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• 3 ) + ) ) F)! F ! )! * %) 0 , , <<" $ ! =
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Table: Recommended fluoride concentration of toothpaste for children


Age (yrs) Concentration of fluoride (ppm)
Low caries risk High caries risk
0.5-5 <600 1000
6 + 1000 1500

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(( 1 ) * + ( 2 ) ++ ( , !, ++ ( ) ( * +) +
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</ ) , ). )) + ) ( ) G =

Sweetener Type Sweetness Cariogenicity Comments


Sorbitol Bulk sweetener 0.5 Low Isocalorific to
sugar
Mannitol Bulk sweetener 0.7 Low
Xylitol Bulk sweetener 1 None Diarrhoea
Isomalt Bulk sweetener 0.5 Low
Lycasin* Bulk sweetener 0.75 Low
Acesulfame Intense 130 None
Aspartame Intense 200 None C/I in
phenylketonuria
Saccharin Intense 500 None Bitter aftertaste
Thaumatin Intense 4000 None
* Lycasin is the trade name for hydrogenated glucose syrup
(which didn't fit in the table!).

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1978 1988
Proportion of adults edentulous 30% 21%
Average condition of teeth:
• Missing 9 teeth 7.8 teeth • Decayed 1.9 teeth 1 tooth • Fil

! 4 2 . ) . :( E / 2 )! ) !, +
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• Prevalence in UK: 17-24 yrs 25+ yrs


Gingivitis 77% 87%
Periodontitis 3% 64%

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 6 of 40

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Diagnosis Emergency management Definitive manage


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or extraction
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ledermix/formocresol.
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chamber with formocresol or
Iedermix on cotton wool. Seal
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facial swelling
If Antibiotics and analgesics
• No or mild pyrexia (<38°C) Extraction of tooth (or pulpectomy in selected cases) onc

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 7 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 8 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 9 of 40

Supplemental Paramolar
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 10 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 11 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 12 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 13 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 14 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 27 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 29 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 31 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 32 of 40

Tend to get perio pocket contralateral tooth


Leads to ⇓ gingival width Better crown : root ratio
May attached gingiva

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 33 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 34 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 35 of 40

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 36 of 40

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Maalox suspension
Cimetidine Dyspamet chewable tablets/suspension
Ranitidine Zantac dispersible tablets
Zantax suspension

% ! ) %
Carbamazepine Tegretol liquid
Phenobarbitone Phenobarbitone elixir
30 mg/10 ml
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% " %
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cloxacillin
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1 10 25
3 14 33
5 18 40
7 23 50
12 37 75

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S = Sella: mid-point of sella turcica.


N = Nasion: most anterior point on fronto-nasal suture.
Or = Orbitale: most inferior anterior point on margin of orbit (take average of
two images).

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 9 of 34

Po = Porion: uppermost outermost point on bony external auditory meatus.


ANS = Anterior nasal spine.
PNS = Posterior nasal spine.
Go = Gonion: most posterior inferior point on angle of mandible.
Me = Menton: lowermost point on the mandibular symphysis.
A = A point: position of deepest concavity on anterior profile of maxilla.
B = B point: position of deepest concavity on anterior profile of mandibular
symphysis.

Frankfort plane = Po-Or.


Maxillary plane = PNS-ANS.
Mandibular plane = Go-Me.

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SNA = 81° (±3)


SNB = 79° (±3)
ANB = 3° (±2)
1-Max = 109° (±6)
-Mand = 93° (±6) or 120 minus MMPA
MMPA = 27° (±4)
Facial proportion = 55% (±2)
Inter-incisal angle = 133° (±10)

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 21 of 34

Skeletal pattern Normal or ⇑ o/b ⇓ o/b


Mild to normal Procline ULS Accept
Moderate FA to procline ULS Accept or FA
and retrocline LLS to retrocline LLS
±procline ULS
Severe Surgery Align and accept if possible, or
surgery

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 24 of 34

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Advantages of removables Disadvantages of removables


Easier to clean than FA Patient can leave appliance out
Easy to adjust, therefore ⇓ Only tipping movement
chairside time possible
Contact with mucosa ⇑ Affects speech
anchorage Good technician required
Can be used for o/b ⇓ Intermaxillary traction not possible
Can transmit forces to blocks of Lower removable appliances are difficult to
teeth tolerate Inefficient for multiple tooth
movements

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 26 of 34

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History No Preceding toothache Often toothache


Percussion TTP especially lateral TTP especially vertical
Probing Pocketing always May be no pockets
Probing sinus May lead to pocket May lead to apex
Vitality test Usually positive Negative
Radiographs Vertical bone loss Apical area

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General Local
Patient's motivation OH and periodontal health
condition
Age Number of missing teeth
Health Position of missing teeth
Occupation Occlusion
Cost Condition of abutments
Length of span
Degree of resorption

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 28 of 45

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1. Position: anterior or posterior.


2. Retention: Macromechanical: (a) perforated (Rochette);
(b) mesh (Klettobond);
(c) particular (Crystalbond).
Micromechanical: (a) electrolytically etched (Maryland);

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 29 of 45

(b) chemically etched.


Chemical: (a) sandblasted;
(b) tin-plated.

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Indications Advantages
Short span Cheaper than conventional bridge
Sound abutment teeth Minimal tooth reduction
Favourable occlusion No LA required
Disadvantages
Tendency to debond especially if tooth preparation is
poor Metal may show through abutments

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Patient Indirect Support Comments


tolerance retention
Ant. bar - + - useful for Kennedy IV
Mid. Bar + - ++ C/I torus
Post. Bar ++ + - need mucocompression
Ring - ++ +
Plate + ++ ++ less hygienic
Horseshoe + + ++ useful for multiple saddles

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 18 of 29

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Molloplast Acids, alkaline peroxide Hypochlorite
Coe-comfort Hypochlorite, alkaline peroxide Soap + water
Metal denture Hypochlorite Alkaline peroxide
Any denture Household bleach

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 19 of 29

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Denture faults Patient factors


Incorrect peripheral extension Inadequate volume or amount of saliva
Teeth not in neutral zone Poor ridge form
Unbalanced articulation ⇓ adaptive skills, e.g. elderly
patient
Polished surfaces unsatisfactory

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Difficulty with f, v. Incisors too far palatally
Difficulty with d, s, t Alteration of palatal contour
Incorrect overjet and overbite
s becomes th Incisors too far palatally
Palate too thick
Whistling Palate vault too high behind incisors
Clicking teeth ⇑ OVD
Lack of retention

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 20 of 29

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 2 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 4 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 5 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 6 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 7 of 27

( H. $ 5 77 8$ $ $ 1 $ A $ 6 8 $ $
 
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 8 of 27

" ! "$ 6 8 $ 6 2 11 6 $ 5 ( 9$ 6
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7 $8 $ $ ( $ B+ 7 1$6 $ 8$8 $ 7 $8 $ $ 1 $
$ = 8 $ $ $

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 9 of 27

7 A 6 8$ $ $ 6 ; A $ $ 7 9$ $ 8$ 8$ $ G: $6 > 1
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 10 of 27

(! ! $ $ 8$ $ $ 2 6 $ ; $ $
1 6 $6 5 $ 6 77 :$ $ '; $ B $
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6

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8$ 7 $( $ $9 $ 7 1 = 7 8$ >$
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 11 of 27

A 8 $ 5 $ 7 $ 5 8 8 6$ 7
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 12 of 27

5 7 $ $ $ ( 8 7 $8

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 13 of 27

2 # 2 ! ! 2# # 3'
$ 8$ $5 8 : 8 1 ' 1 8 $ $ 8 5 $ 5
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8 $ $8 4 2 $ $5 $ $ ( $8 6 7F @ 2 $ $ $5
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& 7

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$ $ $ $ $ 6 ($ 4 1 $ $ $ $5
7$ $ 1 * 8 / ; . 4; 7

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 14 of 27

7 $ 8 5$ $ 8$ $ $ $ ( 8$8 $ . 7 1 $
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 15 of 27

. 7 $ $ 1 $ 6 7 ( $ 56 $ 5 $ $ $

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 16 of 27

0
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8$ $ $ 68 8 $ $ %B: $6 8 ) $ 1$ 8 $ $

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 17 of 27

$ ( $ 7 * 8 7 $ 5$ $ $ $ 7 A 6 $ 1
6 6 $ 6 A 8 $6 $ $ ( $ $ 6
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! 0

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$ $ 6 $7 $ 7 $ $75 $
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⇓ $ 2$ 8 8 $ $ ⇑ "4D ⇑? .7
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8 5 ($ ( 9

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8

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 18 of 27

5 6! ;( 6 68 8 $ 8 8 $ $ $
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($ 7 $ 1 $ & 8 8 8 $ $ 8$ %B%

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8$ 7 5 $ $ $ $

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$ $ $ 8 ! 5 8 6 J 8 $ 6 = 97
$ @, $ 6 $86

& " ! " $ ( 8 $ 7 6 8 $ $6 8 $ $ $


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3 " " ( 8 $ 75 ( 1 5 11
8$ & $ $ C 56 $ 75 7 1 9, ( $ $ 6$ 6

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5 6

) $ ( 6 ( $ 7 00 $ $77 8 ( $ 2
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$ 6 $ 8$ $ $ $ 8$ $ G: $6 1$@ 1 @
$88 $ $ 6 1 $ ⇑ $ 2$ 8 8 $$ $ $ 6 6 968 ;( ;=
8 8 6$ $ 5 $ 8$ 9 $ $ 6 8 8 $ $ $ $
$

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 19 of 27

1 ; $ 75 $ 8$ 56 7 5 = 7 $
$5 C 1 $ #$1 ( ( $ 68 $ $ 8$ $ 1 & $ $ G:
$6 $88 $ $ 7@ $ @5 D 6 1 75 8$ 75 1
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1 $ B $ 6B

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 20 of 27

$ 56 8$ $2 $ C 8 ( 7 $ 7 $ $ $
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$ - $ $ $ 8 7 >8 F? $ 6 >8 0 ?

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A $ 65 (

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 21 of 27

$ ! 1 ! # 43 4
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$ 7 5 ( $ 1 = 68 A 9 1 $ $

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$ $8 5

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 22 of 27

6 7 5 6 1$ " $ $ ($ 9$ 5$
$ $ $ $5 ( $ 7 56 8 78 7 $ 6 9, 6 6 0
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4 5 $ $ ($ 7 $8 >$7 $ ?

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 23 of 27

> $ ? 7 7 $7 2 8 $ 5 $ 7 $8

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+ 04## " 2 $ " 2 .7 $7 $ 5 $ $ ($ 7 $8 8 $ 8


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56 8$ 6 96$8$ 5 $ 9 $ 2

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 24 of 27

< 3 !$ ! 4
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 25 of 27

8 8 $ ( 6

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 26 of 27

4 1 2 56 $5 C 5 $ 56 $ : $ 8 $ 8
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 27 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 1 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 2 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 3 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 4 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 5 of 27

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 6 of 27

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&'. - . '+ . & .
% . * * - * ', & ) '' . ' 3
$) <* ;@A= $ 0 ' &. ' 3 '+ .. 0' & - &
+* , ' + '.? + B

$ 2 0 ' +* ) . C! * *
+ . * + ) ' & 7, '' # &* ) '9 ''+ 9 ' +
' & ' * / * + - ' '+ . , ' + . +
0 & . '+ & * * %. * + 0& &
+ '& 0 0 & %. * 0' - + + 0 & 0+
+ &* & 0 ' 5 - + . + 0 , &
0+ - ' + & + - + + *' & *
* , ' &. ' + 0+ -' -. &D '

! # + E ' ) ' & & * '& 0 0 ' # &D 0 '


& , . * 0 & * <* . ' * , * = E
& & 0 0'# & -' -. &

% 0 , 7 & &' & 3 , ' ) *


) , 0' & - * . 1 ' & * + - ' 0' & - ? 0' '
00 * * 0'# ) '' D 0 ' ' 0 '' * & * '
* .' & * '' & . &D &0' ' '*

#$ ) - '& D ' * & ,+ . ''

+ 2 .& && 0' + * ' & ) '' . '


?* ; " .

F ' & '' . & ' ' & - F <.


= <. = ' - , ' * * +' 0 & 0+
+ 0 * '' - & . & & * . , '
0 & ' + 0' & 0 0 & 1 ' , ' ' 0 -
0' & 0 0 & - & % ' ' , ' . 0
F '& '+ ** . - ' ' - - * * &
.' ' & * * +' )

%. & 0 -, ) &

+ 0 & & , & * & .* 0' + . 0 , %.


& & & ' . > - % 0& & * * A -% ; '+

+1 .& - + '' . + .
- & 0' & - &&' G! . &0 ' . < ) * , + *' =
' . .* , + - '& & & ' * 0' %. & 0
(' ' ' '+ ' - ' 0 , < '' & G; '+ 0
''+= %H & 0 %. & - -, * & 3 + &

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 3 of 20

%. , 0 ' + < :$= .

)* ** ; ; ; ; @ *'

$ % 0 : + - ' & 2 & + , -


. ' & $ . & '+ . , '

'' * . ' - * ' & & ' '


. & 3 +

- ' , ' . ' & , ' 0' - . & 3 +

0 . . '' - - ''+ &

$ "-' (' "( $ . /


Eyes open
• spontaneously 4
• to speech 3
• to pain 2
• do not open 1

Best verbal response Best motor response


• orientated 5 • obeys commands 6
• confused 4 • localizes pain 5
• inappropriate 3 • normal flexion 4
• incomprehensible 2 • abnormal flexion 3
• none 1 • extension 2
• none 1

% ⇓* ' &⇑ ( ' - .⇑ '*

# # < @ = & '- 0 * *'

# ⇓ - . & '*

Limb movement
Indicate normal
mild weakness
severe weakness
extension
no response

< & - &' . * '+ . & .. =

2 & . , , - , * ! 0 . &0 . -
+* ) & +* , '

" &-

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 4 of 20

, & 3 + &G & I '' . '*

9 * & & . - # - & 3 &* 0+ , + -7 ?

Severe <8
Moderate 9-12
Minor 13-15

, -

, & 3 + * . . '' - ?

• E 1 '* *' < ) * +& =

• E 1 '' 0 , < ) * * & 3 +=

• 9* & 3 +< * & 0 =

• " &*

• " * & '' .

0' - .& ' & ?

• , &G - &

• 6 '+ ' ' * * '' + &'

• 6 '+ ' '' 0

7 .<A 0 .& - & '* -

- 7 . - . - - ..J

# . * , - & +0 3 +?

• 9)+-

• & +* , ' '

• ' - & * # .' & 0 '

• - + & &,

• 9 '+ ' & )* &,

• " & '' !

*
2 . . . ' ' ' ..- & &
.. & < . ** 0 - ' & - ' .
0 ' = $ '+ + +0 & & & . ' - -
&

2 . ' 0 & . 3 +? & ', ' &+' &


-' 0 &+ + * + ' * + * + ' F 0 ' . ' ' 0' '
' *' & & $) *' - % '' . + 0 - * &
*' < ' &' . = * &< * = * ' - ' <. -
& 0+ * ' -+= &D - .' $)

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 5 of 20

# ( '' . - & . . , 0' . , 0' & * & -


. ' & *' 2 .' * - # -
. & & 3

&+' . & - . & .. '


9. . & . . -' - . ** & . 3 $ '+
0' ' &+' . . & + * + '. 4- & 4 . 4. . '' -
* . -' . ''+ - & & 0 &+ .
'+ -

& + . . * 0 & -
' % 0' + & & ' - ' '
* - . &0 ' . 5 . D ''+ 0 - & '' -
, . & ' %. . & *' & + 0 - -- -
* & - * 2 ', ''+ 0' & & 2 *
+ *' .* & 0 . %"/ 7 ' * '* , & 0' ''
, ' *& . 0 + * & & '' ,

( + , '0 & '& 0 , &


' + 0' & ' * ) -0 0 ' &' - '' 5 .
*& . ' & ) ( '* . * ' - ' &0 '
' %. & - + - ' 0 ' 0' +
* &. -- ' * % + , + *' &
, -' . & 0' & ) - ' * D '' * & * .
. , . '+ . / , * . .+ , * , &
.

)* 9(7 &( & 0' ' $- &' . ' ' 0' 1 . 9(7
0 0' $ & ( < '*. ' . . 0 + * + & - = %9
* * ' ' ' - 9(7 , 2 . &+' & 2 '' & '
, - + '*

<* ;@@= * '' 0 & & * ' & - * &' -


. & . 0' * '0
& - . K * ' 0+
& +& 0+ %H + '' & * &. & 0 &
. '- D5 * + 0'# & ' <0 &' = * '
/ %" * & +0 & &

2 & . ' ' *' ) * .. . -' 0 '+ .


' % . & 0' . * 0 . ,
, & . & & &0 & ' - 0 . '' ' - -
. & 0 - +< ' & '' - ) 0 = *
, * . . . 0. *' . & ' & & '
& F' <* ;@@=

' 2 -' 0 & * , '' *


& 0+ 0 +0 . 0 .
' * & * . D , '' - * * 5 -
' & - & * ' ' ' ' 0' & 0 & -' 0
. '' - % * * . ' * * & + & -, ' + &
- ' - + 2 ' 0 & * & & , & & ' -
' 8 -G - # ' & > - && ) ' -G - '' %H + '*
' 0 - - &

% , 0' & - 0 , & . ' +' ! &* .


) '' + + ' - * . 0' & - * + ) 1 &
* '* &* 0'+ & '-

'+ 0 & )* ' .$ 5 F 5 F %. &


0 -* . 3 , . ' . - .

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 6 of 20

' * -' ''+ &0 ' G! . * +- & *' 5 F %%


& & . *+ & ' * < & - = 5 F %%% &
. ' ' . '0 & -

& 5 F % + -'+ & . '. 2 0 -


* . ** 3 0' ' * & * '+ 2 0 - 0 ' '
0' ''+ & 0 & ' &* 4- -- -4 . 0 7 * ** 3 0
0 &. . - '+ *' 0 &. . - . & , * 0 '
&- & * 0'# ** 3 0' + * - ) '' +
& * ' ' *' ( . ** +* & 4 & *4 & 5 F %%
& %%% . * & ' ' ' ** D '+ - & . . 0' '
0' + <* & . = 0 3 , ' - 0' & . & . **
& ) , 0 - . . * ' 5 . F' & , ' + 5 F %%
. + ' . 0 ' , * & *& . + 0 '
( ' 5 F %%% . & & * . . #+-
& . + . #+- 0' ''+ & 0' + . . ' '

)* 9 * ' ° &! ° 0 , ) ' ' '' * '' '&$! .


* . & 0 9 * & 2 & . ,
- - 1

** ;@A ;@@D ) 1 & % 2 * >

.' 3!-' / 1 (%# & '+ & 3 + ''+ ' . 0'


0' 03 < - . = 2 ' . 0 & 0' . * &
* ': + 2 4 4* ) '' < 0 ' - &' ' '' . =
. '0 & * '0 . , ', ' ' ' +
+ 0 & *' & 2 . & *' ., ' *' - $)

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 7 of 20

" - F + ) &: + - & + 0 3 , '


- < ' '= " *' * *& . + . 0 ' * .
. 0 ' , ' .' ' ) . & 0' * - &
' ' * ) 2 . & * '* . #+- 0 %9 & ''+
.' - . *

' - . ' . < &&' G! . .


* - 3 += 5 - * ' & - . . - & *' *
* & - # ' 0 ' 0' . D. & ' -
0 ' .' < ' 3 + & ' ''= ' ''+ : + 4 - -
& * - 4< & ' . - - = . ' 2 5 ' '' &G
.. '

*' ' 0+ 0 . & .. * ' & & &


, ' 2 . * ' - ' . '. ' , ' 0
& & / '. . 1 '+ & & , *' - . * 0,
'& . + * ) & & - . ' 0 $)? . . *'+
* ' - '0 0 & *' - 2 ' , * & &
0 * ' - ' + & - *' +'

. '0 . '* . ) '' ' '0 0 '


*' . & & & *' . & ' . + 2 . 1
& 0'# &.) . & ' " - & - ?0' '
0' + 0, '& . + <* ' '+ & * . ' 0 &- = * '& ,
* ) & 0 5 . F'

# * , '+ *' . ' & &


& , . - & ' & * '

6 ''+ , ', & .) & 0'# . . - % &0 '


& ) '' + . & ''+ , & 0+ % F 0'# - 3
' / & + ' & **' '.) &
&- '+ 0 & * & ''+ . & . ' '& 0
, & 9 * , . 0 & & 1 & & 0'# - &
. '' *< ' & - & & & +* & = . '' * , .
. '

# / , 0 .. '0 . , ' # & $) .


)* & ''+ , ' & & & & & , D
*' & * +% F &G & & . . < 0 &
0 &' = & '' 0 *' . ) & 0+ ' *' & 0'#
& % F 0 ' &. , + & ' *' & & & . & &
H + '+ *' *' % F ' +0 & $ 0 0' *' -
+ - 0 + 4 ' 0' +

( ' 2 0 . ' & * 0' '+ - % F &


&. && '' & 7 - *' & 2 1 0 * & & 0+
.0 *' , ''+ '' ( ' & ' & 0' 0 - & 0+
< ; = *' 0 '

- & * & - & +* . 3 + < + ? '- . & &


) '' + ' - & <. & &= * & * ' ' > + ?* . * 3 +
' '& 0 0' & <0+ ' . &0 = & * &
& + %. * * . ' * 0' - ? 9$%F ;

* E . . '' - & ?

, % - *' - .) K (' -
*+ . & #+- 0 + '+ & * &

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 8 of 20

( 6- 5 , . 0 ). .) & .

' , & 0+ * ' ** <7 '' = 0 * '+ &


**' & 0+ ' .) - . *' - 1

' * ' & & *' & 0 . . 0 .


*

* '+ & & & & *' & * & '


& +

& 0'+ (' &* & 0 , & &0 .


* & ( < + + 1 . .7 - *' . , ) &
& . ''+ . '+ & ! *' 0 &
,+ 0 0' ' 0 & . & 0'

* # 0 & * ' 9 1 & 2 * 0' * & 0+ % F


& * & 0 4 * ' &4 * * , '+ % F 1 '1 &# & & . '
> ' < . F= & ! ' . .' & & '+ " & - ' 0 &
9$%F 1 . & . * !

# % . * & - 2 * ' & ' + &


0 + 1 *' & . ( *& . +
** & *' * ' * ' F ' . , + ' - '
* 0' * & ' . ' " *' * 0 '0 -
* ' * " . + ' 0

# % - .. ,' '. ' & . '.


* - * & . . & & . ' 2 * & 0
0'# & . - '& 0 & & ) '.) * . . *
.& . , $)

2 . - '+ , 0' & & ** , -,


* 0 * 0' 0+ . '' - * *'

. 3 + '' - &( &. & 0


* * +' ) & '& 0 ' & ;

( 2+* .* +* . &< 0 .' * ' = * ' + +


+ ' & ' * HGH%% * &G' '&

, ! : +. F

' *' & * , * 0 ' & & 5 9


& . 7

$ % - ' & ' 1 ' )& & + &


- &F & -- , 00 - > ?> ?0 & ' ) .
. & 0 & 6)*' '' & . F . , & , '& - 7

1 % ' + & ' ? 0 0' !G ;G D ? .' ;G AG


< -? * ! = , & &-

! " '1 '#&)


# ' ' + ' ** ** ) & 4

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 9 of 20

- ' E 0 . , & '- ,

0 ? ' &- ) & * ' &'-


** ) 2 & '' $ , ! ;& +

2 ! , *' * 0' 0+ ) & 4 *& 4


%. ) '& 0 ) , & . ''+

! %. .' * & , 0' ? * & , & %. *' ? - . ' '


.' *

+ * ''+ - *' + '& 0 )*' & 0+ -

& %' ( $"% "


( 6) ' & -' 0 3 +

( " .* , &4 ' .' 4

# " * , * . G '' *

( 3# 3 ' $3 ! $ 1 * - 2 * . . ' &


- ' , .

( $ '#&)"
' ' * '+ 0 0 ' & - '+D & ' * '

% 6 '+ - . & E )+ ' , > ' , + . ''+ & ' * + ''


. - & '*. '

% / & * ' . '

/ ' * * &'* - . ' ' .' * * ' '+


& - , &* 0

" $ * ;

* ,
& * ;@

+0 . ' . , & 0+ * ' - '


3 & ''+ & < * ' . '& &= . 6)
' . , &: + '' . & - .0 + % .0 )
., ' % 0 + * ' *' + &+' +
& & ( * ) ' $ . , * & 0+ )
' 0 ' , + $) & * & * <' . , &
* . ' . = +0 . & +' 0 & .. 3 %
& *' + ' - '* & D + . ''
. +0 . . ' '- +

&+' . * ;

, # 1 (%# 6 ''+ '& & 3 +< ' , '+ &+' = *


. * , +' &+' . 03 . EK ' '- & ' <* ; @=

& 9 '3 & ) * ' ' )3


& ' +0 ' ' 0' ' &+' 0 * '* & '
: + . * - -- & * $)? & & D ,

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 10 of 20

3 + 0 * . & 5 & & ' &3 &G & (' 0 ,


' & ) & & &0 &* <.5 & ' . & & &
0 0 *' & 0 ' ' , & - .0 -0 = &, 3 **
+ - D ''+ - & , & % F % ''+ -& ' *
0 - '. & 6) . ' &0 . 0 + , & - + '
3 *' & ' - & 9* ' - D * ' *' *
- ' " +& . . #+- 0' . ** 3
* + - &+' + / * - &*

# # $ $)? - &+' + . , <0 0 * , 0'


& &+' *' - & ' ' - * & 0' = .
40 4 & . , - - +

$ $)? 0' & & *+ . '-

$ & * &- + & '' . 2 0 < >8 .


* + & 2 - & + * 3 .. * &
& * " - ? ' &- . + & &' ' - $)? +
& + * $) . 3 **' * + *+ ) & '
& ' - * 0' ' ..

& + . ' 2. & .. '


3 ** 0 & - ,
' - " - ?& * ' . '
&* , & , &+' . : + ,& . &+'
, + * . C + - & ''+ ⇓ , ) + : + &+'
& '' - .' . ( ' -* & . $) .
& * ' . - & & 2 (" <* ;@ = 2 - * , +
0 . . ' & <* A A= * 0 0'+ ' ' & '' - ''
- * '' * ! ; . & ''+ : + 0 ' 2 +
'& 0 & &. - &+' , - &+' +

& ** ) '+ 8 .* 2 (" * ,


,
, $) 2 + +0 . . - * + *+ 0 , - &
$) <& . 3 * ' - & = - +. * 2 (" *
* , 0 , +0 .0 . <* 0 0'+ 0+ - , **'+ 3 =
' - ' - '+ 0 ' & 0+ ' *' &G * +- & + + &
, 0'+ & - & 0 , &0 1 . . * '

,
* & * ; AD *' ' -+ * ; @ 2 0' & ' * ',
. 0'+ . -& . - + ' & & - &
* * & * ' '' * & . * , - & 0 - .
3 & * & . & &. &. - . < = *' &
* & 0 , ''+ * '+ . * @ * * . - .
0 - &. & , ' . +' ' - ' 2 + '& '
* & & & & & ' ' . ** .

'' * & - -' 3 * & 0 * * ' , & -

(# /! ' # 0 ''+ - . ', ' . . 3 -


& * ' % * * ? ) '' . & +* *' & .. +
& . ' ' 3 * , . ', ' *
) & ' & * & 3 ' ' 0 '
.

' # # E ''+ .. ) '' & ⇑* '.


&

! # ' , * 0+ & .' - . '' - ', '


* * 0' * & - ' ' 0 0 - &

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 11 of 20

⇑& - & + &⇓ , - 5 , - GF . , '& + ⇓ * 2


' , * & 0+ - . & * * ' ''+
* - , . - '+ * & 0'

! ( 0' & 0& + &' - .* &


'& '+ * * * .. , 2 .4 & 4* & <
- - ' ' ''+ & &0 # ''+ # &3 = *' &
.. , 0 0 & '' - * & <* ; A= , & - ,
* , '+ . ' '& '+ . 0 * * - . * , 3
* + * '* ' - '. + '' 0 . . *' 0
- . -

4 * * * '' * & 1 .
4- -4 0 0+ # - &- & ''+ , -0 * < G& += '' * 0 0'+ *'
'' 3 - * &

⇑* * ' * & 0 & ' & ' + & *' . -


0* '0 ' .' * & & )* '' - 5 - . .' & ''
' , & & * . '' & 0 . ' 0 * ,&
. *'

' # 0 ). *' & & 0' . 0 '


$ * & ⇑0 & *

8 . . - '. ' '. * & 0+ & ! & +


'.

$ 1% $ &) $ % ." $"' 4 56/


2 *' ' * D * -
'' - & - % * - # - . - + &
- . * ' & . + 0 & * 0+ * - +
0 & 0+ ' .

# 2 * ' * ? ( . & ''+ * ! D


.' * - 0 & & *
* '& - & 7, '+
' < - '' &= '' 0 & * &D 0* '
& % & ' - && * & 0+ ' * 0 ⇑.
&- * '< - " ' = % EK & - - 0' & 1 .
* ' *

6) , - + ) '' +- . ' *' *


. - . * ' < - H 5 - 0 " ' =

! H .' * ' ', ' & - -, * *' + * +* &


&, & 0+ && & 0+

( ( ' & ' -+ + '' 0 . . -

( * - - ' '' - ( +. ' ' *G * +


'

5* , < *' *' )= 1 &* ' .


', ' 0 - .

! ' *

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 12 of 20

# 3 # 3 # # '' ' . * ' * , * & * F0


* & *+ '' , '# . * ' & - * & &
( + - *' + , ' * + - ' * - ⇓ +* ' * . '* '
* ⇓ &. * + - *' +

* > @

& '1 ( $ &' $ "


0 &- * . & , ', - ) '' . ' - *' ' . ?

Congenital Acquired
• Orbital malformations (hypertelorism, orbital • Tumours (benign or
dystopia) malignant)
• Craniosynostoses (premature fusion of cranial • Dysplasias (fibro-
sutures) osseous)
• Craniofacial synostoses (Apert syndromes, Crouzon, • Neurofibromatosis
pp. 756, 757)
• Encephaloceles • Post-trauma deformity
• Others (Treacher-Collins, hemifacialmicrosomia,
hemifacial hypertrophy and atrophy)

2 * & . ' < ? . ' - - &


= ' .' * & -' , . + . . '' & 0+ +
& + 1 & 0 ' & . & - * , &
, ' D & & '& * & .' & 0 '

2 - + .. ' ' '& . + & - ' . & . ' - + (


& . '? * - & + &

( + 1 * 2 & , .
- - + 0 & & & ' . - + & 0 ' '+ ' 0 .
0 - * & & *' ) $)

& # * ;

&) 7#$ '( )# "


% , ', 0 &+ ', '

, * ! ' E & * 0 & 0' 69 ** &


0' 1 * . %9 , ' 0' 2 %9 * & - . & * . &,
) & & & ' +* & - -' & '' - .
- & ' 0 & 2 1 , + & * &

# , & 0' 0 & . & %9 ' 0 ,


& . 0 , ' - ' ' - & 0 ' * ' 0 &
*' - ''+ . '' & 0+ * & *' * . %"/

, ! * * # E ''+ 69 ** $ '+ &D ' - . &


0 - .

% 0 &+ . & 0' / & - * & ''+ ,


' ,

' # E & , & ', ' - 2 ''+ & .. '

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 13 of 20

' $ , ' +

" # 2 * . 0 , &* + + D * '& -


0 & ' * & ' F) '& 0 * +. . ' , +
' & 0 *

2 $$ ! '( )# "
0 -' 0 & 0' - &* &
, ', '' - 0 ' ' &* ' , * ) '' ( 0' . & -
* . 0 & , & -& - -

, +* & & & ** 4& . 4 0 '


0 5 F %' , ' & - * & ' & * ' 2 . & ) '' 0
, & * & . & % ' . * ' , & 1 + . * ' ' 0' &
**'+ ' & - - '' & 0 ' 0
* , - . 0 ' 0' & **'+ ) '' F ) * 0' -
1

,, E ''+ &. & . &, ' ' ' &, 0 ' ''
0 5 F %% ' , '

,,, $ ''+ 0 ' . ' * - ' .' * *' , 0 ' & 0 '
, & . & ' *' )

E &. * & . ** , ' $ .


0 ' , . ) '' + 0

# 2 . ' & '& . + E ''+ & ''+ **' & 0+


+ , '0 '' 0 49* *' +4 , ', & -' , -
' ' , '' '' 0 -* * '

' ⇑ . *' .) . # & - ⇓ '


0 - . ( - ' & <* ;= - . 0 ⇓ . ' *
% F &G ' , '. ' - 7 && ' &- &
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A

" " " ." $"' 4 896: 89;/


' . & 0+ 9 * ' ' * ' ' & ' . &

' * ;>@
& '+ * < 4 = .. > FD <> + ' ' 8 F ' . &
+ - , + ' '+ & * 0 - ' . '

$ 4 4 **
' - ''+ * & ' ''+ * ' '+ ' - * ' * 0
* 0' ' -
,, '& * * * +. & + ' - ' - '+ &
2 & - . '- - -. - '+ -- ,
' , '+ & ' - * '+ * ' - & & % ' & 1
' - 'δ & '+ < )* & & * ' - & &= 9
0 + * ) - *' * & ! >+ , , ' C! 8

# % ' & & # ,


, 0' * & 0' 0 , ' ''+ & # & + - 9
, - 0 * 0' C@ 8 ,, '

* # % ' & - '+ * - & .0 . > 8

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 14 of 20

. ', + '&

5 #% ' & '+ * & '* & &

+ & ) * & - ' 5 - + * & . '


, , ', -- 0 - F '* ' + * & *&- --
'- + 2 . ' . + 2 F/ E $% + '*D ,
$) ' ' + , ', * & + & , - *'+ & ' +

' ' 5 (' * & '-


. * ! 8 $) . -' & ) , &. &
& . '-

' >> 8 . '- < '+ & & + = & 1


) , - + & ' .' .

- + . 3 ' , + -' & * '+ . 0 & ' '+


.' + & 2 -' & '+ , &. ' <* ; ;=
& '+ . ) * . '+ * ' , + -' & '&
, - + ''+ * * -

( *' *' ) . - . ' + &


* , .. ' , ' ''+ 0 - * . '' 0 , * . '
* & +D & & *' 0 ' , , * & + '- 1
& ' ) &G & *+ . . ' , &3
'- * & *' ) & + '& *? ! * *
. & D ! * * * , & '+ * *
& *+

! + . * '' - & 0 & -' & * ' '+


0 . && - ' (' : + <' 0 ' &0 ''. . * &= , '
& * 1 ' ' 0 & ) ' & & ' ' ' & *' - ' - * +
, ' 0 0 &0 ' & $)? ' '
. ' ' '+ - &  , 0+ * - 0 & ' ' * ,
' ** - . & & & & . %9 ** &'. D
* '# & ( ' ' ) -' & && $)? # 
)* & , %9 ** . , '' .' * * 0 & .
* ' ' 9 ' , * . '* & + '+ . **
5 ' * + , ' 0' . * ) ' ' ' * - , & -' &
)

, . . * & 0 & 0 ' -' & ' &


&' & 0 '' - . && ', ' '' & ' ' - * + , -
. & . * & -' - 0 * & . .
! ! $)? - . -' & + ' ' * &
' 0' * 1 ! $)? 0 & 0 ' -' & ) ' , ,
* & + , ' . 8 . & % , ' ' - * + * '# &
0 '' G0 0 - & &' , 0 0 *' &
* - +

% , * 0' * && +* * + )
&G * . 0' ' 0 & 0 ' -' & ) '& ' - * -
' 0 . '' - & ' ' < ' * & = * + ' - ' **
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', % -' & ' 0 ' ) '*

* ; ;

<

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 15 of 20

* >>

2 . ' & '- ' 2 + +0 * & & 0+


* ' - '-

2 40 0 +4 $) ''+ ) * 0+ * + ' - . ' ' .' *

- . ' & .> . . & >


. '

6 * * + . ' . ) & + .' * * '


3 -5 <. &= ° - & & ) ' , ' .. ' + $
0 - & <0 * ' & += * . * ' -

( + 2 + & - ) ' - ' 6)


'' * & 0 & & ' 0+ '. - ' - . & E & *
# 6) + 4& - 4

1 '' * + ' .'* + '& & ')

# & '' 0 & & * ' 2


0+G . & +' , & E . '. '* & .

/ - . '' 0 0 & ' - 7 . '' . ' . + , & , ' *


0 . & * , *' 00 & * '' + -

2 & 0 +& '+ 2 +


'* ' && ' &* + '

7 . & * * + . & & 0'# & 0 ' . *


* - & , . & + 2 - . ' -

'( $ 1$ "
, 0' & **'+ & 0+ 0 .- + & & * & & -

F' * & ) 0 . 5
'& * 0+ & * &
" * & - 0 -- .. ' & 1 '+
& - & .' * ? ⇓* & ⇑ .' * ' & ' + &

' '& $'( $ 1$ "


# # *' , .

' #H + . 'D ' ' ) &

% ' #2 . ' @ 8 &A 8 && .

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>

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 16 of 20

H * .. . $) . * ' D ' - 0
. . - * ', - ' ' & & - . &
- - * '' & ' && ' ''+ 0 & $) * *'
0 & - - - 2/ ' . * ;> & * 4 . . - +<
& *'+ . + 4 * - + + * , '' - . & *+
' + = % + . ' 0 & - + & & *+
* ' $)

# < '' , + & - - &=

6 0' * , '& - + ) &- * F 6 $ E&6


5F2 < ' & - '0 = 0 0 + H"$5 0' &- * :$ 6 7 9(7

- & - + 0 * + ''+ & 5 F' ) 0' & *+ &


) - - < 2G $%= 2 ) ' & + * + ** &- ,
<* >8 . = ( '* . & - <2/ =

! E ' * & , + 0, +& & - . .


' , . ''+
• 2 / - + & *+ < . 0 + *+ & , *' = .. 1 '

• 2 ' 0 , - & *+? . , & * ,


&

• 2 & 2! > > 8 . * '' , ' D & ? & D


* * +' & *+ < . ' 0 . 0, 0 ' + & =D * * +'
' , & 5 ''+ 0

• F ' - ' * , - & ) * ' * & & *+ - , *


*

• H '+ ⇑ 0 &. 0+ # - & 0' <* *'


0 . &=

• .' . + * & 0' ' '+ * & D 0' ' ' ,


& 0 ' & '

• ( 0 . ) * ' * & , ' '+ * & - * -


&

' *+ & & *+ , & .. * '+ & .. &


* ''+ - -. * ' * ' & - 0

7* !! 8. 2 / 0 ! 8 . 2 G! / & . 2;D , &


) , 0 *+ & * ' &, &
' " + + & . - - '' & . & &
. ' *' * & - '4 4 '' , ' '& & + *
& '' * . + .'. & - & '& &
& '' ' . '' , * <( '' , - + , =

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0 & *+ * ''

<

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 17 of 20

) * D .' & & * ' +


0'

& 5 + ' * &' * ( '* %. & & + . ''


& & ) & - '' 0 & 0+

, ! E' & * + ' -+ 0 * +

2 < = + <0= * ' -+ < = && +

5 ' * . ''+

' 5 . * D 6)

# . . + '' 6)

' 5 .' . . & +' + & . ** &


* ' & - 0 + . D $)? ' )

# " * *' + 2 + & - ' 0 * + 9* - . '- & ⇓


, , ' <* > A=

, <* ; @= / & ' - & & ?, ' < - -' & ' . , %H= 0 '
< - + 0 '< ' .+= + = , & &
.

6 . & & * +< & ' & =


'+ * G' <' - 00 += * ; @ F/ '*. ' '+ * D0 * + & &

" 2 ''+

! <* > = 0 &0 ' G' * ' .* &? 0 ' & 0


& 3 - + & 0' - '? '

- & '- - + -' ' + < +' + 0


. . - & + & - 0 & & - + &0 ,
'' -=

" 4 0 * +J

<* ' ' =

' F & & &0. E ''+ . ''+ , >8


'- $)? ) . + *

$ 2 ' '' 3 , & , ' ** ' $)? 0 &, '


) * , - ' +.0 .* 0'

&! < * + - '* = F '' '' - 6, & * ''+ )

$ '+ >A @ 8 ' ' 6)

8 8< - ' .0 - '' =

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 18 of 20

, ' 0 * + &0

, < ' * ; @= 5 & -4 - 0 0 * + - ' 0


* * + - ' '' ' '' & 0 <2 = . & + *

)) % "
% 6 . & &! &0 ' & - . '+ * &
% * ' '' & + * & * & '' - '+ -
& 0 , ' , ' . + & ( . $)? ' )

% . ' . '' . , '+ - ' G! .


& ( 0 D& - '+ $)? ' ) .

( . + & . '+ * . - ** & '


' & ' ' ' + - '+ * +0 . & + & 0 ' ''+
0 &' & . & + && '+ ⇑ # . 0' & * & $)? '
) < * ) * 0' = '& . . * +
+0 ' & - &. & * ' - <"K;! =

- 1% . & & * & * * '' . ,, ' 1$


. & & * & ' ''+ . * * '' . ,, '

% * 0' + .. ' . & & 3


* '. 3 . ' . & ' - +. ' D , & &
& * . ) '' . ' - + * ' '+

* ;; #('" $ 1$ " * ;>

+0 *' . '' *' < 0+ . &


. - = 1 '+ &0 0' 2 + 41 ' &4 *'
F '' < * ' , ' * ' 0& '= * , & &
' * - & . . . F '' & ' &* +

' F 0 ' ', $0 * ''+ *' , '


0 0 . * . & 0' %' **' ' '' 0 &
0 *' 0 ⇑ . "H2 H + '& .
'' 0 )

' #$ & * * & ' .' * 0 & 0 , &' ' ** ' *D . '' '
.' * $ 1 &, C! '

# $ & * * & ' .' * . '* &* ' * $ 1 &, & !


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0 . * & & . $ 1 &, '

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# # #( & ' . .' * 0 & * . ' * ', ' 5 - .' ) 0'


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# & & + .0

& # # & * . - ' +, ' 2 0' .

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 19 of 20

* E ''+ & , & & & . !

+ # ' & 0 & 0 0 0 ''+ . 0- .


& ) E ''+ '' & . & H + 0 ' + .' *D ,
& . & ' & & & * & ' .' *

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# . .' * 0 & & ' + 2 , ' 0' &


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0 = - . * . & ' 0 . &. 0 +

& # # & & * .' ) ' + 2 .' * * '.


.. 0 . & 0' % ' 0' 1 ' ''+
. &. . - & 0' . * & & . * 0'
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 20 of 20

@>
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 1 of 38

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 2 of 38

* + 5 6 # . * # # 8 (* 9 ++
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 3 of 38

( /* ) + # + * 5 A 8 . # #
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= , * . = ) 9 6 * *
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 5 of 38

** #? * 1 * *
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 6 of 38

, + * # #) = + + , # #
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 7 of 38

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 8 of 38

6* *

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 9 of 38

* ) * )

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"!& % ' '


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@ - , - . -

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!% ) # "2 "% &!% "5

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# * , . ,
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• ! # / #

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( 6 + # # # # + + .
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0(( 1 = , * . , + ** + (
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7 5" # 7 >!

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'High risk' Treat in hospital LA or GA (e.g. past


IE)
Amoxicillin 1 g plus gentamicin 120 mg. IV/IM with amoxicillin 500
mg PO 6 h later.
Penicillin-allergic or course within last month.
Teicoplanin 400 mg plus gentamicin 120 mg IV, or
Clindamycin 300 mg IV with 150 mg PO 6 h later, or
vancomycin 1 g plus gentamicin 120 mg. IV separately. Vancomycin
is infused over 100 min.

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 35 of 38

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0208 869 3973
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Dose Route
od once a day IM intramuscular
mane in the morning INH inhalation
nocte at night IV intravenous
bd twice daily NEB nebulization
tds three times daily PO by mouth
qds four time daily PR per rectum
prn as required PV per vagina
SC subcutaneous
SUB sublingual
TOP topical

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maleate
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Salbutamol inhaler 0.1 mg per dose (INH administration)
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Aspirin 300 mg tablets (PO administration)
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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 17 of 21

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 18 of 21

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Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry - 4th Ed. (2005) Page 19 of 21

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Good bond to denture Bond with denture base not reliable
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More readily distorted Absorb water: candida colonization
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* +
BA Bachelor of Arts
BC/BCh/BS Bachelor of Surgery
BChD/BDS Bachelor of Dental Surgery
BM Bachelor of Medicine
DDPH Diploma in Dental Public Health
DDR Diploma in Dental Radiology
DDS/DDSc Doctor of Dental Surgery/Science
DGDP Diploma in General Dental Practice
DOrth Diploma in Orthodontics
DPhil Doctor of Philosophy
DRD Diploma in Restorative Dentistry
DSc Doctor of Science
FDS Fellowship in Dental Surgery
FFD Fellow in Faculty of Dental Surgery
FFGDP Diploma of Fellowship in General Dental Practice
FRCGP Fellow of Royal College of General Practitioners
FRCP Fellow of Royal College of Physicians
FRCS Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons
LDS Licentiate in Dental Surgery
MBBCh/MBChB Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
MCCD Membership in Clinical Community Dentistry
MCDH Master of Community Dental Health
MD Doctor of Medicine
MDS Master of Dental Surgery
MDentSci/MDSc Master of Dental Science
MFD Member of Faculty of Dentistry
MFDS Member of the Faculty of Dental Surgery
MFGDP Diploma of Membership of Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK)
MGDS Diploma of Membership in General Dental Surgery
MOrth Membership in Orthodontics
MPhil Master of Philosophy
MRCGP Member of Royal College of General Practitioners
MRCS Member of Royal College of Surgeons
MSc Master of Science
NVQ National Vocational Qualification
PhD Doctor of Philosophy

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19 0.040 1.0
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25 0.020 0.5
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