الادارة الفعالة لمياه الصرف الصحي

EMWATER E-LEARNING COURSE PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION
SUMMARY
! "# $
%& ' %
Dr. Yavuz Özoguz
,( )*) +' !
• Institute of Wastewater Management, Hamburg University of Technology

• Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Art, Yildiz Technical University Istanbul
• Institute for Water Studies (IWS) Birzeit University
• ENEA, Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente Bologna, Italy
• Adelphi Reseach, Berlin
LESSON A1: CHARACTERISTIC, ANALYTIC AND SAMPLING OF WASTEWATER
./ - $
10
: 98 . 2 345 )'6 . 7 0
: 98 ; 0
!
#
$%&
' ( )* "
+ (
$'
, ( -
) . /012 !
: =8 1/<! 0
3 454 4
,89':06 ; 6 7
'
%2, 8< 7
#
$%&' #8 0 ( =>
?
$ !/012 (
7 4, ; ( -
# ( -
@A4>
B > C4
E 3 )D4%
' 3 E F.
5) &
2#
GH4' I45 &
E 3 ( #
$%&
') & '
: =8 >? @A 0
B4J0 ( %@K#
B4J0 ( &
B4J0 ' L:; & M%@<4% I ,>
B4J0 ; B4N ( 2 >&
: =8 )B5( 2 " "
; C 0
: =8 )D 0
' L:; # &
'H!
Page 2 of 46
7 R H %@Q ' L:; K O

P
7 R H %@
: H8 E/ F )GF60
( S; "
' %@
@ M C!
RH '
G" ' L:;
B4J0 (
' T ;?L:4 T
: H8 E/ F )GF6I J60
: 8 N KL /1 . M 0
) . U6 3 @) 1
) . U6 3 %
: 8 N .2
160
HH ( ) &2@
&' ) &
: 8 $/ P Q?O 0
GH4' /; 3 ,' %
O?
EB 0
Page 3 of 46
10
R H 4J 3 4JV W 3 XP, $ #, # W3 ' ; $# ' F. X!
; O#$ ) & ' M%@ ' @ YZ; 7 P N $ ' H! @!; N'( ; RH
GH4' \ /; 3 ] 3 O '
H X8^ 74, ; /( [J 3 6 GE
3 #4; ME N' ( ;I " X?` : _L% N $ '
H! @!; ( /(
8 ' $& 3 %$# ' b ' :c d=>/:L8M% @; ( ; ( > &R a
) ; N> e4% P" @4 #2J f 4 3 ; ( M% @ 8?LP"
B[a 6 2 '
H YZ 3 P N,> g$ '
H? @!X! R,
M':; T0N'H L%& ' #Y[ ; % $ 8 N $' H!d
h#?; N#4' ' ) %
=>?/$'H?R(#R , [N ; d& %a ; ;Z ( g=>g$ ' H! a # + ( - (
^: ' #Y[ ; _ % P' ; ;$ ( - E j$:4 ( ) Zi E #$%&
' & ' (
g=>M ,# L P' :4 [JL8X!) % # [a 6 8; % $ 8 ( %@2@k
: 2 4& Y[8; + ; # '! N> ?& #E [J ;_ $'
, (
@' 5
:S98 . 2 345 )'6 . 7 0

R
J J ;$ [J ; 454 e4%
') 64 % 3 4J ( =>
?GE 3 lH
%
P" L ,B :
T2 0
R0S
2@ ( X?` : _ @ 3 ;?/C 3 74H d
&, $ ' , J
2 ( /O L HM% @_ M , /C 3 #" / @
jo LP" => ?
i ,a ; m : ; g ; nE
T2 , )JF
Page 4 of 46
X?` : L L 3 2 ; g4 g4#2 ; @, @H 2 a' 8 ; 8X!

4J ,B R , d Z!_ ' I4%H?; p4'
, ; #
[a' ; ) W%'# 3 LP P /$
9 O 8?/C 3 g$ '
H?X4P# 4E' /;$ 3 /C 3 $', 8 3 2#'
F]4 4J 8 %' ,B ) @4 ( M!N ,&2P# )>4P /;$ 3
+ Y%
' N46; : 3 B M%
@d ] d D
q )>4P [N X?` :_joi /;$( 3
, %
6 4 <4' ; ' N'B ; < N>
4% ' dB# 3
4g ; gE )+ #5 ; C 2 k# 2@ @ J % 4 [J; s ro
"'# % 4 [J2 t ; L ; ) = ; A0 ; X4 ; )4# ; X4J$ ;
; B 8) %@ 3 L1$ B[ 4 3 L #s vr , <? ; s ur 4:
$@ B4Jw ; x ; /:;?LP" ; RH '
'3 B# 3 => N5; 2 % 4 ?_ 544
N=:XP M!N'C!
s ur ,>LP"' 3 #
4h@ 0 4 ?s vr 3 #4h 4 LP" dB 8;
; js yzi ) $J4 P 2 ,B LP" X4P' # 4h 4 %' ) CU M% @d h#?<4' 8
#4h@0 4 l % # [a' @4> @ |P ) >4P [J; _js ori X4J$ ; js {zi 2 ;
; $#4%P ; f# P ; h 4" ; 4H4 ; );C} ; %& OX 2 X4P' X?2P#
; 5; $N f# P CU J 3L ' ) Ca n H) 8 ; ) # 4%
&
L% 2@ k' M; D 0O ) Ca );C} ; X4 P $,8;? >D; 2(,8; ; > 4 ; XO
3 454 # 4h 4
$ B ,:S8 #
+ J DV N B 1
L8?;? : , : 3 E1 X$# m 4 ; ) H; 3 ; #'
P &$ 7 :
N3 R ' N> 2 T H? ]
N#P FB; _ T H )4 ; N> 3 2(,8; t& > g$N% %& #

4h 4
)
Ud 5d= _ H D V _)4#
C_ X4J _) $ _) = p 1? #
4h@ 4
%
,%, 3 <4: 8 _/4& )w4 3 _ L _) >
4% _g4 .
B[a ) $>H;
D
V_2(,8;?t&>_ Z #[a g4> 4 ?_ 4H43 _);Cq B[U 6 @
H
<4: 8 _ H D V _g; 8_g4# 8_~ 6 _WBC X
LP>_l >
, D
V'_ >
$ L8*
' \ :/O L HM% @m :? p 1? #
4h@w 4
#$@ 4 _f# P
;) % +
; = a 1H # :) D
V
) >4
H D
V_ 4& Ud 5 25; $N f# 8 FB;
8 _ H D V @ .! 4
Page 5 of 46
N 2P# ' ; &$ 7 : K% ' M% @ <4' 544 : 2

) >4 ; ) . ; 4E ; #' P ; ) BP h ; ) >4 ; ) ; ; ) BP
3d
Z! ' >4;) ;[ ; |1 , ; R E ) h 8 ;
m L [N L ;?I X,> 4J JV " ] #4h@ ) B8M%@ <4'
$@2 2 Z41V ) @ 3 j 48 . .? i g 43 48 4D5 8 A; $ ;
jyi /;$( 6 6 '%% orr L8 3 4D5 2# 0 ) "@ M' :; 4 2 ) +
5Z4 8 F]4#
(Henze and Ledin, 2001) $. 1 I' :R8 #
HU V '' 72
d
$5K K GH4' 8 l & $:;
orr ozr yzr uzr mg O2/l 2(,8;c b ' :
g#?z /01 544
BOD5
yor uyr zur v•r mg O2/l 2(,8;c b ' :
COD B P
vr oor o€r yzr g C/m3 %
P X4 P
oyr o•r urr •zr g SS/ m3 & % 4
€r o•r yor uyr g VSS/ m3 E % 4
uv uv uv uv eqv/ m3 * )# 4%
&
vr €r orr oyr mS/m ** B NP %
yr ur zr €r g N/ m3 %P 25; '
{ or o{ yu g P/ m3 %
P 4H4
ur •r vr orr g/ m3 g4 ._)4# C_X4J
* 1 eqv/ m3 = 1 m eqv/l = 50 mg CaCO3/l
** mS/m = 10 µS/cm = 1 m mho/m
WPR0
R
j B _ 5 _X4% _ P _ % 4 i , ?/T W1 •
:?_DO /0 > _pH ]4
b ' 5 _#4%& 5 i , / ? J ? J W1 •
<4h X4 P _COD B P 2(,8; b ' :?_BOD <4 B P 2(,8;
4 _f# P _) Ca _g4 " ; )4# _ 4H4 _);C} _$#4%P _TOC % P
X _(AOX) ~ c %& #4h 54 N
L% 3 d+ g$ ' , ' Y% M': ; B P )0%' @ 7 :?R 2 9>!

U; %' S4> 34 M! 3 ] %%' - E 2 O P $54'#L ' 2 $#$ L5c3
, % && 3 LP" [J 2P ; )#4' L%' ) 2 ;$
2 & E %; % @4 ; = [1? ' # O
8?L%' X4P#M'
: ; N%% # '6 %
)0%' X? M! 3 ] H %%' & #E '
1! YZ l H? M%
@ '#; '
@
N3 P ; ] L4 &L5?2 d
$5 N X4P 544 ; P
Page 6 of 46
:R 98 ; 0
X
B# G /O L HM% @_ + # :/012 " 6 # :; #; % @ J

Y[8 ; _) ; ) >4 <? + 544 H; ; _m ; 7 ; 74N <?
@3$ 9'
B8; M%
@X,> $ M% @R%a' ' + ) D V
' 2 $#$ T J; @ ' 5
m ‚25Z4 N6; 2P#m [J; jy LP" =>?
im 6 YZ2@ (#
2 d>:?M' : ;? 1} t . 2 9 & '>!2P#<$ m X?` : <$ U m ; <$
e4%
' ('8 N ! =#; + e4% ' G p 1? 6 L8" T J; |P ;?X4 %X,>
#
$ X4P w ( m [JX?` :_ H B 8 4 74N ; 7[a ; 7
X,> '' #X? J o••€ g@ J 4'H 3 = N3 8
I U ( w X?<?_g LP" YZ; % & ; @' 5 ; #$,( : 2 $5 ]4
2 l # ; #4 % @ N>!M%@ J w J; t& ;?K h )w: ;?m
‚ ' :4 L " ; + # :/01
_ N _ B[a _# _ @' 5 _ +
, ? J. O \ , B ". O \
+ )D 4% _) >4 _) _ &$ 7 :
gE 3 , 4 n
_ $ 4 _ B;$ 4
n E 4
YZV
, ?/
T . O \ , Z2 B . O
\
_ ; _ _4( _… -J _ " ;L x
_ 7] _74N ; 7 _S .
n k(h _X4% X,> M%
@ + ) D
V' ‚jyi LP"
YZV +' [" . O

\ ,:R8 )JF
; E ]"
6 ! 0
X0S
/'
1 .^
F2 0
X0S0
S
; X$ 3 f+ ">? 3 #" ) % 2@ 5 m R,
) M! D2 ; ( 28 ?M!l 9 ƒ #<[ GH4 2 [JK# ') 4 P
ƒ # ' B + e4%M!) ?$ g K# 3 &
#E [JX!d1„ $5; $ ;
X,> 6!M! ;$ < „# I " M%
@ X,> L #d h#? N ; B 7 :? N3
m c , [J 2 Y[8; e4%' 2 N> [J # ; m
H & #E8 3 $%&
' [J &
'H?$ ; N>
c N%&
>L <? ) 4 #N> 3 (
/; 3 2 t%' ' # dU; ( !3
( #?X;$
Page 7 of 46
; 2J f 4 3 ; g@ B 2 O 8?[ La" ; f #8 ! =>?X!

/;$ 3 d @ dH p4' , M! !f%6; $&3 544P' 4E' % ('>
@ /;$ N'$ 'H? ' - E% N " - E g$ ' , f Cw /;$ 3 9> ?w! @
/;$ 3 2 s •z 4 3 R>4( 2 O 8 3 YZ; "@ H' X & 3
34 g$ 8LP" ;$ J,#[J; ( #
?X;$ B + 3 N t%' ' #
[J 3 m 2 s €r 4: X! X,> !X4%o_y I $& #l 2 $ I "%
; L X4% • 2 O 8? D4% 2@ 5 m R , )4 #9> !` : 3 E
GH48 [ 2 8) 8g$ ' H! '
##$%&
' ( )*" => ?3 ` O 3 ]
P #" ) % 2 %% 8K &
#E [J 3 ju LP" => ?i ) # % ( XP ; L >
2 (' ; _ N !) D 4% /46; 2 34( ; E, #; R #9> †
3 [N ; _ 2 8
R ,; p 1?m U N $ ' H! >P!g$@ ' ; [ 2 8) 8e4% J YZ
NR ' E, g$ '
H?dP X4P#2% 3 L8" ; e4% '
R%E'# [J ; N 45 2, R(#I "% 6 8 N $' H!2P#M' :; I " $ 8
M%@ /4 >P! 3 t& 4J ( % # $%
&' &#E I4@ 2 ; % BJ ) O 'H? ;$
'
% @ ) Z $H? ' ' ; 2 #4h Y[8; ) % # [a 4
(source Otterwasser GmbH) / '

1 .^
F2 _V
5,:X8 )JF
Page 8 of 46
F. ('>e4%
'R, ( X 1; ;Zm : 8 #8 0 ( )*" => ?
[J2 #& E, ; 34( % N46; ; j 4D( i ] L4 ;) %# [a 4
D ( M%@ h&w)* " [JX?M! 3 ]!‡ ) $:4
[" X0
S0R
R , [N ; m R ,' 3 8 )Z ] L 4@ M%
@ d U <4' #" ) %
M! ] L 4 /46; 3 454 ) % [J XV
3
6 M%
@dE1LP" Y[ ; , M% @N : ' 3 > & /4 ? ' T Jƒ N> ?` :_
4 [JL% X?` : _ 8 '# N R ( ; ) % [JL 3 X!/4 ? ' X,>
<?dB4J #
4h jg$Ni L%' $@ d544 N'( 2P#Y[ ; d 0NHX4P# 4 %
M!J ;$ < „ d Z (' [J; _ [ # , R, :k' 2(,8; 454
% ) % 3 454 ) ; P L'
&# ; jfH4 4P b '

>! %@i B4N L%' J % ) # ( 3d
&E O8 - E X!
X YZ; _ ) ; P 8 \ M!< „ K (' ( - jK ('i L 3
b'>
! %@ 3 ; s yz f B 4' X4P#<[ GH4 3 S H?X4P#) ; P )4
5 3 M!J ;$ < „ : k' L%'% %& #
4h 4 2 3 8) 82 fH4 4P
) ; P L'M!< „# N'
( #' 4 :
e4%'3 % #" ) % = Y%2 L? J/4 E X!

X4P#N ! D
4% % #" ) % /464 (' >/4 ( ) > 1 M! 4& ) ; P
: 2 ; /4 g$ '
H! @!; ( :>2 d
h#?; :>2 #4: J?;Z
2 9>V3 [ ] ) ; P M%@ g' 7h& N01 2 ' #( &# $54 w $ %
L5?2 B[a ; ' ;~ . 6 /( 3 # 4>D) 7 5!Z !< ; h
d; N '; @4 X? #[J; ] ) ; P [JM% @ g' 7h&
4 2 d0E>! % #" ) % ! 3 dN
Z ` ;X0
S0X
&
#E @$ X?R(3 $5 4 + ; @' 5 ) %E' % + ( &# f>8 Z!
R>45 N3 X? &&
: M!d=> 4U : 2 [J ( &
# X?<? $' , (
$'
, ( &#E p 1 ) % ] @ M%
# 3; ˆd
&3; p 1?
‚j• LP" =>
?i
L 3 R, L8" R ( _) % #
[a 4 ; B ) ;$ L 3 ; -0U?‰
2@ % ) %
3 N $'
H?L5?2 j 4H4 ; 25; ' i #[a 4 M% @ /4 >P!‰
@ $H b '> 2 C0 E ; 34 Y[ ; @
Page 9 of 46
L%
& B T0N'
H ) Z\ : =>
?g$ '
H!/01 2 [ 3 O8 34 ‰
j 3( \ :
;?L _Š# 'i
( #" 3 X4 P L% L5?2 i E T0N'H!2 d
w$ j<4
Ca i E b' >
?‰
j
? =>
?<? #
$%&
' &#E > & > ; La"' ; R 8 ' K P 3 34 ‰
#8
d+ ; d
# '!; d@ '5! % ; = g LP" K P'; 4%& ; 3; &
# ‰
d% L #
4E _ #8 544P' > & > ; La"' 4NH ‰
(source Otterwasser GmbH) Z N_V,:a8 )JF
Page 10 of 46
. M #b4( ; X0
a
%H48 N $ H?2P# g$ 'H! @!; ( /( 3 ) 64' ; ) .

] M%@ JO>$@ ( % ) % Ea'F #2J f 4 3 ; 2 L%
&'%
5C Y% N'
, ' #[( L6 ; N8 ; h $ , 3 g$ ' , w X?R(#; @
#" ) % ; /4 g$ ' H! @!; b ' >ˆ + ( &# S !$@ ] 4 ) .
N@ !R54 ) . 3 M> $ M! L%
&L5?2 YZ; #; ] X4P %
N 4 ; N$@?$ ; d&, 454 @ 3 ' /:;?; g$ '
H!$@
3O8Y[8; % ) % 3 j 48 . .!i 4P #' P ' `: =
< 3 4 [Jg$ '
HVA ,% $ L 4@; e4% ' 5 $ H K.48 4 m4
:S =8 1/<! 0
a
; HM! N% #4 2P# #4h@ Y[8; ) % )Z #[a 4 M% @<4' #" ) %

$H b ' >ˆ 5 \ M!< „#) % [J g$ ' H! @!X† 3 [PJ ; '
% , 4
#
$%&
' E T0N'
H!; + L8" YZ2@ (# _ M!J ;$ b ' ' @
d=>; ) % [N e4% '2 E, # : M!) % [J ( < „ YZM! 3 ]
2 8) 8M% @ /4 XP 4 2 9>†
3 #$%
&' &#E 3 4 [N K '%
/ R 6 d% E ' '; O #
$ ( ) $:; M' :; ) % # [a 4
$B # [a' :74">M!< „# M!) % # [a 4 % /& '
>!N3 L #_ /;$ 3
d] ? % #" ) # 3 454 ) ; P R , d ?; Eutrophication
h# 3
B +% N46; $@X,> c
( 3 /C 3 $ : 3 N%
@/4 2P#) % #[a 4 2 @ 8X!
M! ;$ < „# [J ; dP #" ) # K 3 P' L( $ !W E /01 2
( %@ [ p 1? :>2 ; :>2 ) % # [a 4 2 @ ) 8M% @ /4
\ : _ K (' Q fH4 4P b '
>!\ : J $ !W E' ( - X!
Š# ' \ : _ j/ ;?iK '
T2 $ B a0
S
( 3 jo LP" =>?
i 4 K% ' M%@ <4'
; jK =' X;$ /4 i 7 6 M! ,& J ;$ [J; 7 4, @$ \ : 2
( h J; # % 3 ]!j/4 X;$ \ : 6 i
| 0 )w,U; L,a m 4:?; ) ;nE 2
<4'# ; 6 7 XV 2 u /;$( N ]4# 8 5Z4 )

( &
# W3; ?3R ') % # [a 4 2 8 7 ( M% @
' /:;? 3 &' a6 7 57 O
'H†i ,8g$ '
, w; / 4 [JXV #[J; # $%
&'
j( $ ,8d
>:?g$ '
,#<[ ;
Page 11 of 46
2 d a6 d(:LP" N>
?w!_d @d 6 dE1 LP" m c , ) ; P R , ;
b '# #
$%&
' ( - 3 ; jg@L8 3 t .LP ' zri 8
7 3 8 7( @ LP" ' p 1 S4>? a ( [J
W%' 1 [J 8; _< 7 ; % ) % 2 d 08 (: ]?ord (:LP"# 6
2 A; '#` :_ # 2 ( [JL8 Z 4JA; E /„, 3 2P%N', % " I4%H†
$:4 g 3 t .LP 'orrrrrM!yzrrr
T2 T . ,:X8 #
(Compiled from: Geigy, Wissenschaftliche Tabellen, Basel 1981, Vol.1, Larsen and Gujer, 1996
and Fittschen and Hahn, 1998)
Z*c Db7 7 d a0
R
4 M%@ 6 7 <4'#; j/ i K ' m : 3 dP 6 7 %L ( X!

: 3 454 #
[a 4 [J; p 1 S4>
?2 O 8?) % #
[a
:>T J ; ,8 N $ '
H? >P?<?) L 2 N6 ' %& ` : 2 O B 8
8 X?` : _ ] L 4 ; %&OX 2 \ 8 M%
@<4'#/4 X? J; (# !
'
##$%&
' ( =>? 3 ; B P $H 3 9 O P L? %&OX
Page 12 of 46
3 O#
$ #" 3 ; ) #
[a 3 9 $ '
H!2 d
w$ 6 7 2 t%'
5 ' ;? 5 ' &
#E ‡ /4 3 $54'
# 8 7 ( ` : ‡ 5; ' ) 8 C! ' X$
d
# % P &
#E [J; _ ,P
! '(Z *e d a0
X
J 4 t ; (>
c ,B I H ; 5? 3d
&%R ,# ' (>!L8" X!
M%
@<4' w @ $H X? ; @ $H g$ ' H!; @ KOP /0a'H
'%R 8 7 g$ 'H!X† 3 _ (> 2 ' # : 3 dN d; R % ' # 4h
= M%@ 74': d=>YZ; _ N3 g$N ) %@ L%
&#9>
?` : 2 ' # : 3 dHH?d; R % #
5 >P! 3 / 4J 8; p 1 S4>? >& # 4h % 4
L &#E 5d h#?2P#L &#E 7
/'
1 /
T* b _V
5a0
a
;? # D2 ; k #; $:M%
@/ L82 5'# #8 0 ( &# 3
‚& #E [J) J d
] @ %
# 3 ; 9 d# ;?XP | > 3 9 $ '
H! #
- 3 / 4J 8 [J L&>L5?2 6 ?7"> 5: w & #E [J 3 ‰

3 ]!_ 93 (' ' % 6 XP 2@ $ @X4P ' ; #8 (
[J >6 ; La" ; 7"> K P' M!
; _ #8 &
#E >& O
P L? K ' 5 X4P & #E [J 3 ; ‰
) %#[a 4 Y[8; ( g$ 'H! @ˆ) >P 7M" Y[
e4%R , N%
P3 /: L8M%
@; #8 0 ( - 2 $#$ 3 $54#;
N #& E, ; 34( M!N ) ; P ; #[a 6 /&'>
!/O L H M%3
$#
; 3 J, w f 4 | ; ] L 4 M%@ h& w - E [JX? 8 ND 4%M!< „#
#" ) % 3 454 ; &)Z 4 ; # [a 6 @ ]
#b4( a0
f
#[a 4 2 B[a b '> '; @ g # $%

&' ( - L8X!
[ ; Cˆ 7p$ M%@N 3d
06?$' N> 48YZ; _ #" ) % N# 4' ' ; ) %
C!M!| ; ' % 4 ; , b' >
!M! %&', ( - $N X?R(#
d$ #" ) % 3 #
4h ; B[a 6 ' (Otterpohl, 1999) ) #
<[ B[a b '> 2, M!< „# ;$ [J; ' 3 3 &$ 7 :c 7[U X4P ` : _dN
$:; t . 7[a P , 2 8 k'# X? E' ,# d
$:; d . X! X,> 95'#
'H 2 2P &#E X? a #$#
$( &#E XV3 R , [N ; (Niemcynowicz, 1997)
e4%X?X; 2 ; H K P' ; ] L 4 2 d 1 d$ X4P' N('> ' ) # 2
B +
Page 13 of 46
e4%
'2 [ # LO ; B[a 6 ) ; -0Uˆ2P 4# , 4 #j•i LP"
; + 7p$ M% @ ' @ $ !/012 ( &# W E' [ 2P#4# , [J;
(Werner et al., 2002; p 1 #
$%&'-E >& & #E [N $B4 2 $# $ TJ
Otterpohl, 2001; Esrey et al., 1998)
, ! "# $#%&' ( )& *+

. + + /01 2 3 +4 "5 62 1 7 8$39 :;<4(;-
&=.>?@!9:;A 5+B%&9C / D-
F5 @ )#F G %+E -
H7& 4 9 .E I+ J + K2 +GL &M*+N 0-
O D-
/9 /% P D-
)# Q C E -
VMOU +M4 9.;+MK/
T R 37 S L9 -
7> -
JZ>V[$ T Y" ZGL )* 2 & 1 & 3 C( W%2 WF( !*N9 2:7 70%XWF ' D
=L +\ 2& 1 & 3 &) &
3 +W%2&) E C#(+C ' D XG%L9 8( =L6/ VzT =L6
=L 9r_yT C &&. 5`;a9 O0W%2 b"5 &( + 1 & 3 ]O" ^ 3 Y_ 3 (+
W%2 d%2Z>e&Q )LZL f!_ ?7
X + \ @ E `&( & _D ?7X G%L0c G>CL + \V &(
• C/g+ 9 0b"L C 5hR/b " i O/ 2 & 1 7 b"5' D &8$39 " $ $7 (
NX + %%20W_ G;% j*< L/k99 8J7 X Gl *WD =5 `&
( + &( =L 9 { `;
M
:%&_
Feaces
Urin
!" # $% f &'%() # $% g
(Source: Roediger) (Source: Roediger)
Page 14 of 46
C!$ ; 2, ; ) BE 3 % #
4 ) 4H [ g$ '
, j{i LP" 3 ]4 Š# ' \ : X!
\ a ' o F,P 7 8Š% N3 ; 34 m a 6 M%
@ ; ) E& 3 N $ ' H!
Gah 0'
1!; 74N EH4 L&# 4H 7 X?` : N ,8 # ') % 82@ =
L,U L5?2 G& 3 g$ '
,# J7 3 544 CU M!/4 % 4 ; _7 2 d w$ jŠ# 'i
&
#E [J 3 X> 4P#) # % &
3 L& ; 4 " R , 3 % ) # L& >L5 | ; p (
F,P 7 g$ ' H! : 3 9 M%@V| 4J; d
0 %X4P#Š# ' %@2@ 5 k(h ; 2 P
(Source: Esrey et al., 1998) *+ , -.

'*/0 ,) 1%($ 23425! # $% h
L,a G&3 J P [J; _F,8 %@ L%87 'r_y M!b '#K ('QfH4 4P b '
>?m :
v LP" N ]4# 8K (' ;?/4% % #
4 fH4 4P b '>
!\ : d h#
?T J; m :
d
h# ?2P ; 7 34 3 G&3 J, w F,P g$ ;?\ T0N'
H ) Z\ : [J
#
$%&
' - E k' > & N'( LN, 3 5) % k'
( ; $#; '
%X; ' |%( L 2 =>d „ T JX8yrrrg@2 # 3 N. 3
, 97 + OU + JZ<DT m>Bellagio Statement M ,# U 6 9@ k' ><[ ; (WSSCC)
C 1 ::>+ "& *)* JZ !_+ 0 n X 8$.$.+ V K2 <$$_
3 $ 4 L 3 X?` : _[ ' % % 48[ $J [$ <[4;W@P
'
H ; _ + M! % ) # 3 454 ] L 4 /46; 2 # 3 $@,
) BP e4%'2 < 7 ; 6 7 3 454 ; ) % B[a 6 2
; @ 3 454 , 4 e4% ' Y[8; #[a 6 ;? ]
@4>R%E' ' ) 5 ':c M':9 $' H! @!2P#dH d$ X4P [N
J; #$N' ) 5 '
: \ R% E' $ !& # V , X! 34( #[a LO @
' <?/ \ : Y[8; $: M% @ L8 ;< ; 6 7 L& % L& > #(
\ F,87 (:) Z; ; 6 7 2 LP L ( N3 ' #
2@ < 7 L 3 % G, LP" 3 _ $ L 3 :>2 % ' ) 1 T J d4 @ ;

7 %p 1 ; < 7 % $:;i / 3 % R > 2 2' P. R%E'# 4H 7
3 454 % 4 ( 3 $@, d
h F,P 7 (: N3 X4P#\ : ; j 4H
% 4 L 3 '
#K (' ;?fH4 4P b '
>?&# LO ( ) &\ 3 ; 4H 7
Page 15 of 46
&
#E YZ; d
0 8 4H 7 ( >P!T J; LB, 7 ( 2@ 7 4, 3 454
544 Ca N@k'# ' ; B4J0 '
;< 7 < L LP" $ 2 5 93 '

# >O
;< ; i/ 3 R > 2 S4>?D 0DR%
E'# [J; $: M%
@ L8 ; 6
d
C' d H [J 3 '#; d
$5 3 6 LP" 6 7 5'# [JLO 3 j 6
d Z 2
" ` ;a0
g
-E 3 ( bZ4 ; R bZ4 J; 7 4, ; ( - E 2 5Z4 >$54#

2 m a; h g(:V2P ; N $ '
H! '# &#E 3 F,P g$ '
, w 3(
;? U % ) % d N # 454 N' ( 28 ?M! % ) % L& >G&3 4JYZ
;?fH4 4P b '
>!&
#E X4P [J ( ; @ 3 N $'
H!L N'( R(#d0%
‚ ' ( - g$ ' H!' #) % [JM!d ' H!; B4J0 ' ;?K ('
fH4 4P b '
>?; K (' - ‡
% 2@ % B, 4 L 3 - ‡
B4N ' @;?- ‡
/ ` ;a0
h
' Jd$ ' H! O 8 -E ; # 4h ) D 4% C! ' # 544 ( - 3

' … )0@ ; j ) $:;i d
h#?M , ; Constructed wetlands
' X?R(# 544 % 3 p4N 544 ' % ; B"a 544 )0@ ; (SBR)
; 2 % 4 ; Y[8; E" # 4 %
'P 7&!L5?2 YZ; B# 3 %
B"a <4 L@ &#E ( ; [N g$ 'Hˆ @!4J $N X8 Z!k 7
B# - E ?g$ ' Hˆ @! J X4P $@ 6 1 ; L& '
, 1 X4P 4H (MBR)
' ; Ultrafiltration ' -43 %@ ; % '% N3 # ( 3 $',
( XV # ( kB' >f ];?$ ; Reverse osmosis ,P F] ' ; &$
CL i O/ (%7 /oZ5 G> ) 2 = 9
&*+ SBR ' &# g$ ' H† #
(Jiayi et al., 2001) Groundwater recharge *% Q0)*! $39:;
6%(7 -, " 8%9 a0

i
`&( + (Wolgast, 1993) & _O G+4Y $39 :;<4(;CL i O/M M2 "ZG%L W%2
F5 9/CL + \ 2& 1 & 3 / !p %&9 9 Z UE )* q = %( 1$_+ $*WD =5
<$ Y7F30$/4 "5Y $39 :; D )*As+M R 37 Y7( N_7 )O 3 G%L i O/r 37
(Jönsson et al., 1999; Hellström and ( [F )q [E )* Y $39:; =2
. !t> {
UE N D r 30+ C $$ ?7 X ) O o.% )*+ Johansson, 1999)
!9:[4o 0$.k
Page 16 of 46
R f
&9
3 $_% + )O I + <[4;)* ! DZ=u0[ E G _ <[4;
xL( `&(+ 2 *% <[+4vD <4(w A 5+ /9 I Z ;+ GR C O&
)* !2U + !&ZNpC + [ E k _ !*N9 )9 + VGL a[PT [ E k_
Rainwater k _ :%/Y $39 :;+ /9 )* bt[ Gy*\ m[
/$+F9 [4 C"O0) 9/+ X /b " harvesting
j Vf0
S
%
# 3 ; 9 !/464 I4% E DV
' bZ d 1 X?R(# E !) & X!
‚ (Ferguson, 1998) E ! 3 @g$ '
, ' ) 7 5‹ m @
E 5Q E g$ '
H?‰
j ' 3 E I ,i E F. ‰
L& ‰
( ‰
/4EN )w: ; XP% 3 a( 4 R,: ; , /4 d & A4] 4 K%'# E 4&

H X!
9%@ $' <[ 2# ' ‡ X! % N E 8;? 3 O
8; $ R,: N 64 X?2P#
&#YZ/01 2 '#' E 4&
H ; = ~ 1 5 4J ! $:;
2 > C4 7 5!M!7 b '# E $:; '2# ' ' # $@; N>#5
1! '
$:4 7E1?L%& M!< „# '
8 ; P 2# ' XP ' 1!X! K P' ;
< '! U V " L @X4P#[N ; B"> K P' $##2P ; _
N01 2 '
# E&
>M! 'm 2 :, J G&, ;? K# &
E
N(: ; :, $#
$ R% E'
# E X#5 $#
$ 'L#4 <? E X#5 $#
$
M%
@ J;$ d&
3; $ :, ; N3; x; ' Y[8; @4
X#5/$ $# $ 3d #4 d; 9 X4P#` : G, J 6 '# E X#52 CX!

/$ M% @ $ X† 3 d#H K# ' & E 3 #( E K# X8 Z†3 [J
4J ; _/&
'> 2 6 1 : 4J 8 ' 2 C X! d @ (' X4P# 4H b $@ X#(
b 2 N>#5M' :; K# ' & E 3 E& ><!2 X#( /4 '
2 [1 #( E 2# ' XP | HV R(# E ! $:; L

E && ( N'
3OP @4' E /4EJ)w: 3 X#( /$ ; (: ' @
; 2# ' XP J; _L 4@ $@ M%@ $'# E !$:; M!L #<[ ; # (
U FE, :, /O L H M% @i m 4 4E' 5 ; N3 F. ' m :,
; E, X#( 2@ (#9> YZ; j . X#( i M@$# d U ; ' FEH Y[8; jZ4
d& ; 4 3 X#(% . 2 2P X#( l E X!p 1? . L 3 ;
93; =
Page 17 of 46
? V
k f0
R
) & X?; I ,> )w$ ; g(:?; ) HH?; E X#5 $#

$'8 B > C4
; '; & ' 3 N%@$'#) ; V 8\ Nh X0 P# E X#5; B > C4
E 4&H7D? [J2 '
H ; ; # (%9 !b '
(# E X#5 & X?
3 E ;m g$ '
H!M% @) D V'2 B > ) & % ' )3 O
P
82 0' 1!<V3 ( a 3 4J B C4 % HH $N X! % + g=
X#( 3 > 7 8 3 a 3 X , [1„ X?R(# 5 ; %1$ X#(
5 X#( _ @ < ; X#( ; E 2 h' X?2P# %1$
M! 3 ] <$@& I ,> ; . E, X#( ; F' ; ' 2 h'
> 4 ; % ' X#( S4> ?F]4#j€i LP" g$ ' H L5?2 N H ' # '
34( g=>M% @ (' D V' & '&# J B > B
(Ferguson, 19988 ? YT ,:i8 )JF
< $. O' f0
X
')D 4% Y[8; jL& ; @ 2 ) D > 8i 74N e4% EH4 R ,'

# E e4%X!
E ;X #&; )4# ; - 4 7 . 2 2 ; FE, M% @9>#57 D?X#( N ,#
p ( FEH M%
@ 8 ' X?7 . [N 2P#` : _p 1 ) % ; ) 2 # 4h 4 ;
[J; L& GBH; ; ) # 4JX,> L1$ 2@ 5 ; E e4%
' ,B $ ;
% ; =%d J 8 ; N 3 S4'
M%
@ N ( XP M! N46 ; $ e$ # ND
4% = ; d$5 &
> @ 4( 3 X4P E
2P#; N'( ;?N%U $ w! ' 3 (' E g$ '
H†F #w 9>
!` : m
544 ( '` : 544 - E ;? ' ;?R H '8 B# ( - g$ '
H!
[J 3 O
8?) 4% M%
@ /4 %; _ ;[( & E 3 ;? 544 : 2 E"> 03 3
H $ [J 3 - E [N 6 /4 M!S45 M5 #/(
Page 18 of 46
! $ < lM f0
a
]
L%& ' ; 34( @ 3 J, % [5 >P!LO ' ) $:; g$ '
H!X!
f 454 &E M! E, ) >#( $# ' 3 E F. ; B ;$
dN d
B5 C! '
#9>†
3 YZM! 3 ] $ ) >h 3 -0 M% @ e$ w ' ; ' FEH
; 2E M%
@ ' <4' $@ ; R M'
: N L& '; E G%' ' )D 4% 2
)D
4% 2 34( #d' %
3 [J 3 LP" N>†
3 #4h 4
‚j N 4&
HXP 3i d% ' 3 E F. $B4 \
7 34( @ ‰
) > # C;?
Q; # : ‰
j (i /&'
H!XP M!L& '#<[ e4%' 2 L%&
'‰
X#( 7 D?$& ' ) 82 L% &
'‰
) 4 => ? 0 ]4 ) >h 2 L% &
'‰
>4P, W 3 34( T0N'H!2 L%&
'‰
L?K P'; a6? E ?‰
(Urbonas & Stahre, 1993) m 3 E F. %

H) D
V)w \ 3 T J;
‚ %
# 8 J;
' U 2 g$& ‰
H > M% @L wF. ) $:; \ ‰
&
#E [J7 ?L"3 /4 : : 3 d O8 %P % [N l &
D$&
3 ‰
; ' FEHf 4 &
E 3 Xh 3 M!< „#; #X? ] 7 p4', 2P#‰
) HH? 3 ]?M! ;$ < „#[J
2P# %
' p 1?- G 'Œ 4 3Œ #8 0 F. - E ) >P 2 $#
$ T J;
‚ %
# 8 J; N $ '
H!
F. $@4 ‰
:4' ‰
F. m 4:?‰
4" R > : ‰
=' > ; 4E X?X; ; %

1$ X#( R@4'
,` N R(#F. ) $:;
RH LP" => [JLa" X h #; ]
E B. 2
16f0
f
A4EHi A4E, 2 E 5 3 $', ) & ' 2 $@ 5F% E L "#g@LP"

M%@ #X?2P#; @ ;?/C 3 N $'
H!; j # A4E, ; m FEH; /C
Page 19 of 46
(Oweis et a6 $J N $ ' H!m a YZ; N 4& H28 ?2 E ~0' H! %@9> ?

;?I "% a6 X; 8; < 3 g$ '
H‹ d LO 5) &; al., 1999, p. 2)
; 34( ; N> 8p 1 B$ U 1q $ 2 p 1 ) $' Hc
L& CN5 ; 2# ' 7@ ; / & 'H & E ‚ J; ,B 7 5? D 0D2 E g=>K V '# @
S4><?;?jS; i 7Ea ;Z ' E& X4P X?2P#j $N i / &'
H &E 3 j/H i
d3 8 U E 4&
H N3 X4P# ' W 3 ~ 1 LP" dN E :; )> 2
3 6 N' J Y[8; _L6 ) >2 F' ; ' W# 2@ 4& ) 8> C4
; @ X#5 ) + 3 P '' W 3 X#5 R%E'
# E, 5 @ ) >4 >
%
' 5- 2 ) 30' 1 2 'H N3 ' #` : [J / & 'H W
=> (: 3 ,B 4 2 P
(/
T 6f0
g
/4EJ 3 t& dB5 Ea#Y[ ; _ 5 $@ < 3 9 $'

H! @†F , 2# ) $:;
F , N>!;? @ 93 F% <[ H4 ) ' 3 † ;$ F ,#[J; _ ) '3 3 E
)> @ 6 2P#; 9' ;?m FEH -43 X4P#X?2P#2# ' ; >D/4 @
R" ;? 55 2 ;?Y'H0 ;?X ;? 5} (: ;?F%, f H 2 E,
;$H ?_<$%&
' 2E ;? 5} ;?F%
, f H 2 @ '3m FEH f ) >
/ ;? 4 ;? ' 2 J• 2P 3 5
7 %I4>? M%
@ 2 '
3 ; ?; d%6 7EU ) Z; % Z4> U X4P X?R(#) >
# :2 h &#E #X?R(#~ 0 '
H g=>; X,> !N /41$ E',# Ea ' 3 ; $B
‚/O L HM%@ N $#
$@L 4@M%@$'# @4 g= '
1!X?; @4>
XP 34 ‡
d% ' g= 34 ‡
2# ' % ) ‡
R 8 ' K P Y[8; C0 4 ; X 7 .2 D‡
d% ) ; 4 34 ‡
m ; x‡
g$ '
H bZ >‡
"= 2
B 1<2 $ E /'
1 .2
1 f0
h
‚ JGH4' I45 & E 3 ( # $%&

' 5Z4 ) & '
“Meskats”, “Mgouds”, “Jessours” _ ŒCisternsŒ.
[J; > ; 3 H; LP" "' ; 3; f>8` : d

$5 #$ & J; Meskates
M%@ $' J ; d,> a6 ( (: (' a W ) & 'dwO J &'
=>i mankaa ;?mangaa L6
? E ; Meskates M@$ ; 7
@ C & 5 &E
%
,%H; ' zrr 4:jg4 % #?i ( &E (: :, Š% g@LP" ; j• LP"
Page 20 of 46
; d#& H yr /4E ) ' W% a J ;$ [J ; 3 ] $ ] E 2

&E :, X4P X? a #g@ LP" ; N# N01 2 ' #` $B %< ( E
@; &
E Q &
E /$ X4P#[PJ; @; m :, ] [J ('
3 J, & 3 p ( 3 ,8/4 : $@ ; jAchouri, 1994) y‚o jCCRi
#E [J & XV
' (>
!; ) >h 2 L% &
' Y[8; 34( #
[a
X#4 2 #& E, ] 3 g$ '

H B. Xh L#4 ' & J; Magouds
M!< 4 3 E J ( 2 ) >h L#
4 M% @$' ) 4 => ?2@ @ J; P
SC4 YZ$ ; K 1 $ ) Z >5 ?; f D$H EH4 L#
4 ' #` : #& /4&
4E L6 S ; h ; I4 ; N8 (.?< 2 „ H; K# P./012
L #; a6 ) ' G # 4E [J2 L8; ' PJz M'
: ; u 2 A; ') :, # C4'
@; Um 2 :, 1} G 2@
(Prinz, 1996) Meskat N_V,:m8 )JF
|>4 - . I4( ] 3 g$ '

H B. j ,5i J ; 4,( &X!‚Jessour
LP" ( ;?I ' 2 M #$H 2 X4P' ; W Y% 3 @ / @c l H LP" ;
N8 (. ,B LP" ; L6 @ C ' $, K% 1 ; X#( $#
$ 901 2 ' # 4.
3 @ g$ ', & ' [J ; [N L6 $#
; ' g4&#; < ( 7 X #; K 4#$, 3
5 (" ;$, ; E, ] 3M d h#?NP ; X#4 3 d UM ` : %( W
@ ;? #
[a M!d
h#?L R, 3 @ b'> # CM!< „ w N3 ' ; ' 3 E
; ;$, [JK% 1 OP X#( : ' #d$5 $#$. a E 4&H $@ ; 34(
) >h 2@ ( X?2P# ' ] \ M%
@$@, Y[
8N 'H!; N# ; E 5 J2# ' k# N6 ;?Cisterns R( P3 7p$ X!

m 3 : 2@ @ R( ; @ < 3 ;? . #&
, ;? )5 '
:c ; I .
; & 3 F. W#E 2@ B $& YZ; f H ;?| ( M,P ; l L 2 N(
3 L' R P ' vrrrr M'
: ; o 2 A; ' ) H ) Zm FEH f ) > <4
Page 21 of 46
( & E $' E + 3 ; Impluvium E ( & E 2 d a6 d 5

; 2# ' k# N6 ) ' 3 (†X#( 4&
' ( 2 < ( ;? O 8?;?$:; ;$1†
/01 N3 ( ' p 1 4 ; E ; ) (: '#` R H m 4: 3
[1VF ,'; '2 # % <4% 7Ea 3 X'' 3 ;? ' 3 T J; N>#5
XV3 g@LP" ; •fesguiaŽ ; •majelŽ J; jR( i ;?2# ' k# N6 2 2@4>|> 4 3 $54#;
‚ J; R(%p 1?bZ >T J; % 8O 8?J•">!2P ; M%
@? # H) Zfasgui
dB %P •
%
6 ( &
E _ ; •
( & E •
:X =8 >? @A 0
g
[J2P ; 7 8) Z; B4J # 4>D 544 ( 2 h' # $%

&' LBH4 ( X!
&# 9> Vf D ?$ B4J0 ( 4J ; L#$ ; =J K P ) Z) & R% E' 7P
Sustainable waste management ) # % $'
, 4>N>?M%
@ N ! =# B (
? @b ' I/ 6g0
S
; XO CU ,B LP"i 544 Ca b ' >!; #

4h L% N01 '#' ' %@X!
34' $@ $' 28 ? 3 e$ % [J; B4J0 g$N %@M , jX4 P $,8;? >DCU
3 $54#bZ4 [J; h $,8 %@ X4P < 2(,8;c L P I a #
4h
28 ?; ;) 3 H ' ) &E ; ) &', 3; '( ) >4 $ 3 hN :
? 3 M'
:;?) # (
$' ; %
' N@4>
V &$ 7 : 2 $& ; ' ) D V' 4J B4J0 + g=
‚ J N'
EH4 ( ' )0@ ' ; #'
P% ,B ) @4 (
' #'P •
25; $N% (' Y 54'H #' P •
25; $N% P%
N', Y 54'H #'P •
X4 P $,8;? >DCa ' >O #'P •
54>O Y'
H0P'H?#'P •
J#4h 4 % B4J0 L%' %@X!jori LP" N ]4# & #E [J 3 e$ ' )0@ '
‚ J; ' L: ? 3 ' % [J; # C4' )0@ ' 2 LH0, L: $' %@
Hydrrolysis, Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis and Methanogenesis
Page 22 of 46
? @b B ! J ,:Sn8 )JF
? @b 2
16g0
R
; /$ ) Z)0@ M!L1$ JdB4Jw ( #4E 3 ) :( p$:!

)w$ ) Z B4J0 => 3 2E ULB, # 4 % '
P <$, N3 X4P# '
( => 7p; , ; ) F]4#j•i /;$( d,> @)w$ ( M% @
B4J0 ' L:; /01 < ( => [J 3 ; )w$ ) Z; $ ' ,
[N ; \ Nh %1$' ; $& B 8; B# 3 ; 544 ) % ' %@ '` :
L:; ; 544 CUM! # 4h /4 '
# .U ? @b _V
5do Z .T ,:a8 #
do Z .T
M%
@ J ;$ $' [J; #
4>O ( M! 5 R% E'w` : % K P' 3 34
'$ N%
@X4P X?R(# ' @4 /P.?2 LP.b ' >!'#|P M% @L _ #4N'
%
9 $'H!2P#<[ CH4 XO CU4J; E
M%
@L P l & ) &E' % 5:w 7 NP b '> ;?2 ,'%
h Q $' )5 4 2 @)w$ g$ ' , & #E [J 3 ;
k $ W E' X4P#[N ; 7 ; # 4h
L HM%
@ 544 Ca 2 8 8b '
>! X4P [N ; N !; N 8 3 E, ) & '
3 H2S M&# XO CU/O h NP
( <? 3 ; XP L8 3 N $ '
H!2P# => [J
Page 23 of 46
( W# 2@k' CH4 XO CU R%E'f>84 d0 %g$ '

, X?2P#; _l &
b'
> R a 3 g$ '
,#wdB4Jw d#8 w => [JW E 2P#
E &
', ;dh X4P#\ B ' L:; b '>
?
( R% E'
#w<? 4N, 9 ( 2P#; d544
%P # 4>D
j 4H4 ; 25; ' i ) % #[a ~
#
; L6 %dB[Ud$ LP" ; ^
B4J0 ' % 2 h' ] D0O 4& /01 ) 4 ' ; )w$ ) Z % ' =>
the upflow anaerobic B4J0 ' L:; & M% @ <4% I ,> ; anaerobic filter
the fluidised and expanded I , ; H4' #, )0@ ; sludge blanket (UASB)
baffled reactors Eh )0@ ; reactors
the upflow anaerobic sludge ? @b )D 1"

;+' e ' = ZV g0
R0S
blanket (UASB)
S4>
?2 $#
$ ( 3 A( $ '
, B4J0 & ' ; d "'
>! H; 4JUASB L@
4 L 3; ' /:;?2 8) 8^: M%
@ 9 $& M! 4 #L@ [JA(>;
7 ; %
B, ; %
UASB ) C 6W ,:SS8 )JF
Page 24 of 46
M%@ (Vj L:; ;?7 i ) # 93 I , < B ;? X 1 2 UASB L@ K V '

#
H ' ) :2 K V '
#; L@ (:K >LP"#<[ ; dB4JwG" L:4 2 j #Hi & /01
/4 ' D2 ; % 4 C† ' %@ 7p$ GH4 [N ; /01 ; 3 L 1 ;?
4 L@ M% @?M!L& ' 544 Ca ) @& 3 L:; ; 544 CU M! # 4h
[JL D2 ; j &' % 6 4 ; 544 L:; /O L H M% @i % ) + #( ; 7
4 2@Ca L 3 %@ '` :L@ M% @? 3 ]4' Ca L 3 6 M! #Ca ) @&
' k Ca ?; ' L:; &E <4% FE, M% @G&, % 4 3_ GSS %
2 ]4' ) ' 3 @ #7 ; L@ 2 % &E 3 454 I4% & ; 3 9,:
; &' L :, # CR , T JRH ' ' % ) + #( \ d 0 :Ca L 3 FB6
F]4#jooi LP" FE >4 @ R H ' 28 ?7 T ' #; _ ' L:; & M! >D 4 #
L@ [N EE dH
? @b ? ( ! V 1 g0
X
4 $,8 gC0 2(,8; XC4 <4h e4% ' 5 l& H$J /( 3

l & 4J d HH?[J ; _jCOD i Œ B P 2(,8;c b '
: Œ M ,# 4J ; dB 8 # 4h
/01 2 J 7 B4J0 ( &
'&# Lh3?; J 8 ;? # 4h p4'
joyi LP" N ]4# 8 B4N ( 3 & [J COD B P 2(,8;c b ' : >&
/ ? @b ? ' #b4COD P( ! V 1 ,:SR8 )JF

/p . O' +'
/01 /4 'Œ COD B P 2(,8;c b '

: Œ W# 2@ N' 8 $ ' ; # 4h 4 X!
_ ;Zd4; '#<[ CH4 XO CU M! @ , B4J0 ( %@
' 4 2 8 8R%E'
#w g= [J; /:;?M!/4 ' 4 [J2 d $5 %% 8
5 /O L H M%@ ; &
'H ; " W%'
# X84 3 La"' L5?2 N' ( a#
( %@ # &'
H!M!/464%
%P [J; % 6 ) #>k' <?L:; M!/4 ' B4N ( %@ /01 COD X!

X4P#X? " % P L% '#k , ; %% :, b ' N>?d%
@ /;$ , d
#4N W# 2@ YZ; L6 4' LP" 2(,8; $#; ' R(# &#E [J 3 ; e4% U
d &'
H! O8? ' [J % ;
Page 25 of 46
Constructed wetlands :a =8 )B5( 2

" "
; C 0
h
;? %] B T 2@ @ J; ( @ E6! => ?J ]
; B 8; 544 ) %@ /01 2 ( N '#; B ) @; ?
954' H$J) 8 ; %X#5 4E1 ;?Z4> U 2 N3 ; (4 P ; B# 3
( ) 8 $@; ' => [J; 7 p4' , Y[8; LB, 7& $ $#
$ ; I ,>
; 7"> 3 h N P'd=>; _ # 3 6 1 ; #8 0 P, W 3
b ' N>
?w! 3 &' ( - > & 8?m ?M!b ' J; $( J• ?; >
pond systems T =>
? 3 N L? :, M!
&
# J; B g=%d & YZ; d544P 2'% ' 2' &#E J•"> !2P# ]
W3; [ X?2P# 1 & #E ; _ SF E, f I ,> & # ; FWS 7 FEH
7 8 9'8 3 9.?FWS g=> ?VSF 4 " g= ; HSF & 3 g= J; 2 =>
N( ' ; m & A4 EH f 7 &#SF g=> 3 ; 4E' ) >N3 4
X#( ;?I ,> X4P#HSF g=> 3 ; 3 ƒ ) >S4> VS ; t 2 @
; " U VSF & #E GH4 [JX4P# _7 ' ,5 " YZ2@ 7M"#[ ; d ' ,
jCrites, et al., 2000i E&
' $#
; ' R , YZ
<? @$#w 1 g= X?R , YZ; % ' & #E X0 #SF ; FWS =>X 8[#X?R(#;
:4' ) ( 3 G&
3 e$ ' B P ; 544 ) D V
'\ ; # B ) >
Constructed ] 2 G% g$@R(#; FWS g=> 3 G& 3 '
# 4HYZX!<?
( | ; Created or restored wetlands +
. m wetlands
# ;? +8G&
3 N'x; X!L
B[a 6 ~ '!; E L%' ) %@| 7p$ ` :2 g4& ]

' J$B4 YZ; g= [N g '
J!; /4 T J; @L @ 7 8) Z =>
?N>?w!
‚(SWAMP, 2002)
> ; La"' ; 7"> 3 , •

j E%\ b '
:!i > ; La"' 3 h K P' •
B I ,> I[[ 3 F ,'% @ $& •
8LP" & '
, & # •
5 N= •
H $ [J2P ; %
' )# 4', ) Z) ( ; $' )w( 3 g$ ' , ]
( k ' ] c <$% &
' g$ '
H ,B LP" k w
5Z4 ( ; F]4#joui LP" #$N' ( M ,# ;?d;?
Page 26 of 46
2
" "
; C $ ,:SX8 )JF
25; '% ' C L5? 2 6 1 ; 3 ]! ( M! b ' ]

4%E &
E 3 6 [J C!f>8 Z! 4H4 ; (Nitrification and denitrification)
2
" "
; C $l<Z q 6Y/ $ k )12 do " . 9 ,:f8 #
. / !Q' / $
) } p4'
# '
1 ; B4J0 #' P ">2@k > 544 jg$Ji /4 %@ g$N% %& #4h 4
FEHM%@; ) M% @ $54' jdB4Jw; dB4Jƒ ' #'
Pi
'
R H '_ ' &% % 4
#E' _) L 2 ~ '!_ 5 ' |P@ %@; 5 ' %@ 25; '
) L 2 ~ ' ; R H '_ 4H4
R H ' _ ' FEHM%@; ) ;[5M% @~ ! %&OX
<4:g$J_~ ! % # 4h 4
2 #4 ) h C 3!_ & ' _ ' _ B# 3 (:_ E ] L4
) ;[5
3 3 h' 544 ; B 8; B# 3 ) %@ J m &

#E ( ) %@
d,B dHX4P ' ; & 4 RH N01 ' # ' % J ,B B# % ; N
2#4P ; ~ 2 h' B P ) % ; BOD 544 2(,8;c b ' : \ 3
X ; 4H4 C!2@ ,B LP" ;„, ) % [J ; G ,'; Chelation )0"
(GOPAL, &$ 7 : EH4 ( %@ N01 2 ( 3 544 ) % ? %&O
4 jL% i g$N 544 ) % F , < '
P 4 ;? & &E R , ; 1999)
Denitrification 5 ' |P@ %@ ; B4N &E 3 Nitrification 5 ' %@ ; #4h
% ,B L 4J 544 ; P " X! ( $:; 3 454 B4J0 W 3
] ) $:; 3 )#4' \ Cˆ ) q 7p$ X?; ( [
] $:4 ]4' H jzi /;$( N % $ E, f I ,> L ';
jo•i LP" N ]4#HSF
Page 27 of 46
HSF 1$ = ZV N_2 ) C 6W ,:Sa8 )JF
2#$5 7">!; M!b '#g= [JX!` : _d 0 O #E VSF g=>F]4#jozi LP"

8? &
&
# 39 O 8 d%
P J7 X† 3 [; ( $:; L 8 3 <; ,' LP" #
C4 L5!2
9 #<[ GH4 ' 1!R(#[ ; N C! q ' LP" VSF & # 3; & 3 I ,>
Lh3?; ( $:; S M%@ dB X4P#7 p4' , ; @4 d & ; [ 7
2 V " ` :dE& ' j$#; 'i $3 X4P# $@ J & #E [J 3 JC(> !2P# @E' H!
XV3 7"> ; ' 3 4N(% = ; / ' B4Jw p 1?; B4J % : YZ/01
X4P Nitrification 5 ' ; COD 2(,8;c B P b ' : M! = => [J @E' H!
p1 ] =>? 3 N M%@?
Xh % ] ; E, 4 2@ $ ] =>? 4 ' 1!R(#g4 M% @;
X4P 5 # $N' B# ( ; (TCHOBANOGLOUS and BURTON, 1991)
( ) $:; 3 _) > 3 ;?) H k' J; _ ] =>?L8L #; ]
'3 Imhoff X 1 ?_< ' P " ) ZSeptic Y'H ) > 1 g$ ' , a l & )Z
dU ; # $N' ( % d 1 X4P X?2P# B T ; k L:4 8\ >P†
(SWAMP, 2000) VSF & # 3 g$ ' ,
reed
ventilation
Feeding tube
>1m
hmax
hmin drainage tube
sealing
(VSF) E"
F r 1$ = ZV N_2 ' 6W ,:Sf8 )JF
Page 28 of 46
:f =8 )D 0
i
#; Flotation 4E &
' L:; X4P' #E N@L #; ( %@2@k'#L:4
) 6 ; 8X! > $ p 1?; # 4h@ %6 4 2 J ;$ X4P' [J; % 4 ;7 2
M%@t $ M%@ % 1$ ) D4% = ; ' ( -E• $5 d O
8X&
%'#L:4
#
4h ) D 4% ; %&OX ; ] ) ; P M% @/:; [J<4' Y[; ' L:;
/:;?XV3 /: L8M%@; @ 6 6 <4 # 7 X8 Z!J U ; #" ) $ 8
$ ; #
4h@ M%@ <4' 8 4H4 ; 25; ' 8) % # [a 6 U '
(>
c ] Y%;?7 , )Z ' %
R H ; Thickening K OP' ; Stabilisation &

'H h ' /:;? ( 3)
\ $N & ', ' /:;?L 5 M% @L '#; Drying K (' ; Dewatering 7
'#YZ2 O 8?; _2 ' 2 t%' ;?\ '; N#P FB; 2 t%' ; ] ) ; P
R , L:4 % 2, 'd h#?; CH4 XO 4J; g$ ' Hc L CU b ' >?; L:4 (: \
2 $#$ T J; ' L:; 2 7 Cˆ g$ ', 7 R H ; K (' ; K O P' - 9 7
K (' m 4:? & # J 3 O 8 ; E%I &'; 4 C! 3 $ ' , ) & '
% 4% p4' ; # %L% & N5 ' :?; K P' % J & #E [N HH $B4 ;
R%E' N>
! N3 &#E [J7p; , ? ( … ) ZW 3 t1 M% @ ; k' L:4 3
Cˆ C0 % 5 ; K (' %@ M% @ 1 ) a' D VY[8; H; :,
N#P FB; d h#?; ) " I[5; L:4
La"' &
# ; S; " bZ4 d& K%' ( S; " 3 % 4
‚ J; ( %@/01k ' L:4 2#$ $54# @; 9 '
H' #
4h@ 4 2 X4P' ' ; ( $:; M! %
1$ % 4 •
) H ' (: 3 ( w ' ; >
$ 4;
(BOD) #
4h 4 M%@ #
4 ;? 544 %
'P •
; R H ' $54# $#
$@ )w: 3 ; (' ;?R H ' ( %@ 2@ L # ( L:;
X 1M%
@<4 gd U a6 ( # " ; j<4>O L:4 i <4>O R H ' ; j ; L:4 i
9%
8L:4 L 3 93 ' #` :G& 3 $:; R H
)D / 1 i0
S
FB; 2 t%' ; ] ) ; P \ $N &', ' /:;?L 5 M%@L '#

4 %
'8\ 3 W%'
#$B4 [J C(> ! 3 A( ; _2 ' 2 t%' ;?\ ' ; N#P
% 3 ] ; &$ 7 : 4 dH U L:4 L ( B 8 4 3 ]!;? E # 4h
L & XO CU b '>
!; 9(: \ ' g$ ' , L:4 # & 'H! 0@?) 8Z 5 I H?T J
& < ; h 2 X4P#)w \ 3 ; 9 7 R , L:4 % 2, Y[8; g$ ' Hc
B4N # & '
H - @ 3 9 $'H† F , ' H & ) 6 4 W3 4'
#M'
: L:4
‚ Jd U $ ' , C0'
Page 29 of 46
C0' B4N # & 'H •

EH4' :) 5 f B4J0 g$N •
B4N g$N •
#
4%& # & 'H •
@ :) 5 f B4J0 g$N •
', •
d u ' t )D I s
J6i0
R
‚) %@e0DM!,&
#LB, ' L:; 2 7 R H
jd#&s • M'
: 3( ,>iKOP' •
jd#&s uz M'
: 3( i7 R H •
,>
jd#&s orrM': 3( i K (' •
,>
L:; 3 3 ( #
C$ 3 _ 3 ( p4' a' ( a'
#>$' 3 ( )# 4' $@
`%O M!( L&#s u M!s o 2 '
<[ R H ' X 1M!K L:4 L&'#` :g$ ' Hˆ B" - E $:?4J L& O Z( K OP'
_K O
P' ; R H ' F , ' L:4 #[a' ; _<$%&'RH 'X d N" ; d#B X4P# @
/01; KE%L:4 T #4 @ $@?;? B4 T J; $@& 2 KO P L:4 R H ' #YZ$ ;
R H ' X 1 M! ! #; R ,3 3 E 7 ?_K OP' %@ (" ; 7 E ?F' YZ
L H M%
@ h# ? P>P ) N(' K OP' C(> !2P#; ( $:; 3 $#
$5 2 L1$#;? ;
% 4 2 k L:4 p4' X4P#X?2P#; Z( 4, ; ;$ E ) OP /O
7 R H; K O P' 2 d0P H < 8 E %@; s • M' :
d u ' i0
X
\ L5?2 ; LB, ;?KO P L:4 > & 9 L ' @ LN,#X4P#7 I4 , L:4

3 / 4J 8 #; ] 7 R H %@ X4P p 1 3 ]ˆ ) ( ;? Cˆ 3 )
) 3 , 9%
&>;?) # R%
& 3 L:4 C!;?L:4 2 fH4 4P b '
>!;?L:4% P>P K ('
$
; E ' %@M% @$' ) &

' [J\ L:4 2 4 Cˆ ) &' 2 $#
$ T J;
B# 3 ) %@ g$ '
, L:4 2 R , P>P )* " 3 L:4 2 7 R , '
; <8 E L ; #" % @; L 3 ; ; ' LO P>P $@,
‚ J P>P )*" J?; 8? @ , 7 R H ' #)*" [J 3 ; _K O
P'
js ur‡ yrŠ% 3 ( i R% < 8 E 7@; •

js ur‡ yz 3 ( i 4, ' %| P •
js •r‡ ur 3 ( i & % |P •
;Z '
Page 30 of 46
3 ; a ( #" 3 g$ '
Hc % U N> J ƒ 2 ) &' [J
+ ; # '!I H YZ; #
) ; K (' m 4:? 3 R H& # J ) Z; E%I &

' &#E
3 % 4% p4' ; # % 5 ; h K P' J & #E [N HH
5 N3 &#E [J7p; , ? ( … ) ZW 3 ~ 1 LP" ; K ( k' L:4
; L:4 Cˆ $B M! 5 ; K (' %@ M%@ 1 ) % &
' D V; 8) :,
%@ m 4:?4J E, K (' m 4:? & #E L#
$ ; N#P FB; ; ) " I[5 Y[8
L:; 2 'H ;/ ' Hc H! @!; Humification beds / M!/4 '
[J g$ '
'( L 2 L&
' % P" g$E X?2P# '
:S H8 E/ F )GF60
m
# " 3 2% %) ]4' ; FB $&4J(O&M) > ; La"' ) % I '

# 8 $JX!
) $:; >6 ; La"' #; h 5 ; S; " La" ; ) & 3 W%'# (
3 2% % #; h ) %' L8M% @ <4'#O&M > ; La"' ) % I '8X! (
; 2>4&%d
& YZ; Cˆ ; ( ; ( ) $:4 > ; La"' /( 3 YZ; S; "
I' 82 h'#; B LP" ( S; " 3 I ' P [J 2 ,> @ ^ ; @ =>
# O&M ) %'
‚ %
$& •
| #& ; ) 1 ' •
( ) $:4 ; La"' ; K64 •
' L:; ) $:4 ; La"' ; K64 •
2% •
< L%' ; ) [1? •
#&' $@!; )0(,' •
> •
# E] )w 3L k > ; < E] La"' •
X ) % •
$B4 •
(WWTP) v F m0
S
2 )D 4% 2 8 7 ( 2 t%' N01 2 ' # %@ J (

X4P M':; E + 3 N'C 2 H L:4 ; k ' 7 2 d 08X4P# ' ;
T J; N' >P!T JX4P X?; Y[ R > ? @ L&>R(# 3 (
(WWTP) ( S; " M ,# ( 93 '<[ XP ; ( - 2 $#$
X4P'
#; jo{ LP" =>?
i /;$ 5 3 9 "' g@LP" 4J<$%&' ( S; " ,> LP"
‚ ' B P ; B# L: 2
Page 31 of 46
P>P ( ‡
j N'
( #' /41 XPi 7 L1$ •
3 & P75 C! •
/ C! •
<$N' R H ' •
544 ( ‡
# ?;?$,8 m 4:? •
4N' =>
<4>O R H ' •
jk 7 b; 1i 7 b •
75 C!L5?2 p 1?) %@; R H ' %@ G %

: [J; B P ( ‡
'd
0O ) % [J2 ; %
(Queens University, 2004) v F ,:Sg8 )JF
J[ '
# ' L: M%
@$'#<[ &
'K
' R>5M!; ' T J B 84# K
‚ J; L,%,'
; a M ; )4# ) 8\ N $N ‚jo{ LP" =>?
i / •
dP>P N% P %
: [J ( ; _R H '
% %& p 1 % 4 ; X4J$
Page 32 of 46
3 4% 4 jL% i g$J4J %
: [J $J; ‚jo{ LP" => ?i /Vs •
=> [J$' ; G" L:4 => ?LO 544 L%' g=>W# 2@ YZ;
3 1 4E ; 3 4% 4 g$JM%@ &$ 7 : $& ; ">M%@
7 2@ ' 3 g$ ' , 544 GH4 L 3 J # 4>O ( %:
p1 & 4 ; #4h 4 2\ p4' ;Z 1 [JX4P#` M
g$ ',w & # J; jo{ LP" 3 ]4 Ui $& ' ( ;? ss ' D •
@4>2, 4J 1 % : [J $J ; H; p4' , M% @ [J '; M':
T J; 4% E | #& ; ) 6 4 %d &E X4P N !L&H ' + M!9% &
>L k
[J 3 '#)w R% U? 3 ; ( # " 3 N $'H!2P# OD ( %@2 O 8?
L: T J; N & ' #;?Q; ( 2 ) H4 ;?25; '% 3 ]!)wC! % :
4 3 OD ( %
: J ' @!2P# ] ;?Lagooning LO 3 ]!
#4>O ( $ N $' H!
' 9.1.1
&@ L= ' N3 ' 4 ?_ ( - 3 #$N' %

: J ' %@
8) C! %8 a6? 3 I4& f>8 %8; ' ) $:; 3 54 M%@; 3 3
LP" $' d
h#?; $ '
, 3 @4>M%
@ $' 8; @4 ( ' 4
2 ) 3 , W%' ' 7 8; ) 6 M%
@ Y[8; P. @4>M%
@~ 1
‚ %# 8N 2P#; 3 R4
' % or2 a6? 3 , ‚ &$ 3 •

' % •r‡ or 3 , ‚ EH4' 3 •
' % •r2 8? 3 , ‚ " 3 •
W 2+ k 9.1.2
r_y ‡ r_o 2 E& ) Z > $ 4 ;L ; @ t ; a ( J4 & ;
# 4 [J C! jqi ‚4J 4 [N Grit chamber ' (: 2 $N ; ' %
P 2 L% &' jbi ; R > 3 4 [J ( 2 L%&' jIi ; TP'
: 2 P>P ) N('
4 [J 8 R , gC0 K =' ) %@
‚ J; ) ( [N S4>
?D0DT J;
%E'
, 3 I ,> (: 1.
%P"' ;Z &
3 I ,> (: 2.
%P"' ;Z &
jov LP" =>?i B4N ( 3.
K# '
#' &
E ) 6; ?g=>M%
@ 8LP" $' 4 [J 8X!
1q M! ( S; " 2 K%
' 4 8; n NJ
Page 33 of 46
(Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998) -+.

7 5* -(70 1%,$ Sh
jX#( i I ,> EH4 j / ; a M i % 4 C! ' 4N ( 3

/4 M%@; ( 3 74N n] '
#` : jovi LP" 3 F]4 4J 8 >
; %
%&
O 7 5 X?M!< „#[J; X /01 I ,# > ; %
: LP" d#H d d, N $:; R>5
$; &% M& #4h 7 5 X $@ M% @ G&
,'3 ' 4E1 2@ $' ; S ,'
X b 1M!L
u 9.1.3
N'C! ' 'i 3 E 4 Y[8; R H ' % %& % 4 C!4JR H '

% ,B $N
m 4: 3 % 4 5 ' #; % & 4 L% & '#[PJ; _j &, ( L: 3
R H %@ 7 5! : 3 ; L:4 ( ) %@ M! 4 [JLH YZ$ ; 7p N 2# '
#B m 4:?2@ @4J; R H ' X 1 3 R H ' %@ ' 7 5?M% @ ' @! ' #
4>D
N !L&# ' &
E († d
0% % B $@ ;Z; $# $ ;?F%
, X4' 2 @4 ; ;?
jo€ LP" =>?
i H R H) N( EH4 L:4
Page 34 of 46
V Universität Stuttgart ,[$ T :%;< = >%) ?!@ 43* A Si
)*)::>= /m$! 9 ] : 9 1 ZFP 8%0+ 9 " =L6/= 9 N 0] : 9 1 ZFP

<$D+ 58$39
"0 $7(+ 9 &D ! $39 :;CL z$2 i D C +I
&/ 2 & 4% f;1 ZF3 X)*N9YZy*V<[% 9 W+$ NJ )*! { P |T &
#
$2 & D 5 _%%2 & 1 ZF3 X 8$39
:;$7
( + * 4% NJ A 5+ ] : 9 &
$! 9 ] : 9 1 ZFP _%%2 1 $D+ `&
( `2 r 30 !9}+ G%L0As $7*
a9 DE C • •r~ yz + 2& 4% C • {r~ zr f;k 9 "0< L/ + 7
BOD )_%%2 C "5+€
B C -(7) $2 m0
S0a
LP. N ' ; jG" L:4 ) > 1i 4N ) > 1 3 ' #G" ' L:; ( %
:
G" L:4 & # 3 ; jo{ LP" => ?
i N 8 #
4N' ) N(' d& N# 2P#; g$&
; 36 7 b' >! ' ; 3 454 # 4h 4 M% @p[a'' &$ 7 : g$ ' ,
LP" J; _ % %' # 4h 4 3 4 &$ 7 : X?4JG" L:4 - E HH 7p$
2P#[PJ; RH ' M% @)w = 3 Flocks 3 E 7 5 [J; Nh W ' %7 5?
X4P#k 7 ; <$N' ;? ; R H ' 7p$ | L E, R H % N% 3
&$ 7 : 2 @ ,>M% @ <4'#; jo{ LP" => ?
i ( G" ' L:; d5;
#
$&L5?2 YZ; 74N 2 8) P 9& :; k# [JY# ' #; BN ' 2 Z41V
C ' 3$ ; 7 3 & % % 4 ^: ; &$ 7 :c gC0 2(,8;
g$ 'H!2P# 6 1 )w: 3 ; R H m 4: d U X4P ' ; M!K O P LB, I ,#
( L5?2 dB5 K = 7 < (# D2 ; &$ 7 : L 3 L5?2 "U ;Z X
/; X M!j ' L:;i H ' % 4 S5 !' #; Y[ 5:T Jf>8 Z! 3 ]
\ B L:4 XV 3 &$ 7 : 4 % /01 9> ? &&: R , ; $#
$5 2 % 7p$ L5?2
d#&d 'D &$ 7 : 8 M% @7& L5?2 YZ; ( $:; b 1L&#X?R(#
‚ JG" L:4 %@) 6 4 $ ' HH L 4
Page 35 of 46
#4N' X 1 3 7 e4P 2 C_ HRT •

b; KOP LB, M!TSS •
544 % '
P 0 <4h 7M •
( <4h 7M •
L:4 e4P 2 C_SRT •
;$' ,> •
#
j $, W3$ _L P Y# 'i X 3 W3$' bZ4 > •
#4N' g=> •
? @b m0
S0f
#4N' ) N('d & ; g$& N%

P. 3 9" ' # 4N' ) > 1 3 'G" L:4 (
[ M% @X D „# 5 Y[8 ; 7 N# 4# ' # 4h 8 N 8
-3
5 ; g/m yrrr‡ ozzr2 O 8?COD 8 XV 3 g@ LP" ; B4J0 (
) 4% _ B4J0 ( [ 'X . J # 4+ 5 uz‡ yz 2 /$ 3 A; 'L@ :
l , L 3 N: . S4]4 [J/4:
Lagoons ! w " 5)D w !m0

S0g
W @ A; '#; '?{ M' : ; o 2 N @?); ' %] m 4:?2@ @ J + . 'T

M%@ O # 4N N5?/01 2 JC(> !'## 4N' ; b _ '?{ M' : ; o_€ 2 4N T
+ N3; xR,:YZ; B4J0 ; # ' 1 ; B4N N 2P# 4N UT ; ) 3 4
; = ) ZT 3 _ B4J0 ;? Q ; B4N ; = 3 ' 544 )w4 ' ; ,B
; 3 8) 8 '7 3 2(,8; X h YZ; ' o_z M' : ; o 2 @ W A; ' # B4N
; _ B4N E, & E J; W u 45; ^:0#j B4Jw ; B4J ; xi # ' 1 T 3
N3 ( ' # ' 1 & E ; _R H ' % %& % 4 8 ' N3 ; B4J0 $@& & E
) % ; J U 2 W @? B4J0 ) # ' 1 #' P W# 2@ 544 ) %
B4Jwg$J) %@d HH? J N ' ' 544
:R H8 E/ F )GF6I J60
Sn
+ ] Uk 7 M% @/4 X ] 4J ( =>?La" ; R 8 $JX!

La"' ; > ; ) 7"> c K P' X!XV" [J 3 $ | #& 9'@4>W3 4'X?;
3 [ ; 4E' /;$ 3 M' : jd@ '
5!;i d
# '!d Ea] R , #$%&
' ( =>
? 3
L5?2 YZ; +% H ; 4& K P ) Z; P' - 2@X4O #9% 8 7> ? 3 2H$N
4 ; E ; > ; 2% K P L " X?2P#La"' K P ; e4% '2 #:
; X h K P; c %' K P' ; j C i ) # 2 t%' ; p 1 4 ; B P
( F] ; LP" W%' 2% K P n 5 ) $ ; j)$5; X!i ) D > RB ]
; or2 A; ' '3 > K P ? $' , P p4' , ; $' , 544P' ; S; "
3 dN d; R % > / @? ( 'H!; = XV 3 [PJ; K P' 5!2 s yz M' :
Page 36 of 46
; > ; '
P ; B NP ; P>P N5c ( ' ) % ' > K P L " ; ,H„
'# '; ) 8 ; 74N 2& : )wq ; ) h LO ( ) $:; 7 5 )w$' H Y[8
; a E K P ; S; " %2 ' / K P 2 h' [J; N a6 ;? 87 5?/$'H!
X D „#NB . I4% H?; Y[8; S; " S 4' , 3 a E 2 ) 8^:X! ; 5 ) $
# " [J 3 La"' K P 3 ,B 7 ( 4J E T0N' H! '#; 5 K P' M% @
5!2 s ur ‡ or 2 E % 8A; ' @ ; ( & ' 1!$@ $ N @ R(#[
=>
?3; +
3$ ; )4# ; Ca ; 7 NP T0N' H! E K P 2 h' ; La"' % 8
3 t& : 3 YZ; L&% C0 nh ) E La" L5?2 E g$ ' , (
; ' 4 ; ' L:; C! % 82 C K P K V ' ; C0 P ; $N ) 5 $'
T J; La"' % 5 % P 2 s zrM' :; oz 2 K P' [JA; '; )# ; L
%8 5!2 s v M' :; z 2 @A; ' J; p 1 4 ; B P 4 LO p 1?K P
La"'
:S 8 N KL /1 . M 0
SS
W& L5?2 ; _ + # : ; # : L5?2 3 | #& R%E' (

]; R 2 9>?w!/( [J 3 #; h ) . ; $@4& $@!; # 4E '# $J [J
]4 0' 1!4JYZR H; 5? W F% g$ '
H! @ˆ $@4 ; ) . !
) N5 ; @ Y[ 3 ] ( 544P ' 1† YZ 0@ ; /;$%< '
[J 3 $@4& ; ) . ] ; 3 l H 4J #' P % @ X4P# d U ; ; LP % =
X?R(#) . [JLO | #& ; # 4 B PL4 '@ 2 [1V #Nh ; _/(
j + L 4 ;_ 3& O; @ ' 5 ]4 _ +; "'>!
i % ; = @ X?<? ; X4P
B P 4 & %' | #& M! 3 ] ['%% ; 1 ; 4& X4P X?;
/4: Y[8; < ; ( ) & ' %@ ) ]4 M% @ $@4& <4' 544 ;
[N p; '
H ' ] ; @ L6
. M r7 $ . "
4SS0
S
3; &E 3 454 # " % 5 X4P ) . ! # 4E M% @$@, | #& > & X!

;?) . !N# $ ' ; /;$ 2 d$5 ;$ $@T J; % | #& G& 3 $54#/;$ 2 $#
$
[Jg$ 'H! @!M!b ' w N> ?4J/; 2 , YZ; g$ 'H! @!; ( $@4
g$ '
H! N >4 3 $ /;$ 2 O P ; #8 D 4% J N> ?X? >O R , ;
g@LP" ;?_ 5C L8„ ' h < 3 [Jg$ '
H! 3 ) $#
$ /O L HM% @_
; 9 5 ; /4 < 2 ' g ' 2>4& m ; L8c %& 7 5 ) Z)
) . !) 4 ; ( U g$ 'H! ; D V = f3 @ $
[J 3 X ; . @ g$ 'Hˆ 1 #" ; H, & >
&H | #& 2 h' o•€• g@ 3 = N f3 ' @! ' ) . X!; /(
= KP ; 4 M% @ g$ 'H! &&: |P w ; # : 3 #; ] 2P
) . [J 3 = @!M%@d :
Page 37 of 46
= ) 4 $&
3 ; X,> # :M%@ 8 ' = ) . !L & ;
%
P" & #. [J; < /( 3 g$ ' H‹ :06 &' %&
: . !@ ; #
[U
; ' 3 I , /$ ; :4% W%' # g$ ' Hˆ 3 P ) $# $ ' M%
@d$'
; # " 7 $ ; 2@ %FB #
$&M! $N# . ; p 1? # !) D V;? @4 ,
@4> 3 W%'
# YZ; P L8" K# ; & 3 2H$N ; )
LP" ] "@ , ) 4, 3 B P ; 544 ; P | #& # 4E Y,P 3 ;

3 p 1? N'5 )$@?; o••u ; o••o @ 3 N'5 $ 454 ) . 3 8
L8„ ' p 1 L6 ; h @ C jo ‚ %
# 6 1 =:0 f E@?` : _ o••{ g
ju _ N'C!; N'
( /P.?2 LP"8 @ 3 g$ '
H! @! J?jy _ 5C
) . C(>ˆ 34' ( - S4
. M r7 $ '
P " SS0
R
U; EE =>?2 ] ; ; ' ) P g$ '

H! @!' #GH4' /; = 3
_X _~ LOi GH; - " ; GH4' /; 2 L%& G&3 T J/:L8M% @; EE
@!M!4@$ ) H H N#$; g$ '
H! @!2 h' E1 N#$ ' j|> 4
G&3 &E g$ '
H! @!/( 3 > 4>& | #& ; _ EM-Water /; W3; g$ '
Hˆ
9>?w! g$ '
H! @ˆ ) . !) 4 $ E,% E%
H; X ; 8 3
3 J $@ >T J X?w!/( [J 3 ) . ! X} M' : $54 w X 3 ; X} M'
: [#
p 1 MEDA /; LO C?2 > wX X?M!4 #[J; _L& ',
@! ' ,>
4' 4P 3 $5 LP" |>
4 3 9 $'
H! '
#( <
H H; % $ M%
@ $N [J W E ; ( 'H! $N8 @ 3 g$ '
H!
) ,' 3 fB$$ [Jg$ '
H! @!
[Jg$ 'H! @ˆ ) %' /01 2 o••o g 3 g$ '

H! @! #" 8 3;
g$ ', M':; Œ e4% ) %'Œ d
& ; + C; 2@ ; @ < 3
; 0 ) Z 4P ) = 2 E1 & 3 4 M%
@ /4 R(#9>†
3 @ 3 (
; + C; ; @ C; ; %#
!Y ; = 2 L8 h# ;$ 2 LP" |% ( TJ
@4> ; w g?d :4 , < 3 ( [Jg$ 'H!X8 Z! 3 &H <[ 4Jb
LP" J e4% 3 8 ' ) %' %d& < 3 N $'H†F ,# ' ; (
; 4 8 t # 3 p$@ N% 8N '; = | #& &E g@
4%
P
XP $& ( g$ 'H!4JX 3 g$ '

H! ! E H , $J A' X!
[; =@ $ M! ( 8 # CY[8; [ %L#$8L&', ; ] f4 3
X? a # $#
$( ( #" 5 X?M%
@t ) % > 4P f ];
| #& f ]; $ ; g$ '
H! @!L5?2 ) >P 2 h'
| #& ; j yrrr g 3 N'5 f ; o••zQ€•u JS > | #& i N' ( f '
l & ; N# 'H ' ] ; L6 M%@ $' g$ '
H! @† 6 >
Page 38 of 46
9>
†3 YZ2 $ ; _j 5C i 14E UL8„ ' h ;?L6 < [Jg$ '
H! #
K 4P R@0 3 w!‘ < &
# g$ 'H! #
3 HH?7 (8 N '#; #C† @ 3 N $' H! # ( X? ;

3 X} M' : ; d H 'w % : 2 N> !w!_ ; ( /;$ 3 t&> !( ' H?
WWWTPs ( #" D0D7"> > /;$ 2 9# $& ,B GE T J; U SE
( [J = g$ '
H!'H; yryrg@M': 454 # " /$' H YZ; USE 3
g$ 'H! @ˆ + : 2 $ | #& ; = & #E ; < 3 # " [J 3
[JXV 3 /: L8M% @; E,% E%
H ; E,% | #& $N 3 J h $
$ L 8LP" WE &
L 2 N: '! $ GH4' /; 5 3 g$ 'H! @!/( 3 ) .

L 2 @ S; " 3 ) 4 $ ) . [J; Bahri and Brissaud (Kamizoulis, 2003)
‚ % # @ ) . [J U 6 f ; ) @ ' 5 K% ' 3 f] @ $ ; UNEP/WHO
; # $6 ' #j 9843 ; h1i @ @ Cb ' >!) Z; >GH4' & E 3 @ -4, jqi
3 dHH?d 7 5 LP" : , jIi _p 1 GH4' /; ; ;?/; 2 ) (' [J ' H!
: 3 E %$ p$ M% @m ' #$ < ' 7 ( [J4 >; & E 3< ' "
3 $# ' 4 >T Jjbi _ @ 3 F U g$ 'H 2@ ( >m ? "' >
!
2@ 2 $( U ,3 R ( j i _d 6 h 4 ; g E W%' # 2P% N', @;
$@ O #
$ = ) . ! & 3 H; ) $ ' H!N ; J5 ) . [J;
LP" ; d $5 %% N %
E' GH4' &E :' & ) . Blumenthal et al., (2000)
; O 8? # : M ' a /;$ ; & E /; L8 3 g$ 'H! @!) %' l H
%X?N ='#w 1 [JXV 3 /;$ 2 $# $ 3 ( 3 1V' 4E' R ,
M!/464% N, & X? ; L8M% @ R54'#9>†
3 /: L8M%@ ; 1V ' | >p$ 3 ) .
# N >P!; N N( M% @ $' 1V ' p$ 3 ) . [J[
:R 8 N .2
160
SR
; O
'H K P ; + L8" ; % [N ' ( L& dB V g$ 'H! @!
% L P F] 4 K# ' ; $( N 3 ) %E' [N % P % '2 d
$8V
' 7 X4P#X?R(#
@4> & X?R(# H $ [J; #$N H 7 5!< ; h 2 ; [ #X?R(#j & #E i
& ; ]; ; ( -4H 4 K# ; j Cˆ ) 5 ' :!; ( i (
g$ ' H! @![ M% @ =>dh#? H $ g$& X?R(#; ( => O'H K P
N @ R(# ' ,B 6 t %#j{i /;$( ; L GE 7p$ E& >;
Page 39 of 46
N < Z? 7 2 & ' ,:g8 #
< @5 < '

D
) '
1!L5?2 34' @4> & C )5 '
:!; ( &
C ;?g$ '
H @!
$B, g$ '
H!bZ > & b '
: ; $#
; ' &
2 $', $#$ ( -4, %% H

[N P ; @4 ) %
E'
$'
, ( ; #
C4' =>?) %
E' $#
$ # ' ; H$N )0%'
(
) 1; L@k > ; ) ( ' H! #

4E L% 7 5! <[ ' GE #
4E
S; " [ '
.2
16( SR0
S
J ' % : ; B# #
$N' % : @ J ( 3 M; %:
#
4h 4 2 ,B 7 ( g$J N3 ' # ' 7 P ) Z ,B &
' J; 544 (
M%@ d4E O 8 ) & ' ; 544 ; P e4%' p4', \ ; B[a 6 2 75;
; #4h 4 C!i OP 544 - 2@ @ J P, W 3 ( # " p4',
B[a 6 ; #4h 4 Cˆ 8 LP" E J= W E 4Jl H ; j25; '
4H 7 ; 3 ; H - E [J; a6 ) :, 3
‚ O
P ( 3 g$ '
, ' Y%
'%O \ J ') &
'
_ ;$ 544 )064 _ E& ' ' 3 _ (SBR) '

% ' & %' L@ Q G" L:4 S; "
; 3O
8L?) %@ ) Z N>
?w! 8 ( ) & 34' p 1? N5 2 ; B4J0 ( =>
?
‚ N ; 8?) :, R%
E'd U; E 2 ’ $5 %% 8M!b ' ; E%I ?
L +E '_ & '
, B T _ E T _j ' ' %i ]
N6; ) &F]4#jvi /;$( j• L =>?
i
Page 40 of 46
(Wendland, 2003) 6 7 .2
16,:h8 #
-CD) EC -$F H 0 H 02 JK -M%" -/7 -$C

-G*. -I L) -CD) -, " .
2 L ).
-A7
$* N* $_ )_%%/•6Z &&
. 0 S L0\k0 W H> [ ( $7
( 429
:E
BC 32
0\[O ‚7 )* CR 37 =Q60+ ZU ~ =(
(SBR) +[O ‚7 )*
I
M )*`7
O B DC) %). 2<4( \=9
" &&
. :%9 A 5+k0 W H>
[ :%9 $7
( 429
:E
P*) Q>5 o2 =Q69 + Z ~ =(
2<
R( \ 320=56 $_% c :%9 . a9

Z; a9Z
;CL +k0 W H>
[ ( $7
( 429
:E
S;*TU oZ5 &
5 )_%%2 fQ C . ~ =(
`& (><[ O _[4
•67 G5 &5
=R*>)_%%2
-+9% # as% 7
/e&9=7 <2
5 R 37 S L0\r 37 W H>
[ :%9 log 42
9:E
-C+ ƒ+ 6 R 37 Z +=Q69
1*V W%+ ‚7 )*) ( 32

0 <2
5 R 37 S L0\r 37 W H>
[ R 37 > 3 log
-"+ 2K I \ 2& R 37 Z +=Q69 )*4 2 9:E
:%9 7f<9 2
<%! & &%
- X R( [O ‚7 )* 32
0 M
$_ &&
. M
$_ 0 A 5+k0 W H>
[ ( MOU 7 >
I + =Q69 + Z (UF)
-Y + -(7) [O ‚7 )* 32
0 :%9 :%9 A 5+r 37 W H>
[ :%9 MOU 7 >M
2|
%G I + =Q69 + Z
8*M-"Z 7
/€a9
DE &&
. 0 S L0\r 37 W H>
[ ( MOU 7 >
O-,F(C+ 0 =Q69 + Z
?2[2 O *.
W1 . 2
16SR0
R
; 2P%N'
, ; 2@ # : L5?2 ( & M% @ /;$ 2 $#$ 3 ) %' t
M%@ dE1 LP" $ ` m c , ) ; P ">/E!;?L' ;? C!4J &' $J
B# #$%
&') & ' 3 logs z ‡ • M!\ ' #[J;
4 2 [Jp4' X YZ; 7 P & M%
@ U 544 ;
Page 41 of 46
( 2, ' ,# [ ; &' /$ M%@ %H DV9 p 1 % 4 ; # 4h

; B 8p 1?; B# 3 - ‚2'@4 ( M! &' - ,& 2P#; &' %@ L d544
- E [JM%
@ @ => E #j€i /;$(
(Jacangelo &Trussel, 2001) . 2

1 ( W1 d *,:i8 #
\D") -CD0 '%)+ ] >2%( - 2 ] A*/ N* ,

^'*. [X +++ +++ +/- ++
^ K_ *.` + - -- -
^'*. <F`2KSAa ++/+++ ++/+++ + ++
?2[2K +++ +++ ++/+++ ++/+++
8*M-"Z ++/+++ + ++ ++
-,F(C+
1%).
( 8*M +++ +++ +++ +++
(<0.01 µm)
$57 H-- _7 H- _$5““ _d
d $5$5“““
:X 8 $/ P Q?O 0
SX
; =' ; & ' ) ; c N % P WBD ; Je4% ' g4H ;? , LO # ' WBD 4

| #& g$ ' , # ' WBD 4 ; 7 8) Z; $' , 6 !C(> !L5?2 B">
K P L# 4 3 $@, L5? 2 L1$ 3 $N : M% @ d U ; -4, M%
@ '@
L 2 `# 4% ; [: ; 7 P g$ '
H!M% @ d3 X4P'; ( ) $1
@4 3 ; _ a 3$ + h# ' ; e4%
#2 g ˆ ; ( 2@ 25
WBD 4 O 8?; 2 t%' ; g$ 'H!$@ + ; @ ' 5 K P' W%' #
; E M! C!g4H ; ) $1 , J J? # '
~ 1 LP" 8 ' 'H ; _ ! 3 $' , # ' WBD 4 K% ' Jm H
$& 9%
@L #<[ Š% $ # ' ) $ g4H 8 $ ' , 3 ' 8 M% @
& 3 P $ d U<4' ` : % ' $J? $ ) $: # ' ; 2 $ ' , 2) $
3
C g4H ;? ) $1 g4H LO # ' WBD 4 g$ 'Hˆ d
:4]; O
8 R,
] ) :06! 3 ;? '' ) $1 3 g$ ','
H ' ) $B 3 4J !
w ' ; HH ) %E' 3$# + e4% 3 R ,' XV 3 A06 ) $1 K P L '; +
] 2@ +. K P' dh#?2P; ( S; " La"' ; O '
H K P Ea' G& 3 X4P
E, 3j ( i 2 t%' E +
M%
@ _ 0@? 48[ $J ' 954' ! 3 &E # ' WBD 4 K%
'
‚/O L H
e4%' g4H •
2 $'
, g4H Q ) $1g4H •
Page 42 of 46
. U % RB ] •
2 t%' XZ! •
J # '; % ' # =>?) 4 $& 3 g4H % ' $J > C4 L5?2 ;

7 5 <?; 2P%N'
,% Q % 5 4 $ ' 6 ; ) % g=>
;?j N.L8/O L HM% @i $ C '3 LP Š% l &#; g4H M@$#X?2P# 4 2
6 @ 2 8 J) # ' R% U?; e4% $:; LP Š% ;?2 (: LP Š%
#C4 P. g$ '
,# $@ g4H [JY% N', 3$# @ ; p 1?L 4@ M% @ ;?T0N'H M%@ $'
> =>
?;?
Q;
"# $ Z '
s5SX0
S
3 ;?)4 3 P%
N', j # i 5 ; ]4 4 X 3 % ) E%
H
f:; yrro g@ /01 ; p 1 N5 2 K% '# /C $# ; ' g4H S4 ( @
; d 4#$:; R P ' Š% 80N' H! 4& YZ; d#
4H P# ? w; ozu M' : ; •• 2 # '
4J jn] X;$i #C4' X!` : # C4' K P ; 3; M! B5 LP" 4 ) 30' 1
M%@ %E & E ); 3 70U O 8 '#n] ) %@ R% E'#<[ # C4' _t1
; " 3 ; _ } 2 nh ;? Q; $ ) 3 , L& X YZ; M% U ,' X4P ` :
LP" < ( ; 2 34' h ,' ` : >
; E%H; # $% X;„" L 2 /C 3 $' , # ( ; $ 2E,% 3 3;

M': ; r_y‡r_oz 2 # ' A; ' ; W K%' 2 F] ; LP" ); ' g4H
&# ; 34 ; ) $ p4' , M! 5 K P' 3 ) 30' 1 ; P# ? w; o_y ‡ o_r
X YZ; M% U J , X4P /O L H M% @ ” g ; ;$ W 3 # C4'
YZ; t1 J , X4P #?; %& % 3; } 2 nh ;?Q; $ ) 3 , L&
h n] K P'j #? i ;?
Q; j %&
%i W %% q 3 34'
3 ) N54' ; p 1 ) = 3 N = # C4 8 3< B; L 2 , X!
‚ ' ) @4]4 f N 52P#< B; 3 ,
< H4 L > $& #4, K# 1.

;„, f i X & A '
& ; . %M%
@ '
@ $ ; =%d
& ,' W E 2.
&
E ; j = L8
( w$ ' g4H L ') 4& W E 2 #
[' ; , | > 3 S ' @ 3.
5?$&
$#$ N% @ [ ; K# ; L1$ 2 >C4' > C4 $@!M% @L $' , ) = M%@

> $# $ > ; L8M%3 K# [JL ' > $@!; ;„, f ,%K#
‚ % # 8 NH '!2P#- E [J; [ N#
_(TL/da) 'Dg4H _ 8 #TA ; (TL/da) $' /4 ‚ $' :,
(TL/da) < 2 W%' 'Dg4H _ (TL/da) < 2 CM% @$'# $ /4
3 3
(TL/m ) @, 3 P% N'
, _ (TL/m ) _ P%N'
, ) 8M%@ ' @ ‚d (:;?
Page 43 of 46
; @ @E& #; h I ,: M%
@ ' @ ~ 3 , ]; 3 & #E
(Government Printing (IBRD) Y Loan ) ! 3 :; " T0N' H
S; " 4J ; _ 4( L& S; " L# 4 L5?2 (KFAED) f# 4P ,H„ ; Office, 1988)
Present Worth Ž & # g$ '
H†R, @ 3 ,; ~ 3 8
C4' > <?•Balanced BudgetŽ &
> # g$ '
,'3 T0N'
H SE 3 •Value
X; 2 p 1? &
E 3 L P 9&E 2P# &E 3d$5 / 3 L: L8| XV
3 8[' a #;
&
E 3 % @4 ; = L [JK P
Page 44 of 46
EB 0
Sa
Achouri, M. (1994): Les techniques d’aménagement des versants, in: Séminaire sur la con-
servation des eaux et du sol en Tunisie 1990-2000, Kasserine
Alaya, K.; Viertmann, W.; Waibel, T. (1993): Les tabias, Direction générale des forêts
(Ministère de l’Agriculture), Tunis
Asano, T (1998): Wastewater reclamation and reuse, volume 10, Lancaster – Basel
Blumenthal, U.J., Mara, D.D., Peasey, A., Ruiz-Palacios, G. and Stott, R. 2000.
Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture:
Recommendations for revising WHO guidelines. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization 78(9):1104-1116.
Crites, R., Sherwood C. R., Robert B. (2000). Land treatment systems for municipal and
industrial wastes. McGraw-Hill Press.
Crites, R., and Tchobanoglous, G. (1998). Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management
Systems, WCV/Mc Graw-Hill.
Esrey, S.A., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Vargas, J., and Winblad,
U. (1998). Ecological sanitation. SIDA, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ferguson, Bruce K. (1998). Introduction to Stormwater. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
Gopal, B. (1999). Natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: potentials and
problems. Water Science and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 3, 27-35.
Hellström, D. and Johansson, E. (1999). Swedish experiences with urine separating systems.
Wasser & Boden 51(11), 21-25., Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin
Henze, M. and Ledin, A.(2001) Types, characteristics and quantities of classic, combined
domestic of classic, combined domestic. In: Decentralised sanitation and reuse, concepts,
systems and implementation (eds. Lens, P., Zeeman,G., Lettinga, G). IWA Publishing
Jacangelo, J.G., Trussell, R.R. (2001) International Report Water and Wastewater Disinfection:
Trends, Issues and Practices, Preprints 2nd World water congress in Berlin, October 2001
Jiayi, L. and Junqi, Wang (2001). The practice, problem and strategy of ecological sanitation
toilets with urine diversion in china. Proceeding of 1st international conference in
ecological sanitation, 5-8 Nov. 2001, Nanning, China. EcoSanRes, c/o Stockholm
Environment Institute, Sweden
Jönsson, H., Vinnerås, B., Hoeglund, C., and Stenstroem, T.-A. (1999). Source: Separation of
urine. Wasser & Boden 51(11), 21-25., Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin
Kamizoulis, G., A. Bahri, F. Brissaud, and A.N. Angelakis (2003). Wastewater Recycling and
Reuse Practices in Mediterranean Region-Recommended Guidelines
Larsen, T.A., and Gujer, W. (1996) Separate management of anthropogenic nutrient solutions
(human urine). Wat. Sci. Tech. 34(3-4), 87-94.
Niemczynowicz, J. (1997). The Water Profession and Agenda 21. Water Quality International
March/April 1997, pp 9-11.
Otterpohl, R. (2001a) Black, brown, yellow, grey - the new colours of sanitation. Water 21,
October 2001, 37-41.
Otterpohl, R. (2001). Design of highly efficient source control sanitation and practical
experiences. in: Decentralised Sanitation and Reuse p.164-179(Lens, P.; Zeemann, G. and
G. Lettinga, Eds). IWA Publ.
Otterpohl, R.; Albold, A, Olderburg, M. (1999a). Source Control in Urban Sanitation and Waste
Management: 10 Systems with Reuse of Resource. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 39 (5) pp.153-160
Otterpohl, R., Grottker, M., Lange, J (1997). Sustainable water and waste management
in urban areas. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 35 (9) pp.121-133
OtterWasser (2002). Sustainable sanitation systems. OtterWasser Lübeck, Germany,
Page 45 of 46
Oweis, T.; Hachum, A., Kijne, J. (1999): Water harvesting and supplementary irrigation for
improved water efficiency in dry areas, SWIM Paper 7, International Water Management
institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Prinz, D. (1996): Water Harvesting – History, Techniques and Trends, Zeitschrift für
Bewässerungswirtschaft, 31. Jahrg., Heft 1, pp.64-105
Queens Univeristy, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Lecture 17, held in 2004 Water Resources &
Water Quality 2
Roediger-Vakuumtoiltten http://www.roevac.de
Samwel, M. (2005) Alternatives for Sanitary Systems Ecological Sanitation - A chance for Rural
Romanian Areas, WECF Women in Europe for a Common Future
SWAMP (2002). Sustainable Water Management and Wastewater Purification in Tourism
Facilities. Guidelines developed within the 5th Framework Programme of the EU.
Tchobanoglous, G., and Burton, F.L. (1991) Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal, reuse.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.
Turkey Country Report 2003, Prepared for the Word Water Forum 2003
UNEP/WHO/HABITAT/WSSCC: Guidelines on Municipal Wastewater Management.
UNEP/GPA Coordination Office, The Hague, The Netherlands (2004).
Urbonas, Ben & Stahre, Peter (1993). Stormwater: best management practices and detention for
water quality, drainage and CSO management. PTR Prentice-Hall, Inc. USA.
Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) 2002: Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia. Paper 1:
Understanding the Basics. Water and Sanitation Programme, Washington D.C.
Wendland, C. (2003): Sanitation concepts for small communities. Contribution to the decision
making process for the pilot plants within the EMWater project, presented on the 1st
Regional Meeting in Amman, Jordan, EMWater project
Werner, C., Mang, H.P., Schlick, J. and Garces, G. (2002). ECOSAN-Introduction of closing
loop-approaches in wastewater management and sanitation- a new Supra-regional GTZ
project. Proceeding of IWA 5th specialised conference on small water and wastewater
treatment systems, Istanbul, Turkey, 24-26 September 20
WHO (1989). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wolgast, M. (1993). WM-Ekologen ab, PO Box 11162, S-10061 Stockholm, Sweden
Wupperverband (2003). Das Projekt Lambertsmühle:zukunftsfähiges Abwassermanagement im
ländlichen Raum. Abschlussbericht des Projekts Lambertsmühle. Wupperverband
Page 46 of 46

الادارة الفعالة لمياه الصرف الصحي

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

الادارة الفعالة لمياه الصرف الصحي

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EMWATER E-LEARNING COURSE PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN UNION

• Institute of Wastewater Management, Hamburg University of Technology

7 R H %@Q ' L:; K O

:S98 . 2 345 )'6 . 7 0

X?` : L L 3 2 ; g4 g4#2 ; @, @H 2 a' 8 ; 8X!

N#P FB; _ T H )4 ; N> 3 2(,8; t& > g$N% %& #

N 2P# ' ; &$ 7 : K% ' M% @ <4' 544 : 2

(Henze and Ledin, 2001) $. 1 I' :R8 #

L% 3 d+ g$ ' , ' Y% M': ; B P )0%' @ 7 :?R 2 9>!

B# G /O L HM% @_ + # :/012 " 6 # :; #; % @ J

YZV +' [" . O

; 2J f 4 3 ; g@ B 2 O 8?[ La" ; f #8 ! =>?X!

(source Otterwasser GmbH) / '

&# ; jfH4 4P b '

e4%'3 % #" ) % = Y%2 L? J/4 E X!

(source Otterwasser GmbH) Z N_V,:a8 )JF

%H48 N $ H?2P# g$ 'H! @!; ( /( 3 ) 64' ; ) .

; HM! N% #4 2P# #4h@ Y[8; ) % )Z #[a 4 M% @<4' #" ) %

<4'# ; 6 7 XV 2 u /;$( N ]4# 8 5Z4 )

4 M%@ 6 7 <4'#; j/ i K ' m : 3 dP 6 7 %L ( X!

- 3 / 4J 8 [J L&>L5?2 6 ?7"> 5: w & #E [J 3 ‰

#[a 4 2 B[a b '> '; @ g # $%

, ! "# $#%&' ( )& *+

(Source: Esrey et al., 1998) *+ , -.

2@ < 7 L 3 % G, LP" 3 _ $ L 3 :>2 % ' ) 1 T J d4 @ ;

;< 7 < L LP" $ 2 5 93 '

-E 3 ( bZ4 ; R bZ4 J; 7 4, ; ( - E 2 5Z4 >$54#

' Jd$ ' H! O 8 -E ; # 4h ) D 4% C! ' # 544 ( - 3

6%(7 -, " 8%9 a0

/4EN )w: ; XP% 3 a( 4 R,: ; , /4 d & A4] 4 K%'# E 4&

X#5/$ $# $ 3d #4 d; 9 X4P#` : G, J 6 '# E X#52 CX!

2 [1 #( E 2# ' XP | HV R(# E ! $:; L

) & X?; I ,> )w$ ; g(:?; ) HH?; E X#5 $#

(Ferguson, 19988 ? YT ,:i8 )JF

')D 4% Y[8; jL& ; @ 2 ) D > 8i 74N e4% EH4 R ,'

(Urbonas & Stahre, 1993) m 3 E F. %

=' > ; 4E X?X; ; %

A4EHi A4E, 2 E 5 3 $', ) & ' 2 $@ 5F% E L "#g@LP"

(Oweis et a6 $J N $ ' H!m a YZ; N 4& H28 ?2 E ~0' H! %@9> ?

/4EJ 3 t& dB5 Ea#Y[ ; _ 5 $@ < 3 9 $'

‚ JGH4' I45 & E 3 ( # $%&

[J; > ; 3 H; LP" "' ; 3; f>8` : d

; d#& H yr /4E ) ' W% a J ;$ [J ; 3 ] $ ] E 2

X#4 2 #& E, ] 3 g$ '

(Prinz, 1996) Meskat N_V,:m8 )JF

|>4 - . I4( ] 3 g$ '

8N 'H!; N# ; E 5 J2# ' k# N6 ;?Cisterns R( P3 7p$ X!

( & E $' E + 3 ; Impluvium E ( & E 2 d a6 d 5

[J2P ; 7 8) Z; B4J # 4>D 544 ( 2 h' # $%

; XO CU ,B LP"i 544 Ca b ' >!; #

; /$ ) Z)0@ M!L1$ JdB4Jw ( #4E 3 ) :( p$:!

( W# 2@k' CH4 XO CU R%E'f>84 d0 %g$ '

the upflow anaerobic sludge ? @b )D 1"

UASB ) C 6W ,:SS8 )JF

M%@ (Vj L:; ;?7 i ) # 93 I , < B ;? X 1 2 UASB L@ K V '

4 $,8 gC0 2(,8; XC4 <4h e4% ' 5 l& H$J /( 3

/ ? @b ? ' #b4COD P( ! V 1 ,:SR8 )JF

/01 /4 'Œ COD B P 2(,8;c b '

%P [J; % 6 ) #>k' <?L:; M!/4 ' B4N ( %@ /01 COD X!

Constructed wetlands :a =8 )B5( 2

B[a 6 ~ '!; E L%' ) %@| 7p$ ` :2 g4& ]

> ; La"' ; 7"> 3 , •

25; '% ' C L5? 2 6 1 ; 3 ]! ( M! b ' ]

3 3 h' 544 ; B 8; B# 3 ) %@ J m &

1V W%+ ‚7 )) ( 32

\D") -CD0 '%)+ ] >2%( - 2 ] A/ N ,