A MICRO PROJECT REPORT

ON

“ Generation of Computer System

and Operating System”

In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Diploma in

Computer Technology

Submitted By

Mehetre Krushna Prabhakar

Jangle Rushikesh Kashinath

Under Guidance of Prof. Ghuge. G. D

Amrutvahini Sheti and Shikshan Vikas Sanstha’s

Amrutvahini Polytechnic, Sangamner

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 Amrutvahini Sheti and Shikshan Vikas Sanstha’s

Amrutvahini Polytechnic, Sangamner

Department of Computer Technology

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mehetre Krushna Prabhakar

Jangle Rushikesh Kashinath

Has satisfactorily carried out and completed the Micro Project entitled,

“Generations of Computer System

and Operating System”
As prescribed by MSBTE, Mumbai, as part of the syllabus for the partial fulfillment of
Diploma in Computer Technology in

Operating System (22516)

For the academic year 2021-2022

Prof – Ghuge. G. D (Guide) Prof – Kale G. B. (HOD)

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 Program Name – Computer Technology
Program Code – CM5I (0080)
Course Name – OSY
Course Code - 22516

Micro-Project Title: Generations of Computer System and

Operating System

Enrolment
Sr. Name of Student Roll No.
No. No.
Mehetre Krushna Prabhakar
1 14 1800800081

Jangle Rushikesh Kashinath

2 43 1800800112

Prof. Ghuge. G. D.

(Name and sign of subject teacher)

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 Index

Sr.no Name Page No

1 Rationale 5

2 Aim/Benefits 5

3 Course outcomes achieved 5

4 Literature Review 5

5 Actual methodology followed 6

6 Actual Resource Used 6

7 Output of the Micro project 6

8 Skill Developed/Learning Outcome 15

9 Applications 15

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 Micro-Project Report

Generations of Computer System and

Operating System
1. Rationale
The study of Operating system provides us with an understanding of human computer interface
existing in computer system and the basic concepts and its working. The students will also get hand-
on experience and good working knowledge to work in environments. The aim is to gain proficiency
in using operating systems after undergoing this study. While doing so, we are known to the
concepts and principles of operating systems, its features and practical utility
2. Aim /Benefits
The main goal of windows operating system is having convince for the user. The former
Operating System exists because they are supposed to make it easier to compute them. This
view is particularly clear when you look at operating system for small PC’s. The latter are
used for large, shared, multi user systems. These systems are expensive, so it is desirable
to make them as efficient as possible.

3. Course Outcomes Achieved

CI501.1 Operate and Install Operating System and Configure it.
CI501.2 Explain the use of Operating System tools to perform various Function

4. Literature Review
Operating systems have been evolving through the years. In this excerpt from his book,
Modern Operating Systems, Andrew Tanenbaum briefly looks at a few of the highlights.
Since operating systems have historically been closely tied to the architecture of the
computers on which they run, Dr. Tanenbaum looks at successive generations of computers
to see what their operating systems were like. This mapping of operating system
generations to computer generations is crude, but it does provide some structure where
there would otherwise be none.

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5. Actual Methodology Followed
i. In this microproject, first of all we have focused on selection of appropriate topic for micro-
project.
ii. Selected the topic i.e., Generations of Computer and Operating System.
iii. Then we started with our brief study as well as a survey on our topic.
iv. Then we gathered all in formation based on the topic of microproject.
v. We have done analysis and study of our topic in detail.
vi. All the above methodologies we successfully completed with our microproject

6. Actual Resource Used

Sr. Name of Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. Recourse/material

1 Computer System Intel Core i5 - -

8 GB RAM,1 TB HDD

2 Operating System Windows 10 - -

3 Software Microsoft Word - -
4 Website 1.https://www.tutorialspoint - -
.com/computer_fundamenta
ls/computer_generations.ht
m
2.https://www.tutorialspoint
.com/operating-system-
generations

7. The output of this Micro-Projects

A Computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical
operations automatically via computer programming. Modern Computer have the ability to
follow generalized sets of operations, called programs these programs enabled computer to
perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A “Complete” Computer including the hardware, the
operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment required and used for “Full”
operations can be referred to as a computer System. This term may as well be used for a group
of computers that are connected and work together, in particular a computer network or
computercluster.
Computers are used as control system for a wide variety of industrial and consumer
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 devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote
controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design and also
general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones.
The Internet is run on computer and it connects hundreds of millions of other computers
and their users. Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient
times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in
the industrial revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious
tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms more sophisticated electrical machines did
specialize analog calculations in the early 20th century.
• Operating System: -

The earliest computers were main frames that lacked any form of operating system. Each
user had sole use of the machine for a scheduled period of time and would arrive at the
computer with program and data, of ten on punched paper cards and magnetic would be set
to work until the program completed or crashed. Programs could generally be debugged via
control panel using dials, toggle switches and panel lights.
Symbolic languages, assembler and compilers were developed for programmers to translate
symbolic program-code into machine code that previously would have been hand-encoded.
Later machines came with libraries of support code on punched cards or magnetic tape,
which would be linked to the user’s program to assist in operation such as input and output.
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 This was the genesis of the modern-day Operating System. however, machines still ran a
single job at a time

• Generations of Computer System: -

i. First Generation
The period of first generation:1946-1959.Vacuum tube based.
ii. Second Generation
The period of second generation:1959-1965.Transistor based.
iii. Third Generation
The period of third generation:1965-1971.Integrated Circuit based.
iv. Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation:1971-1980.VLSI microprocessor based.
v. Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation:1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
First Generation-
The period of first generation:1946-1959.Vacuum tube based.

The period of first generation was from 1946-1959.The computers of first generation used
vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations

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used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations
were able to afford it. In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was
used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The
computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language
Second Generation-
The period of second generation:1959-1965.Transistor based.

The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were
used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and
faster than the first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation,
magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices.

In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like

FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and
multiprogramming operating system.

Third Generation-

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 The period of third generation:1965-1971.Integrated Circuit based.

The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used
Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors,
and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.

The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size,
reliable, and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing,
multiprogramming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO
IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.

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Fourth Generation-

The period of fourth generation:1971-1980.VLSI microprocessor based.

The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors
and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible
to have microcomputers of fourth generation.

Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time-
sharing, real-time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level
languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

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Fifth Generation-

The period of fifth generation:1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.

The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology
became ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.

This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence)

software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets the means and
method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C
and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

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• Generations of Operating Systems: -

Operating Systems have evolved over the years. So, their evolution through the years can
be mapped using generations of operating systems. There are four generations of operating
systems. These can be described as follows −

The First Generation (1945 - 1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards

Digital computers were not constructed until the second world war. Calculating engines with
mechanical relays were built at that time. However, the mechanical relays were very slow
and were later replaced with vacuum tubes. These machines were enormous but were still
very slow.

These early computers were designed, built and maintained by a single group of people.
Programming languages were unknown and there were no operating systems so all the
programming was done in machine language. All the problems were simple numerical
calculations.

By the 1950’s punch cards were introduced and this improved the computer system. Instead
of using plugboards, programs were written on cards and read into the system.

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The Second Generation (1955 - 1965): Transistors and Batch
Systems

Transistors led to the development of the computer systems that could be manufactured and
sold to paying customers. These machines were known as mainframes and were locked in
air-conditioned computer rooms with staff to operate them.

The Batch System was introduced to reduce the wasted time in the computer. A tray full of
jobs was collected in the input room and read into the magnetic tape. After that, the tape was
rewound and mounted on a tape drive. Then the batch operating system was loaded in which
read the first job from the tape and ran it. The output was written on the second tape. After
the whole batch was done, the input and output tapes were removed and the output tape was
printed.

The Third Generation (1965 - 1980): Integrated Circuits and

Multiprogramming

Until the 1960’s, there were two types of computer systems i.e., the scientific and the
commercial computers. These were combined by IBM in the System/360. This used
integrated circuits and provided a major price and performance advantage over the second-
generation systems.

The third-generation operating systems also introduced multiprogramming. This meant that
the processor was not idle while a job was completing its I/O operation. Another job was
scheduled on the processor so that its time would not be wasted.

The Fourth Generation (1980 - Present): Personal Computers

Personal Computers were easy to create with the development of large-scale integrated
circuits. These were chips containing thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of
silicon. Because of these, microcomputers were much cheaper than minicomputers and that
made it possible for a single individual to own one of them.

The advent of personal computers also led to the growth of networks. This created network
operating systems and distributed operating systems. The users were aware of a network
while using a network operating system and could log in to remote machines and copy files
from one machine to another.

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8. Skill Developed/Learning Outcome of this Micro-Project: -
• Learnt about different generations of operating system.
• Learnt about different generations about computer system.

9. Applications of this Micro-Project

• IT is supported and encouraged to 32/64 bits operations
• Multi-tasking system
• It is allowed to place file or folder on the desktop and work from there

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