
➢Apoptosis berasal dari
Bahasa Yunani yang berarti
dropping off of leaves from a
tree or petals from a flower
(daun yang gugur dari pohon
atau petal dari bunga).
➢Apoptosis merupakan salah
satu bentuk kematian sel.
➢Apoptosis adalah perusakan sel oleh
dirinya sendiri secara terstruktur.
➢Proses ini dilakukan untuk
mempertahankan hidup bagi
organisme multiseluler sebagaimana
pembelahan sel.
➢Sebenarnya apoptosis terjadi secara
alami pada manusia sejak usia dini,
bahkan sejak proses embriogenesis.
Nobel Prize in 2002
Proses
Apoptosis
Apoptosis Function
DNA
Fragmenta
tion during
Apoptosis
Peranan
Caspase
dalam
Apoptosis
Intrinsic Pathway
Extrinsic Pathway
 Either Excessive or Insufficient Apoptosis
Can Contribute to Disease
▪Among the most dramatic examples are
heart attacks and strokes. In these acute
conditions, many cells die by necrosis as a
result of ischemia (inadequate blood
supply), but some of the less affected cells
die by apoptosis.
▪It is hoped that, in the future, drugs that
block apoptosis—such as specific caspase
inhibitors—will prove useful in saving such
cells.
▪Decreased apoptosis also makes an
important contribution to many tumors, as
cancer cells often regulate their apoptotic
program abnormally. The Bcl2 gene, for
example, was first identified in a common
form of lymphocyte cancer in humans,
where a chromosome translocation causes
excessive production of the Bcl2 protein.
▪The high level of Bcl2 protein in the
lymphocytes that carry the translocation
promotes the development of cancer by
inhibiting apoptosis, thereby prolonging
lymphocyte survival and increasing their
number
Diet and Cell Proliferation
Biotin diperlukan dalam
pembelahan sel
Biotin sebagai koenzim dari empat
enzime karboksilase, asetil KoA,
piruvat karboksilase, propionil KoA
karboksilase, 3-metil krotonil
karboksilase
Peran sintesis asam lemak,
metabolisme asam amino, dan
glukoneogenesis
Diet and Apoptosis
Pemberian gluten pada individu
yang sensitif gluten menyebabkan
terjadinya apoptosis epitel usus
halus
Pemberian minyak ikan kaya PUFA
EPA dan DHA akan menekan tumor
kolon pada tikus. Minyak ikan akan
menstimulasi apoptosis pada tumor
kolon
Antioksidan merupakan agen
antiapoptosis yang dapat
meningkatkan bcl-2 melawan
prooksidan
Diet juga merangsang stimulasi
human growth factor (HGF), seperti
raspberi, dan L-arginin
Terima Kasih